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Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la diferencia en la pérdida auditiva según el consumo de alcohol, en mujeres de entre 20 y 40 años de edad, en la comuna de Temuco, Chile. Metodología: Estudio de corte, donde se evaluaron 30 mujeres consumidoras y no consumidoras de alcohol, divididas en 3 grupos (G): G1 abstemias, G2 consumidoras de 40-59 y G3 consumidoras demás de 60g de alcohol diarios (15, 6 y 9 respectivamente), con un muestreo intencional, contactadas en centros comerciales. Se realizaron pruebas auditivas: audiometría, discriminación de la palabra y potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral. Resultados: El oído derecho presentó diferencias significativas en las frecuencias medias y discriminación de la palabra en G1 vs. G2 (p = 0,045 y 0,010, respectivamente). El oído izquierdo mostró diferencias significativas en las frecuencias agudas en G1 vs. G3, en las latencias interpeakde las ondas iii-v (tiempo en milisegundo transcurrido entre la onda iii y v posterior al estímulo) en G1 vs. G2 (p = 0,003) y G2 vs. G3 (p = 0,005) a 80 dB; en las latencias interpeaki-iiiy iii-v en G1 vs. G2 (p = 0,039) a 60 dB y en la discriminación de la palabra en G1 vs. G2 (p = 0,009) y G1 vs. G3 (p = 0,013). Conclusiones: En el grupo estudiado existe pérdida auditiva relacionada con un consumo diario a partir de los 40g de alcohol, siendo el oído más afectado el izquierdo, en las frecuencias medias y agudas, en la cóclea y el tronco cerebral.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationship between alcohol consumption and loss hearing in women between 20 and 40 years of age in Temuco city. Methodology: Cutting study. We evaluated 30 consuming and non alcoholic women divided into 3 groups (G): G1 abstemies, G2 consumers of 40-59 and G3 consumers of> 60 grams alcohol daily (15, 6 and 9 respectively), intentional sampling contacted in shopping centers. Auditory tests were performed: Audiometry, Discrimination of the Word and Auditory Evoked Potentials of the Brain Stem. Results: In the right ear, there were significant differences in medium frequencies and word discrimination between groups 1 versus 2 (p = 0.045 and 0.010, respectively). In left ear, there were significant differences in the high frequencies between groups 1 versus 3, interpeak latencies of iii-v waves (time elapsed between iii and v waves in millisecond after the stimulus) between groups 1 versus 2 (p = 0.003) and groups 2 versus 3 (p = 0.005) to 80 dB; in interpeak latencies i-iii and iii-vbetween groups 1 versus 2 (p = 0.039) at 60 dB and in word discrimination between groups 1 versus 2 (p = 0.009) and 1 versus 3 (p = 0.013). Conclusion: In the group studied there is hearing loss related to a daily consumption from the 40 grams of alcohol being the most affected ear the left in the medium and high frequencies and affecting to the cochlea and also brainstem.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo foi analisar a relação entre consumo de álcool e perda auditiva em mulheres entre 20 e 40 anos. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal não experimental em que 30 consumidoras femininas e não o álcool foram divididas em 3 grupos: abstêmios G1, consumidores G2 de 40-59 gramas e consumidores G3> 60 gramas de álcool por dia. Testes auditivos foram realizados: audiometria, discriminação de palavras e potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico. O teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney U foi utilizado para a análise estatística. Resultados: Na orelha direita, há diferenças significativas nas frequências médias e discriminação de palavras entre os grupos 1 e 2 (p = 0,045 e 0,010, respectivamente). Na orelha esquerda, há diferenças significativas nas freqüências agudas entre os grupos 1 versus 3, nas latências interpicos das ondas iii-v entre os grupos 1 versus 2 (p = 0,003) e os grupos 2 versus 3 (p = 0,005) a 80dB; nas latências interpicos i-iii e iii-v entre os grupos 1 versus 2 (p = 0,039) a 60 dB e na discriminação de palavras entre os grupos 1 versus 2 (p = 0,009) e 1 versus 3 (p = 0,013). Conclusões: Há uma perda auditiva relacionada ao consumo diário de 40 gramas de álcool, sendo que a orelha mais afetou a esquerda nas freqüências média e aguda, afetando a cóclea e o tronco cerebral.

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SUMMARY: Residential heating with wood is an important source of ambient air pollution. Evidence links air pollution to serious health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. We hypothesized that prenatal exposure to wood smoke pollution causes morphological changes in the development of the rat lung, leading to altered lung structure and function during later life. We presumed that analysis of the fetal lung stereology provides novel insights into the underlying processes mediating particulate matter associated developmental changes and damage. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of exposure during gestational period to wood smoke pollution on lung fetal morphology. To test this, pregnant rats were exposed during pregestational and gestational periods to wood smoke pollution. Complete lungs samples were obtained from 24 fetus from healthy female G3 rats subjected to cesarean at 19 days post-fecundation. The lungs were prepared for histological and stereological analysis. The volume fraction of terminal bronchioles VV [tb, lung] and volume fraction of parenchyma VV [par, lung], surface density of terminal bronchioles SV [tb, lung] as well as numerical density of bronchiolar exocrinocytes NA [ec,lung] were calculated by light microscopy. Statistical analysis detected significant differences between groups in volume density VV [tb, lung; %] (p=0.0012) and surface density SV [tb, lung; mm2/mm3] (p<0.0001) of the terminal bronchioles. However, it did not show differences between groups in the stereological parameter volume density VV [par, lung; %] (p=0.0838) and numerical density of bronchiolar exocrinocytes NA [ec,lung; nº/mm2] (p=0.0705). The analysis of the evidence obtained indicates that exposure to environmental pollution was affects lung maturation, and particularly the proportion and area of terminal bronchioles in the fetal lung. In conclusion, maternal exposure to wood smoke pollution during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in the lower conducting airways of lungs, which, according to urban pollution studies, could be related to early childhood lower respiratory illness. The public health implications of this study are that reducing or avoiding exposure to wood smoke is important before and during pregnancy.

RESUMEN: La calefacción residencial con leña es una fuente importante de contaminación ambiental. La evidencia vincula la contaminación del aire con graves efectos sobre la salud, como la mortalidad y la morbilidad respiratoria y cardiovascular. Hipotetizamos que la exposición prenatal a la contaminación por humo de leña causa cambios en el desarrollo del pulmón de rata, lo que conduce a una morfo-función pulmonar alteradas durante la vida posterior, creemos que el análisis de la estereología pulmonar fetal proporcionará nuevos conocimientos sobre los procesos subyacentes que median esos cambios. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de la exposición prenatal a la contaminación ambiental por humo de leña sobre la morfología pulmonar fetal. Ratas preñadas fueron expuestas durante los períodos pregestacional y gestacional a la contaminación por humo de leña. En fetos de 19 días post-fecundación fue obtenido el pulmón para análisis histológico y estereológico. Fue determinado la fracción de volumen de bronquiolos terminales VV [tb, pulmón], fracción de volumen del parénquima VV [par, pulmón], densidad superficial de los bronquiolos terminales SV [tb, pulmón] así como la densidad numérica de exocrinocitos NA [ec, pulmón]. El análisis estadístico detectó diferencias significativas entre grupos en la densidad de volumen V [tb, pulmón; %] (p=0,0012) y densidad superficial SV [tb, pulmón; mm2/mm3] (p<0,0001) de los bronquiolos terminales. Sin embargo, no demostró diferencias entre grupos en la densidad de volumen VV [par, pulmón; %] (p=0,0838) y numérica de exocrinocitos bronquiolares NA [ec, pulmón; nº / mm ] (p=0,0705). El análisis de la evidencia obtenida indica que la exposición a la contaminación ambiental afectó la maduración pulmonar, y particularmente la proporción y área de bronquiolos terminales en el pulmón fetal. En conclusión, la exposición materna a la contaminación por humo de leña durante la gestación se asoció a una disminución de las vías respiratorias conductoras de aire en pulmón, lo que, según estudios de contaminación urbana, podría estar relacionado con enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores en la primera infancia. Las implicaciones para la salud pública de este estudio son que reducir o evitar la exposición al humo de leña es importante previo y durante la gestación. Por otro lado, la contaminación por humo de leña tiene un gran impacto en la salud pública que, en teoría, es posible prevenir.

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SUMMARY: Studies in humans showed that prenatal exposure to urban air pollution (AP) influences fetal development, and increases the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and some diseases in postnatal life. However, most of these were performed in environments where the main source of environmental particulate matters (PM) emission is diesel combustion by motor vehicles and industries, thereby ignoring the effects produced by wood smoke pollution. We hypothesized that morphological changes in the placenta could contribute to the reduction in fetal size associated with different periods of exposure to AP produced by wood smoke pollution prior to and during pregnancy. The objective of the study was to investigate the quantitative effects of long-term exposure to environmental levels of wood smoke pollution on the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the placenta in rats. To test this, pregnant rats were exposed during pregestational and gestational periods to wood smoke pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. At 19 days of gestation, the placentas were obtained by caesarean and were prepared for histological, planimetric and stereological analysis. The volume and proportions of the placental compartments were estimated. In addition, stereological estimators in fetal capillaries were calculated in the labyrinth region. Crown rump length, fetus weight and litter weight were influenced by pregestational and gestational exposure periods. Exposure to wood smoke pollution during pregestational period has significant effect on the volume of the placenta, and consequently on fetal height. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that long-term outdoor exposure to wood smoke pollution from residential heating affects fetal health, decreasing the absolute volume of the entire placenta and the placental interface between the mother and fetus, decreasing the total volume of blood vessels present in the labyrinth region ofthe placenta and affecting the size of the fetus.

RESUMEN: Estudios en humanos demostraron que la exposición prenatal a la polución del aire urbano influye en el desarrollo fetal y aumenta la incidencia de resultados adversos de la gestación y algunas enfermedades postnatales. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos fueron realizados en entornos donde la principal fuente de emisión de material particulado, fue la combustión de petróleo por vehículos a motor e industrias, ignorando los efectos producidos por el humo de leña producido por la calefacción intradomiciliaria. Hipotetizamos respecto a que los cambios de la placenta contribuirían a la disminución del tamaño fetal relacionado a los períodos de exposición al humo de leña durante los periodos pregestacional y gestacional. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos cuantitativos de la exposición al humo de leña sobre la morfología macroscópica y microscópica en placenta de ratas. Para probar esto, ratas preñadas fueron expuestas durante los períodos pregestacional y gestacional a la contaminación por humo de leña en ambientes interiores y exteriores. A los 19 días de gestación, las placentas fueron obtenidas por cesárea y fueron preparadas para un análisis histológico, planimétrico y estereológico. Fue estimado el volumen absoluto y las proporciones de los compartimentos placentarios. Además, fueron calculados estimadores estereológicos en capilares fetales del laberinto y trofoblasto. La longitud, el peso del feto y el peso de la camada fueron influenciados por los períodos de exposición pregestacional y gestacional. La exposición a la contaminación por humo de leñá durante el período pregestacional tuvo un efecto significativo en el volumen de la placenta y, en consecuencia, en la altura del feto. En conclusión, este estudio demostró que la exposición a largo plazo al humo de leña afecta la salud del feto, disminuyendo el volumen absoluto de la placenta, además, afecta la interfaz placentaria entre la madre y feto, disminuyendo el volumen total de vasos sanguíneos presentes en la región del laberinto placentario y por consecuente afectando el tamaño del feto.

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Temuco is one of the most highly wood-smoke polluted cities in Chile; however, the diesel mobile sources are growing very fast in the past 10 years and so far very few studies have been done. The main goal of this research was to develop a 2013 emission inventory of criteria pollutants and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and to evaluate the use of six biodiesel blends of 0%, 1%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 20% by volume of fuel in diesel motors from the vehicle fleet within the mentioned areas using the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). Input parameters for the base year 2005 were estimated to implement and adapt the model in Chile, while results of NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NH3, CO2 equivalent and SO2 were compared with the Chilean Emission Inventory estimated by the model "Methodology for the Calculation of Vehicle Emissions." The 2013 emissions reduced with respect to 2005, in the majority of the contaminants analyzed, despite the 47% increase in the annual miles traveled. Using biodiesel blends, an emission reduction was estimated at up to 15% in particulate matter, BaP, and CO for the year 2013, as well as an increment of 2% in NOx emissions, attributed to low sulfur content (50 ppm) in the diesel and the antiquity of the vehicle fleet. The results obtained gave evidence of the influence of the biodiesel use in the pollutant emissions to improve the Chilean air quality, as well as providing a strategy for this air quality management.

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This study addresses human health concerns in the city of Temuco that are attributed to wood smoke and related pollutants associated with wood burning activities that are prevalent in Temuco. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in air across urban and rural sites over three seasons in Temuco using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). Concentrations of ΣPAHs (15 congeners) in air ranged from BDL to ∼70 ng m(-3) and were highest during the winter season, which is attributed to emissions from residential heating by wood combustion. The results for all three seasons showed that the PAH plume was widespread across all sites including rural sites on the outskirts of Temuco. Some interesting variations were observed between seasons in the composition of PAHs, which were attributed to differences in seasonal point sources. A comparison of the PAH composition in the passive samples with active samples (gas+particle phase) from the same site revealed similar congener profiles. Overall, the study demonstrated that the PUF disk passive air sampler provides a simple approach for measuring PAHs in air and for tracking effectiveness of pollution control measures in urban areas in order to improve public health.

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Temuco is one of the most highly wood smoke polluted cities in Chile; however, there is scarce evidence of respiratory morbidity due to fine particulate matter. We aimed to estimate the relationship between daily concentration of ultrafine particles (UFP), with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 0.1 µm, and outpatient visits for respiratory illness at medical care centers of Temuco, Chile, from August the 20th, 2009 to June the 30th, 2011. The Air Pollution Health Effects European Approach (APHEA2) protocol was followed, and a multivariate semi-parametric Poisson regression model was fitted with GAM techniques using R-Project statistical package; controlling for trend, seasonality, and confounders. The daily UFP were measured by a MOUDI NR-110 sampler. We found that results of the statistical analyses show significant associations between UFP and respiratory outpatient visits, with the elderly (population ≥ 65 years), being the group that presented the greatest risk. An interquartile increase of 4.73 µg/m(3) in UFP (lag 5 days) was associated with respiratory outpatient visits with a relative risk (RR) of 1.1458 [95% CI (1.0497-1.2507)] for the elderly. These results show novel findings regarding the relevance of daily UFP concentrations and health risk, especially for susceptible population in a wood smoke polluted city.

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One of the main concerns in the cities ofdeveloping countries is the coexistence of environmental pollution, malnutrition and overweight. The city of Temuco is highly polluted and the range of circulating lead of their inhabitants is unknown. The objective of this work was to study the potential association between blood lead concentration and body composition in young women (n=45) living in the city of Temuco, which were exposed permanently to wood smoke. Blood lead concentration was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (AAS-GF) and the body composition was determined by isotopic dilution (deuterium). All participants presented high percentage offat mass (FM) and 66.7% of them had blood lead levels over the accepted international limits (5µgldl; EPA; USA), although lower than the Chilean normative (40µgldl), which were not correlated with the % of FM. The high percentage of overweight and obesity together with the lead blood levels found in this study constitute risk factors that may affect health and life quality of the participants in the medium term.

Uno de los problemas más frecuentes en las ciudades de países en desarrollo es la coexistencia de polución ambiental, malnutrición y sobrepeso. La ciudad de Temuco posee una elevada contaminación ambiental y se desconoce el rango de las concentraciones de plomo circulante en la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la concentración de plomo sanguíneo en mujeres temuquenses expuestas a humo de leña doméstico en forma continua (n=45), y su posible asociación con la composición corporal. La concentración sanguínea de plomo fue analizada por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (AAS-GF), y la composición corporal se determinó por el método de dilución isotópica (deuterio). Todas las mujeres participantes registraron elevados porcentajes de masa grasa (MG) y un 66.7% de ellas registró concentraciones de plomo sanguíneo sobre los niveles aceptados internacionalmente (5 μg/dl; EPA; USA), aunque bajo la normativa chilena (40 μg/dl), los que no se correlacionaron con el % de MG. El elevado porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad junto a los niveles de plomo observados en este estudio constituyen factores de riesgo que afectarán en un mediano plazo la salud y calidad de vida de las participantes.

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