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Permanent pacemakers are a frequently used therapeutic modality. Its use has had a great impact on the morbidity and mortality and quality of life of patients with heart rhythm disturbances, with an exponential increase observed in recent decades. The use of this strategy presents different phases, in which follow-up throughout the useful life of the device is a fundamental and determinant pillar of the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic modality. This review seeks to provide a clear and structured update of the fundamental aspects to consider in the follow-up of all patients with pacemakers. The follow-up of the patient with a pacemaker must follow a complete, systematic and periodic protocol, evaluating aspects and parameters related to the patient and the pacemaker, in order to ensure the proper and safe operation of the device adapted to the person.

Los marcapasos permanentes son una modalidad terapéutica de uso frecuente. Su empleo ha tenido un gran impacto en la morbimortalidad y calidad de vida de los pacientes con alteraciones del ritmo cardiaco, observándose en las últimas décadas un incremento exponencial. El empleo de esta estrategia presenta diferentes fases, que inician con la indicación de la estimulación, la selección del sistema de marcapaso apropiado, el procedimiento de implantación, la programación inicial y el seguimiento posterior, en la cual el seguimiento a lo largo de la vida útil del dispositivo es un pilar fundamental y determinante de la eficacia y seguridad de esta modalidad terapéutica. La presente revisión busca proporcionar una actualización clara y estructurada de los aspectos fundamentales a considerar en el seguimiento de todo paciente portador de marcapasos. El seguimiento del paciente con marcapasos debe seguir un protocolo completo, sistemático y periódico, evaluando aspectos y parámetros relacionado con el paciente y el marcapaso, con la finalidad de garantizar un funcionamiento adecuado y seguro del dispositivo adaptado a la persona.

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Introduction: The bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic actions because of its permanence in coastal ecosystems; populations depletion is registered in different places around the world. Aggregations of bull sharks have been reported in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, at Islas Murciélago, within the Guanacaste Conservation Area. Objective: To study the residency of bull sharks at San Pedrillo islet, Islas Murciélago. Methods: During the study period (June 2013 to February 2015) we used passive telemetry to tag 10 bull sharks. Results: All the sharks tagged were females, they were detected on 59 798 occasions by the acoustic receiver deployed in San Pedrillo. Acoustic signals from tagged sharks were received for a total period of 1 to 229 days (mean = 73.9 ± 71.3 days), with the last detections occurring on 9 January 2015. The Residency Index for each tagged shark across the entire monitoring period ranged from 0.41 to 1.00. The bull shark activity showed a significant pattern throughout the day at the receiver that specifically corresponded with the daily light cycle. Conclusions: This study concludes that San Pedrillo is an aggregation site (cleaning station) for bull sharks (C. leucas), possibly related to reproduction and not feeding behaviors.

Introducción: El tiburón toro (Carcharhinus leucas) es una especie tropical y subtropical que habita ríos, estuarios y aguas costeras. Objetivo: Estudiar la residencia del tiburón toro en San Perdillo, Islas Murciélago, Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Métodos: Durante el período de estudio (junio de 2013 a febrero de 2015) se marcaron 10 tiburones toro con telemetría acústica en San Pedrillo. Resultados: Los tiburones marcados fueron todos hembras y fueron detectados en 59 798 ocasiones por el receptor acústico desplegado en San Pedrillo. Las señales acústicas de los tiburones marcados se recibieron durante un período total de 1 a 229 días (media = 73.9 ± 71.3 días), y las últimas detecciones ocurrieron el 9 de enero de 2015. El índice de residencia de cada tiburón marcado durante todo el período de seguimiento osciló entre 0.41 y 1.00. La actividad del tiburón toro mostró un patrón significativo a lo largo del día en el receptor que se corresponde específicamente con el ciclo de luz diario. Conclusiones: Este estudio concluyó que San Pedrillo es un sitio de agregación (estación de limpieza) para el tiburón toro, posiblemente relacionado con comportamientos de reproducción y no de alimentación; y es un sitio crítico para la especie. Se necesitan más estudios para identificar áreas de alimentación y cría en el Área de Conservación de Guanacaste y áreas circundantes.

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The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (RLS) is the key global tool for objective, repeatable assessment of species' extinction risk status, and plays an essential role in tracking biodiversity loss and guiding conservation action. Satellite remote sensing (SRS) data sets on global ecosystem distributions and functioning show exciting potential for informing range-based RLS assessment, but their incorporation has been restricted by low temporal resolution and coverage of data sets, lack of incorporation of degradation-driven habitat loss, and noninclusion of assumptions related to identification of changing habitat distributions for taxa with varying habitat dependency and ecologies. For poorly known mangrove-associated Cuban hutias (Mesocapromys spp.), we tested the impact of possible assumptions regarding these issues on range-based RLS assessment outcomes. Specifically, we used annual (1985-2018) Landsat data and land-cover classification and habitat degradation analyses across different internal time series slices to simulate range-based RLS assessments for our case study taxa to explore potential assessment uncertainty arising from temporal SRS data set coverage, incorporating proxies of (change in) habitat quality, and assumptions on spatial scaling of habitat extent for RLS parameter generation. We found extensive variation in simulated species-specific range-based RLS assessments, and this variation was mostly associated with the time series over which parameters were estimated. However, results of some species-specific assessments differed by up to 3 categories (near threatened to critically endangered) within the same time series, due to the effects of incorporating habitat quality and the spatial scaling used in RLS parameter estimation. Our results showed that a one-size-fits-all approach to incorporating SRS information in RLS assessment is inappropriate, and we urge caution in conducting range-based assessments with SRS for species for which habitat dependence on specific ecosystem types is incompletely understood. We propose novel revisions to parameter spatial scaling guidelines to improve integration of existing time series data on ecosystem change into the RLS assessment process.

La Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas (LREA) de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza es la herramienta mundial más importante para la evaluación objetiva y repetible del estado de riesgo de extinción de una especie y juega un papel esencial en el seguimiento de la pérdida de la biodiversidad y en la orientación de las acciones de conservación. Los conjuntos de datos obtenidos por telemetría satelital (SRS) sobre la distribución y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas globales tienen un potencial emocionante para informar las evaluaciones de la LREA basadas en la extensión de la distribución de la especie, pero su incorporación dentro de los estudios ha estado restringida por la baja resolución temporal y la poca cobertura de los conjuntos de datos, la falta de inclusión de la pérdida de hábitat causada por la degradación y la nula inclusión de las suposiciones relacionadas con la identificación del cambio de hábitat de distribución para los taxones con una ecología y una dependencia por el hábitat variantes. Analizamos el impacto de las posibles suposiciones con respecto a los tres temas anteriores sobre los resultados de la evaluación de la LREA basada en la distribución de la jutía cubana (Mesocapromys spp.), una especie poco conocida y asociada con manglares. Específicamente, usamos los datos anuales (1985-2018) de Landsat y de la clasificación del uso de suelo y los análisis de degradación del hábitat en diferentes porciones de series temporales internas para simular las evaluaciones de la LREA basadas en la extensión para nuestro taxón de estudio y así explorar la incertidumbre potencial de la evaluación que surge de la cobertura del conjunto de datos SRS temporales. También incorporamos sustitutos de (cambio en) la calidad del hábitat y suposiciones sobre la escala espacial de la extensión del hábitat para la generación de parámetros de la LREA. Encontramos una variación extensa en las evaluaciones simuladas de la LREA específicas de especie y basadas en la extensión. Esta variación estuvo principalmente asociada con la serie temporal sobre la cual se estimaron los parámetros. Sin embargo, los resultados de algunas evaluaciones específicas de especie difirieron hasta en tres categorías (de casi amenazada hasta en peligro crítico) dentro de la misma serie temporal debido a los efectos de la incorporación de la calidad del hábitat y la escala espacial usadas en la estimación de parámetros de la LREA. Nuestros resultados muestran que un enfoque genérico para incorporar la información de SRS en la evaluación de la LREA es inapropiado e instamos precaución al realizar evaluaciones basadas en la extensión con datos SRS para especies cuya dependencia de hábitat por tipos específicos de ecosistemas no está entendida por completo. Proponemos que existan revisiones novedosas de las pautas para los parámetros de las escalas espaciales y así mejorar la integración de los datos existentes de series temporales sobre el cambio en el ecosistema dentro de los procesos de evaluación de RLS. Identificación de las Posibilidades y las Dificultades para la Realización de Evaluaciones de la Lista Roja de la UICN a partir de Información de Hábitat Detectada Remotamente con base en la Información sobre Mamíferos Cubanos Poco Conocidos.

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Introducción: El tiburón punta blanca (Triaenodon obesus) es una especie de arrecife de aguas tropicales, no migratoria, que ha demostrado no tener una alta conectividad costera, como la observada para otras especies de tiburón, sin embargo posee la distribución más amplia de todas las demás especies de tiburón de arrecife del Indo-Pacífico. T. obesus, es una de las especies de tiburón más comunes en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC), y no presenta una estacionalidad marcada. En las bahías localizadas en el norte del PNIC, Bahía Chatham y Bahía Wafer, reside una saludable población del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife. A pesar de ser una especie abundante en las bahías Chatham y Wafer del PNIC, la información sobre su residencia resulta escaza. Objetivo: Conocer sobre el uso de hábitat y los movimientos del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife mejorará su manejo en el PNIC y en otros lugares del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Para esto se realizó un estudio preliminar sobre la residencia en las bahías Chatham y Wafer del PNIC, utilizando telemetría acústica. Métodos: Se realizó una expedición de marcaje de tiburones al Parque Nacional Isla del Coco entre el 25 de noviembre al 5 de diciembre del 2014. Durante esta expedición se realizaron 2 giras nocturnas entre las 18:00 y las 22:00 a Bahía Chatham y Bahía Wafer y se marcaron 8 individuos de T. obesus con telemetría acústica y se instalaron dos receptores, uno en cada bahía. Resultados: Entre noviembre 2014 y diciembre 2015 los tiburones punta blanca marcados fueron detectados por los receptores instalados en las bahías en un total de 278 706 ocasiones. Los tiburones T. obesus marcados permanecieron largos periodos en las bahías Chatham y Wafer, El índice de Residencia (IR) medio de los T. obesus marcados fue de 0.97±0,03, reportando una tendencia en la baja del número total de detecciones durante las horas nocturnas. Los tiburones punta blanca de arrecife mostraron una alta fidelidad al sitio de marcaje, que se ve reflejado en los elevados índices de residencia reportados, particularmente altos en comparación con otras especies de tiburón de arrecife. Las detecciones de los tiburones en las bahías tienden a disminuir a partir de las 18:00 horas, cuando el tiburón punta blanca se vuelve activo para cazar en el arrecife. Conclusiones: En conclusión, los tiburones punta blanca poseen una alta residencia y fidelidad, lo cual confirma su bajo rango de hogar. El Área Marina Protegida de la Isla del Coco probablemente brinda una protección efectiva a la población del tiburón punta blanca de la pesca ilegal.

Introduction: The whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) is a non-migratory tropical reef species that has shown no high coastal connectivity, as observed for other shark species. At the same time, has the widest distribution of all Indo-Pacific reef shark species. Triaenodon obesus is one of the most common shark species at Isla del Coco National Park (PNIC) and it is present year-round. In the bays located in the north of the PNIC, Chatham Bay and Wafer Bay, there is a large population of whitetip reef sharks. Despite that, information about its residency is scarce. Objective: The aim of this initiative is to study the hábitat use and the movements of the whitetip reef sharks, in order to improve the management of its population at the Isla del Coco National Park and other áreas of Eastern Tropical Pacific. A preliminary study on the residency in the Chatham and Wafer bays of the PNIC was conducted, using acoustic telemetry. Methods: A shark tagging expedition was made to Isla del Coco National Park from November 25 to December 5, 2014. During this expedition, two night trips were made between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm at Chatham Bay and Wafer Bay. Results: A total of 8 individuals of T. obesus were fitted with acoustic tags and two receivers were installed, one in each bay. Sharks were monitored between November 2014 and December 2015, the sharks were detected on 278 706 occasions. The sharks remained long periods in the Chatham and Wafer bays. Their average Residency Index (IR) was 0.97 ± 0.03, reporting less number of detections during the night hours. Detections of sharks in the bays tend to diminish after 18:00, when the whitetip shark becomes active to hunt on the reef. Conclusions: In conclusion, white tip sharks have a high residence and fidelity, which confirms their low home range. The Protected Marine Area of Isla del Coco probably provides effective protection to the white tip shark population for the illegal fisheries.

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One of the motives that compromises the welfare of dogs is a lack of understanding of their needs and of the natural behavior of the species. The use of telemetry as a means of indirect observation is emergent and has provided a significant increase in scientific perspectives. However, its use is still limited for domestic animals despite the high potential for applying the technology in this area. Thus, the objective of this project was to construct a prototype using telemetry via satellite, of reduced size and low cost that allows for the monitoring of dogs in the streets. The prototype of the tracker was constructed containing a Pro Mini Arduino with an ATmega328 micro-controller, a GPS module for the Arduino, GPS u-blox NEO-6M and a Micro Sd reading/taping module for the Arduino. The final weight of the prototype was 197.4±101.5 grams with the battery and is attached to the collar. The dispersion of the planimetric coordinates around the mean was 2.7 meters, which increased to 10.9 meters when the height factor was added to the dispersion. It was concluded that with the size and weight of the prototype used it was possible to evaluate medium to large-sized dogs in the street. The prototype showed the precision necessary to read the coordinates collected for projects aimed at monitoring dogs in the streets, since these do not demand millimetric precision and accuracy.

Um dos motivos do comprometimento do bem-estar de cães é a falta de compreensão das suas necessidades e do comportamento natural da espécie. A utilização de telemetria como método de observação indireta é emergente e tem proporcionado um crescimento significativo das perspectivas científicas; porém, ainda em animais domésticos seu uso é limitado mesmo com seu alto potencial de aplicação da tecnologia no setor. Dessa forma a intenção do projeto foi a construção de um protótipo de telemetria via satélite de tamanho reduzido e de baixo custo que permita o monitoramento dos cães na rua. O protótipo de rastreador foi construído contendo um Arduino Pro Mini com o micro controlador ATmega328, um módulo GPS para Arduino, GPS u-blox NEO-6M e um módulo de leitor/gravador Micro Sd para Arduino. O peso final do protótipo chegou a 197,4±10,5 gramas com bateria e acoplado na coleira. A dispersão das coordenadas planimétricas ao redor da média foi de 2,7 metros e quando adicionado o fator altitude a dispersão passa para 10,9 metros. Conclui-se que com o tamanho e peso do protótipo utilizado é possível avaliar cães de rua de porte médio a grande. O protótipo teve uma precisão na leitura das coordenadas coletadas necessário para projetos de monitoramento de cães de rua nos quais não se exige uma precisão e acurácia milimétrica.

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One of the motives that compromises the welfare of dogs is a lack of understanding of their needs and of the natural behavior of the species. The use of telemetry as a means of indirect observation is emergent and has provided a significant increase in scientific perspectives. However, its use is still limited for domestic animals despite the high potential for applying the technology in this area. Thus, the objective of this project was to construct a prototype using telemetry via satellite, of reduced size and low cost that allows for the monitoring of dogs in the streets. The prototype of the tracker was constructed containing a Pro Mini Arduino with an ATmega328 micro-controller, a GPS module for the Arduino, GPS u-blox NEO-6M and a Micro Sd reading/taping module for the Arduino. The final weight of the prototype was 197.4±101.5 grams with the battery and is attached to the collar. The dispersion of the planimetric coordinates around the mean was 2.7 meters, which increased to 10.9 meters when the height factor was added to the dispersion. It was concluded that with the size and weight of the prototype used it was possible to evaluate medium to large-sized dogs in the street. The prototype showed the precision necessary to read the coordinates collected for projects aimed at monitoring dogs in the streets, since these do not demand millimetric precision and accuracy.(AU)

Um dos motivos do comprometimento do bem-estar de cães é a falta de compreensão das suas necessidades e do comportamento natural da espécie. A utilização de telemetria como método de observação indireta é emergente e tem proporcionado um crescimento significativo das perspectivas científicas; porém, ainda em animais domésticos seu uso é limitado mesmo com seu alto potencial de aplicação da tecnologia no setor. Dessa forma a intenção do projeto foi a construção de um protótipo de telemetria via satélite de tamanho reduzido e de baixo custo que permita o monitoramento dos cães na rua. O protótipo de rastreador foi construído contendo um Arduino Pro Mini com o micro controlador ATmega328, um módulo GPS para Arduino, GPS u-blox NEO-6M e um módulo de leitor/gravador Micro Sd para Arduino. O peso final do protótipo chegou a 197,4±10,5 gramas com bateria e acoplado na coleira. A dispersão das coordenadas planimétricas ao redor da média foi de 2,7 metros e quando adicionado o fator altitude a dispersão passa para 10,9 metros. Conclui-se que com o tamanho e peso do protótipo utilizado é possível avaliar cães de rua de porte médio a grande. O protótipo teve uma precisão na leitura das coordenadas coletadas necessário para projetos de monitoramento de cães de rua nos quais não se exige uma precisão e acurácia milimétrica.(AU)

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Abstract Introduction: The conventional evaluation of neural telemetry and impedance requires the use of the computer coupled to an interface, with software that provides visualization of the stimulus and response. Recently, a remote control (CR220®) was launched in the market, that allows the performance of intraoperative tests with minimal instrumentation. Objective: To evaluate the agreement of the impedance values and neural telemetry thresholds, and the time of performance in the conventional procedure and by the remote control. Methods: Multicentric prospective cross-sectional study. Intraoperative evaluations of cochlear implants compatible with the use of CR220® were included. The tests were carried out in the 22 electrodes to compare the time of performance in the two situations. The agreement of the neural telemetry threshold values obtained from five electrodes was analyzed, and the agreement of impedance was evaluated by the number of electrodes with altered values in each procedure. Results: There were no significant difference between the impedance values. There was a moderate to strong correlation between the electrically-evoked compound action potential thresholds. The mean time to perform the procedures using the CR220 was significantly lower than that with the conventional procedure. Conclusion: The use of the CR220 provided successful records for impedance telemetry and automatic neural response telemetry.

Resumo Introdução: A avaliação convencional da telemetria neural e de impedâncias implica o uso do computador acoplado a uma interface, o software fornece o estímulo e a visualização das respostas. Recentemente, foi lançado um controle remoto (CR220®), que possibilita testes intraoperatórios com instrumental mínimo. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância dos valores das impedâncias e dos limiares da telemetria neural e o tempo de execução no procedimento convencional e pelo controle remoto. Método: Estudo prospectivo transversal multicêntrico. Foram incluídas as avaliações intraoperatórias de implante coclear compatível com o uso do CR220®. Os testes foram realizados nos 22 eletrodos para comparar os tempos de execução nas duas situações. Foi analisada a concordância dos valores do limiar da telemetria neural obtidos em cinco eletrodos e a concordância das impedâncias foi avaliada pelo número de eletrodos com valores alterados em cada procedimento. Resultados: Não houve diferença significante entre as impedâncias. Obteve-se moderada a forte correlação entre os limiares do potencial de ação composto eletricamente evocado. O tempo médio para os procedimentos com o CR220 foi significativamente menor do que com o procedimento convencional. Conclusão: O uso do CR220 proporcionou registros bem-sucedidos para a telemetria de impedância e a telemetria automática de respostas neurais.

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RESUMEN Este estudio se realizó para determinar la presencia de estrés en bovinos antes de su sacrificio en situaciones de carga, transporte, descarga, privación de agua y alimento durante la movilización y espera en el corral en condiciones de hacinamiento y a la intemperie. Las muestras fueron cinco bovinos de 40 meses en promedio, machos castrados, de raza criolla San Martinero, que fueron transportados a lo largo de 144 Km, por vía terrestre, desde la finca ubicada en Acacias, departamento del Meta, hasta la planta de sacrificio del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos ICTA en Bogotá. Los indicadores de estrés se identificaron mediante diferencias de valores de temperatura corporal, frecuencia cardiaca y frecuencia respiratoria (en adelante constantes fisiológicas), que fueron monitoreadas durante 20 minutos en tiempos: previo a la carga de los animales en finca, y a la llegada al matadero (justo después de ser transportados). La señal cardiaca del bovino fue capturada y procesada a través de una cincha, y transmitida mediante un sistema de radiotelemetría que fue diseñado y construido en el proyecto. Los resultados evidencian captura de información a una tasa de muestreo de cuatro millones de muestras por segundo y comunicación inalámbrica en tiempo real, lo que hizo que no se perdiera información de las variaciones de la señal cardiaca del bovino y recepción de información desde cualquier punto de la planta de sacrificio.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in order to determine the presence of stress in cattle prior to slaughter in situations such as loading, transporting, unloading, water and food deprivation during mobilization and waiting in the corral in overcrowded and inclement conditions. Samples were five bovines with ages of 40 months on average, castrated males, from the San Martinero criolla breed, which were transported along 144 Km, by land, from the farm located in Acacias, department of Meta, to the ICTA slaughter plant in Bogotá. The stress indicators were identified by differences in body temperature, heart rate and respiration frequency (hereinafter-physiological constants), which were monitored for 20 minutes at the time: prior to loading the animals on the farm, and upon arrival at the slaughterhouse (just after being transported). The bovine cardiac signal was captured and processed through a girth, and was transmitted via a radio telemetry system that was designed and built in the project. The results show data capture at a sample rate of four million samples per second and wireless communication in real time, which meant that no information was lost on the variations of the bovine heart signal and reception of information from any point of the slaughter plant.

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INTRODUCTION: The conventional evaluation of neural telemetry and impedance requires the use of the computer coupled to an interface, with software that provides visualization of the stimulus and response. Recently, a remote control (CR220®) was launched in the market, that allows the performance of intraoperative tests with minimal instrumentation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement of the impedance values and neural telemetry thresholds, and the time of performance in the conventional procedure and by the remote control. METHODS: Multicentric prospective cross-sectional study. Intraoperative evaluations of cochlear implants compatible with the use of CR220® were included. The tests were carried out in the 22 electrodes to compare the time of performance in the two situations. The agreement of the neural telemetry threshold values obtained from five electrodes was analyzed, and the agreement of impedance was evaluated by the number of electrodes with altered values in each procedure. RESULTS: There were no significant difference between the impedance values. There was a moderate to strong correlation between the electrically-evoked compound action potential thresholds. The mean time to perform the procedures using the CR220 was significantly lower than that with the conventional procedure. CONCLUSION: The use of the CR220 provided successful records for impedance telemetry and automatic neural response telemetry.

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Establecer cuales deformidades angulares en el fémur deben ser tratadas con resección ósea intraarticular inusual más artroplastia total de rodilla en artrosis tricompartimental de rodilla es uno de los retos mayores que se enfrenta en cirugía ortopédica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 67 años de edad, con antecedente de fractura diafisaria de fémur hace 30 años tratada en forma conservadora con dolor en la rodilla izquierda de 2 años de evolución con un diagnóstico de artrosis tricompartimental de la rodilla asociada a genu valgum de 20° y consolidación viciosa en diáfisis femoral izquierda con valgo femoral de 10°. El tratamiento quirúrgico realizado fue utilizando cortes intraarticulares inusuales y artroplastia total de rodilla. De acuerdo a la escala propuesta por la Knee Society Score el paciente obtuvo 89 al año de la cirugía. Ante deformidades femorales de hasta 20°, suele ser suficiente realizar la corrección con los cortes óseos intraarticulares (inusuales) evitando afectar las inserciones ligamentarias femorales.

To establish the angular deformities in the femur that should be treated with unusual intra-articular bone resection plus total knee arthroplasty in tricompartmental arthrosis of the knee is one of the major challenges faced in orthopaedic surgery. The case is presented of a 67 year-old male patient with a history of diaphyseal fracture of the left femur (30 years ago) treated conservatively with malunion in left femoral diaphysis with 10° femoral valgus and left knee pain of 2 years onset. He was diagnosed with tricompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee associated with genu valgum of 20°. Surgical treatment was performed using intra articular «unusual¼ bone cuts and total knee arthroplasty. According to the scale proposed by the Knee Society Score, the patient obtained a score of 89 one year after surgery. In femoral deformities of up to 20°, it is usually sufficient to perform the correction with intra articular «unusual¼ bone cuts, and avoiding affecting the femoral ligament insertions.

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Este estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar diferentes procesos de liberación de fauna silvestre realizados en Colombia, en los cuales se documentó el monitoreo y seguimiento posterior a su reintroducción durante el periodo de 1997 a 2015. Se realizó la recolección de datos en centros de documentación de autoridades ambientales, organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) e instituciones que trabajan con fauna silvestre; informes de gestión de las 33 corporaciones autónomas regionales (CAR) para los años 2007-2013; así como artículos científicos publicados en revistas especializadas y memorias de eventos. Se identificaron 66 estudios de caso, de los cuales 47 fueron liberaciones de mamíferos (293 ejemplares), 16 de aves (372 ejemplares) y 3 de reptiles (7 ejemplares). El objetivo de liberación en mamíferos fue principalmente el reforzamiento poblacional, mientras que en aves y reptiles fue dirigido a programas de conservación de especies amenazadas. Las liberaciones de mamíferos y aves correspondieron principalmente a especies categorizadas por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) en Preocupación menor y de reptiles en la categoría En peligro crítico (CR). Los mamíferos y reptiles fueron marcados principalmente con radio transmisores y las aves con anillos. Las técnicas de monitoreo más usadas en mamíferos y aves fueron la observación directa y la telemetría, y en los reptiles la telemetría. Los tiempos de seguimiento y monitoreo de mamíferos, aves y reptiles variaron principalmente en el rango de 1-30 días. De acuerdo con los criterios definidos, en cada estudio de caso se consideraron exitosas el 57,4% de las liberaciones de mamíferos, el 68,7% de aves y el 66,6% de reptiles.

This study aims to evaluate different wild fauna release processes carried out in Colombia, in which the monitoring and tracking was documented during the period from 1997 to 2015. Data collection was performed at Environmental Authorities documentation centers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and institutions that work with wildlife, and management reports of the 33 Regional Autonomous Corporations during the years 2007-2013, as well as scientific papers published in specialized journals and proceedings of scientific events. Sixty-six case studies were identified of which 47 were releases of mammals (293 specimens), 16 releases of birds (372 specimens) and 3 releases of reptiles (7 specimens). The objective of releasing mammals was mainly the population reinforcement, while in birds and reptiles the objective was directed to conservation programs of endangered species. The releases of mammals and birds corresponded mainly to species categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as minor concern, and released reptiles in the category Critically Endangered (CE). Mammals and reptiles were mainly marked with radio transmitter, and birds were marked with rings. The most used monitoring techniques in mammals and birds were direct observation and telemetry, and telemetry in reptiles. Follow-up and monitoring times for mammals, birds and reptiles varied mainly in the range 1-30 days. According to the defined criteria in each case study, 57.4% of mammal releases, 68.7% of birds and 66.6% of reptiles were considered successful.

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We document movement patterns and home range of Diplomystes camposensis, an endemic and threatened freshwater catfish from Chile. We tracked the movements of seven individuals of different body size (13.5 to 19 cm SL) using portable radio telemetry equipment to investigate movement patterns in relation to day/night activity and habitat use in the San Pedro River (Valdivia Basin). Tracked movements and model-based analyses revealed that D. camposensis has a large home range and high mobility. The average home range was 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2, and the average area of higher activity was 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. The mean linear home range was 387.4 m. The results also showed that movements were longer during the night, supporting nocturnal habits. Movements tended to be in an upstream direction for some individuals, although these differences were not significant when data was pooled. Large home range and movements suggest that the species may require large river areas to meet ecological demands, an aspect that could be severely affected by fragmentation. These results, along with previously published genetic data, suggest that the conservation of D. camposensis would be seriously threatened by hydromorphological alterations (e.g. lack of connectivity), such as those resulting from dam building.(AU)

En este trabajo documentamos patrones de movimiento y estimación de ámbito de hogar de Diplomystes camposensis, un siluriforme endémico y amenazado del Sur de Chile. Por medio de radio telemetría, se monitorearon 7 individuos con un rango de tamaño entre 13.5 y 19 cm de longitud estándar, para evaluar patrones de movimiento con respecto al uso de hábitat y tiempo de actividad (dia/noche) en la zona del Río San Pedro, Cuenca del Río Valdivia. Los resultados muestran que D. camposensis tiene un ámbito de hogar grande y una alta movilidad. El ámbito de hogar fue de 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2 con un área promedio de mayor actividad de 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. El ámbito de hogar lineal medio fue de 387.4 m. Los resultados también mostraron que la especie presenta una mayor actividad por la noche y una tendencia hacia un mayor flujo de movimiento en dirección aguas arriba, aunque esto último no fue significativo. Un ámbito de hogar grande y su alta movilidad sugieren que la especie podría requerir de amplias zonas del río para satisfacer sus demandas ecológicas. Al igual que estudos previos con datos genéticos, estos resultados sugieren que la especie D. camposensis se vería perjudicada por alteraciones en la hidromorfología del cauce (e.g. falta de conectividad) tales como aquellas que resulten de la construcción de represas.(AU)

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We document movement patterns and home range of Diplomystes camposensis, an endemic and threatened freshwater catfish from Chile. We tracked the movements of seven individuals of different body size (13.5 to 19 cm SL) using portable radio telemetry equipment to investigate movement patterns in relation to day/night activity and habitat use in the San Pedro River (Valdivia Basin). Tracked movements and model-based analyses revealed that D. camposensis has a large home range and high mobility. The average home range was 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2, and the average area of higher activity was 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. The mean linear home range was 387.4 m. The results also showed that movements were longer during the night, supporting nocturnal habits. Movements tended to be in an upstream direction for some individuals, although these differences were not significant when data was pooled. Large home range and movements suggest that the species may require large river areas to meet ecological demands, an aspect that could be severely affected by fragmentation. These results, along with previously published genetic data, suggest that the conservation of D. camposensis would be seriously threatened by hydromorphological alterations (e.g. lack of connectivity), such as those resulting from dam building.(AU)

En este trabajo documentamos patrones de movimiento y estimación de ámbito de hogar de Diplomystes camposensis, un siluriforme endémico y amenazado del Sur de Chile. Por medio de radio telemetría, se monitorearon 7 individuos con un rango de tamaño entre 13.5 y 19 cm de longitud estándar, para evaluar patrones de movimiento con respecto al uso de hábitat y tiempo de actividad (dia/noche) en la zona del Río San Pedro, Cuenca del Río Valdivia. Los resultados muestran que D. camposensis tiene un ámbito de hogar grande y una alta movilidad. El ámbito de hogar fue de 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2 con un área promedio de mayor actividad de 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. El ámbito de hogar lineal medio fue de 387.4 m. Los resultados también mostraron que la especie presenta una mayor actividad por la noche y una tendencia hacia un mayor flujo de movimiento en dirección aguas arriba, aunque esto último no fue significativo. Un ámbito de hogar grande y su alta movilidad sugieren que la especie podría requerir de amplias zonas del río para satisfacer sus demandas ecológicas. Al igual que estudos previos con datos genéticos, estos resultados sugieren que la especie D. camposensis se vería perjudicada por alteraciones en la hidromorfología del cauce (e.g. falta de conectividad) tales como aquellas que resulten de la construcción de represas.(AU)

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Abstract:Telemetry based on Global Positioning Systems (GPS) makes possible to gather large quantities of information in a very fine scale and work with species that were impossible to study in the past. When working with GPS telemetry, the option of storing data on board could be more desirable than the sole satellite transmitted data, due to the increase in the amount of locations available for analysis. Nonetheless, the uncertainty in the retrieving of the collar unit makes satellite-transmitted technologies something to take into account. Therefore, differences between store-on-board (SoB) and satellite-transmitted (IT) data sets need to be considered. Differences between SoB and IT data collected from two lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris), were explored by means of the calculation of home range areas by three different methods: the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP), the Fixed Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) and the Brownian Bridges (BB). Results showed that SoB and IT data sets for the same individual were similar, with fix ranging from 63 % to 85 % respectively, and 16 m to 17 m horizontal errors. Depending on the total number of locations available for each individual, the home ranges estimated showed differences between 2.7 % and 79.3 %, for the 50 % probability contour and between 9.9 % and 61.8 % for the 95 % probability contour. These differences imply variations in the spatial coincidence of the estimated home ranges. We concluded that the use of IT data is not a good option for the estimation of home range areas if the collar settings have not been designed specifically for this use. Nonetheless, geographical representations of the IT based estimators could be of great help to identify areas of use, besides its assistance to locate the collar for its retrieval at the end of the field season and as a proximate backup when collars disappear. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1441-1450. Epub 2016 December 01.

Resumen:La telemetría basada en los sistemas de geopocisionamiento global (GPS) hace posible recopilar gran cantidad de información a escalas muy finas, y trabajar con especies imposibles de estudiar en el pasado. Al trabajar con telemetría de GPS, la opción de guardar información en la memoria interna del instrumento puede ser más deseable que sólo tener acceso a la información enviada vía satélite, debido a la mayor cantidad de localizaciones disponibles para analizar. No obstante, la incertidumbre de recuperar el collar hace que las tecnología de trasmisión vía satélite deba ser tenida en cuenta. Diferencias entre las bases de datos almacenadas en el collar (SoB) y las trasmitidas vía satélite (IT), recolectadas de dos individuos de Tapir de tierras bajas (Tapirus terrestris), son consideradas, en términos de las áreas de los rangos de hogar calculados con cada uno y mediante el uso de tres metodologías diferentes: Mínimo Polígono Convexo (MCP), Estimador de Densidad de Kernel Fijo (KDE) y los Puentes Brownianos (BB). Las bases de datos SoB e IT son similares, con tasas de acierto de localizaciones que oscilan entre 63 % to 85 % y errores horizontales de 16 m y 17 m respectivamente. Dependiendo del número total de localizaciones disponibles para cada individuo, los rangos de hogar estimados muestran diferencias entre 2.7 % y 79.3 %, para el contorno del 50 % de probabilidades, y entre 9.9 % y 61.8 % para el contorno del 95 % de probabilidades. Estas diferencias implican variaciones en la coincidencia espacial de los rangos de hogar estimados. Concluimos que el uso de la información trasmitida vía satélite no es una buena opción para la estimación de rangos de hogar, si la programción de los collares no ha sido diseñada específicamente para tal fin. Sin embargo, las representaciones geográficas de los estimados a partir de las bases de datos IT pueden ser de gran ayuda para la identificación de áreas de uso, además de su utilidad para la localización y recuperación de collares tras su liberación de los individuos monitoreados y como una base de datos de soporte en caso de pérdida del collar.

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Abstract Home range and minimal population densities of Southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus), margay (Lepardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) were estimated between 2005 and 2006 in Taquari Valley, near the southern edge of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Home range data were collected by conventional radio telemetry (VHF) locations in a highly fragmented landscape. The average home range size, calculated using 95% kernel density estimates, was 16.01 km2 for Southern tiger cat, 21.85 km2 for margay and 51.45 km2 for jaguarundi. Telemetry data were used to obtain minimal density estimates of 0.08 Southern tiger cats / km2, and 0.04 jaguarundi / km2. The density estimates arise from areas where ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and other larger-bodied carnivores were locally extinct, and they suggest a specific type of mesopredator release known as the ocelot effect, which is likely enabling the increase in smaller felid populations in this area.(AU)

Resumo Neste estudo são apresentadas áreas de vida e estimativas mínimas de densidade populacional do gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus), gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) e gato-mourisco (Puma yagouaroundi) obtidas entre 2005 e 2006, no Vale do Taquari, próximo ao limite sul da Mata Atlântica no Brasil. Os dados sobre área de vida foram coletados com a utilização de telemetria convencional (VHF) em uma paisagem altamente fragmentada. A área de vida média, calculada por Kernel 95%, foi de 16,01 km2 para o gato- do-mato-pequeno, 21,85 km2 para o gato-maracajá e 51,45 km2 para o gato-mourisco. Os dados de telemetria foram utilizados para obter uma estimativa de densidade mínima de 0,08 gatos-do-mato-pequenos por km2, e 0,04 gatos-mourisco por km2. As estimativas de densidade são oriundas de áreas sem a presença de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) ou outros predadores de maior porte, todos localmente extintos, com possíveis efeitos de um tipo específico de relaxamento de mesopredadores, conhecido como Efeito Pardalis que podem permitir o aumento do tamanho das populações de gatos menores.(AU)

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Abstract Home range and minimal population densities of Southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus), margay (Lepardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) were estimated between 2005 and 2006 in Taquari Valley, near the southern edge of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Home range data were collected by conventional radio telemetry (VHF) locations in a highly fragmented landscape. The average home range size, calculated using 95% kernel density estimates, was 16.01 km2 for Southern tiger cat, 21.85 km2 for margay and 51.45 km2 for jaguarundi. Telemetry data were used to obtain minimal density estimates of 0.08 Southern tiger cats / km2, and 0.04 jaguarundi / km2. The density estimates arise from areas where ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and other larger-bodied carnivores were locally extinct, and they suggest a specific type of mesopredator release known as the ocelot effect, which is likely enabling the increase in smaller felid populations in this area.

Resumo Neste estudo são apresentadas áreas de vida e estimativas mínimas de densidade populacional do gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus), gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) e gato-mourisco (Puma yagouaroundi) obtidas entre 2005 e 2006, no Vale do Taquari, próximo ao limite sul da Mata Atlântica no Brasil. Os dados sobre área de vida foram coletados com a utilização de telemetria convencional (VHF) em uma paisagem altamente fragmentada. A área de vida média, calculada por Kernel 95%, foi de 16,01 km2 para o gato- do-mato-pequeno, 21,85 km2 para o gato-maracajá e 51,45 km2 para o gato-mourisco. Os dados de telemetria foram utilizados para obter uma estimativa de densidade mínima de 0,08 gatos-do-mato-pequenos por km2, e 0,04 gatos-mourisco por km2. As estimativas de densidade são oriundas de áreas sem a presença de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) ou outros predadores de maior porte, todos localmente extintos, com possíveis efeitos de um tipo específico de relaxamento de mesopredadores, conhecido como “Efeito Pardalis” que podem permitir o aumento do tamanho das populações de gatos menores.

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RESUMO

Abstract Home range and minimal population densities of Southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus), margay (Lepardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) were estimated between 2005 and 2006 in Taquari Valley, near the southern edge of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Home range data were collected by conventional radio telemetry (VHF) locations in a highly fragmented landscape. The average home range size, calculated using 95% kernel density estimates, was 16.01 km2 for Southern tiger cat, 21.85 km2 for margay and 51.45 km2 for jaguarundi. Telemetry data were used to obtain minimal density estimates of 0.08 Southern tiger cats / km2, and 0.04 jaguarundi / km2. The density estimates arise from areas where ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and other larger-bodied carnivores were locally extinct, and they suggest a specific type of mesopredator release known as the ocelot effect, which is likely enabling the increase in smaller felid populations in this area.

Resumo Neste estudo são apresentadas áreas de vida e estimativas mínimas de densidade populacional do gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus), gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) e gato-mourisco (Puma yagouaroundi) obtidas entre 2005 e 2006, no Vale do Taquari, próximo ao limite sul da Mata Atlântica no Brasil. Os dados sobre área de vida foram coletados com a utilização de telemetria convencional (VHF) em uma paisagem altamente fragmentada. A área de vida média, calculada por Kernel 95%, foi de 16,01 km2 para o gato- do-mato-pequeno, 21,85 km2 para o gato-maracajá e 51,45 km2 para o gato-mourisco. Os dados de telemetria foram utilizados para obter uma estimativa de densidade mínima de 0,08 gatos-do-mato-pequenos por km2, e 0,04 gatos-mourisco por km2. As estimativas de densidade são oriundas de áreas sem a presença de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) ou outros predadores de maior porte, todos localmente extintos, com possíveis efeitos de um tipo específico de relaxamento de mesopredadores, conhecido como Efeito Pardalis que podem permitir o aumento do tamanho das populações de gatos menores.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Tele-cardiology is the use of information technologies that help prolong survival, improve quality of life and reduce costs in health care. Heart failure is a chronic disease that leads to high care costs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of telemetric monitoring for controlling clinical variables, reduced emergency room visits, and cost of care in a group of patients with heart failure compared to traditional medical consultation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled and open clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients with Heart failure in a tertiary care centre in north-western Mexico. The patients were divided randomly into 2 groups of 20 patients each (telemetric monitoring, traditional medical consultation). In each participant was evaluated for: blood pressure, heart rate and body weight. The telemetric monitoring group was monitored remotely and traditional medical consultation group came to the hospital on scheduled dates. All patients could come to the emergency room if necessary. RESULTS: The telemetric monitoring group decreased their weight and improved control of the disease (P=.01). Systolic blood pressure and cost of care decreased (51%) significantly compared traditional medical consultation group (P>.05). Admission to the emergency room was avoided in 100% of patients in the telemetric monitoring group. CONCLUSION: In patients with heart failure, the telemetric monitoring was effective in reducing emergency room visits and saved significant resources in care during follow-up.

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo monitorar o comportamento do uso territorial de um macho de onça parda, capturado no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), por meio da telemetria, usando colar de GPS via Satélite Globalstar. O monitoramento de doze meses resultou na transmissão via satélite de 328 localizações, as quais sugerem que a área utilizada por esse felino seja de aproximadamente 610km2, sendo esta a maior área já descrita para a espécie. Foi possível observar que apenas 20% das localizações ocorreram dentro da área do PESB. O comportamento territorial observado neste trabalho mostra a vulnerabilidade do animal a ações antrópicas, como a caça, atropelamentos e o contato com patógenos entre animais silvestres e domésticos. Observou-se também que duas rodovias configuram barreiras artificiais para o deslocamento do animal, possivelmente impedindo o fluxo gênico entre o PESB e dois outros importantes parques. Com os dados levantados é possível a sugestão de ações de manejo, como a criação de uma conectividade efetiva entre o PESB, o Parque Estadual do Rio Doce e o Parque Nacional do Caparaó, o que poderia contribuir para o intercâmbio genético entre as populações e, dessa forma, favorecer a conservação não somente da onça parda.(AU)

We aimed to study the territorial behavior of a male cougar, captured in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), using a GPS collar and the Globalstar Satellite. Monitoring the animal for nine months we obtained 328 locations. The data suggest that the area used by this feline is approximately 610km2, the largest area described for this specie. It was also possible to observe that only 20% of the locations of the animal occurred within the PESB area. The territorial behavior observed in this study shows the vulnerability of the animal to human activities such as hunting, road kill and contact with pathogens from domestic animals. It was also observed that two roads constitute artificial barriers for animal movement, possibly preventing gene flow between the PESB and two other parks. The creation of an effective connectivity between the PESB, the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce and the Parque Nacional do Caparaó is critical to ensure genetic exchange between the animal populations and thereby promote their conservation.(AU)

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo monitorar o comportamento do uso territorial de um macho de onça parda, capturado no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), por meio da telemetria, usando colar de GPS via Satélite Globalstar. O monitoramento de doze meses resultou na transmissão via satélite de 328 localizações, as quais sugerem que a área utilizada por esse felino seja de aproximadamente 610km2, sendo esta a maior área já descrita para a espécie. Foi possível observar que apenas 20% das localizações ocorreram dentro da área do PESB. O comportamento territorial observado neste trabalho mostra a vulnerabilidade do animal a ações antrópicas, como a caça, atropelamentos e o contato com patógenos entre animais silvestres e domésticos. Observou-se também que duas rodovias configuram barreiras artificiais para o deslocamento do animal, possivelmente impedindo o fluxo gênico entre o PESB e dois outros importantes parques. Com os dados levantados é possível a sugestão de ações de manejo, como a criação de uma conectividade efetiva entre o PESB, o Parque Estadual do Rio Doce e o Parque Nacional do Caparaó, o que poderia contribuir para o intercâmbio genético entre as populações e, dessa forma, favorecer a conservação não somente da onça parda.

We aimed to study the territorial behavior of a male cougar, captured in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), using a GPS collar and the Globalstar Satellite. Monitoring the animal for nine months we obtained 328 locations. The data suggest that the area used by this feline is approximately 610km2, the largest area described for this specie. It was also possible to observe that only 20% of the locations of the animal occurred within the PESB area. The territorial behavior observed in this study shows the vulnerability of the animal to human activities such as hunting, road kill and contact with pathogens from domestic animals. It was also observed that two roads constitute artificial barriers for animal movement, possibly preventing gene flow between the PESB and two other parks. The creation of an effective connectivity between the PESB, the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce and the Parque Nacional do Caparaó is critical to ensure genetic exchange between the animal populations and thereby promote their conservation.

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