RESUMO
Abstract Background Skin modification through tattoos is as old as humanity itself. However, this trend is on the rise, and with the use of different types of pigments and application practices, both cutaneous and systemic complications can arise. Adverse reactions can be grouped into five classes: inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, aesthetic, and miscellaneous. On histopathology, inflammatory reactions can exhibit a lichenoid pattern or present as spongiotic dermatitis, granulomatous reactions, pseudolymphoma, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, or scleroderma/morphea-like changes. This article reviews tattoo complications, including their clinical and histopathological characteristics. Methods An open search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "tattoo", "complications", and "skin". No limits were set for period, language, or publication type of the articles. Results Reactions to tattoos are reported in up to 67% of people who get tattooed, with papulonodular and granulomatous reactions being the most common. Some neoplastic complications have been described, but their causality is still debated. Any pigment can cause adverse reactions, although red ink is more frequently associated with them. Patients with pre-existing dermatoses may experience exacerbation or complications of their diseases when getting tattoos; therefore, this procedure is not recommended for this patient group. Conclusions Dermatological consultation is recommended before getting a tattoo, as well as a histopathological examination in case of complications. In patients who develop cutaneous inflammatory reactions following tattooing, additional studies are recommended to investigate systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, atopic dermatitis, and neoplasms. It is important for physicians to be trained in providing appropriate care in case of complications.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Skin modification through tattoos is as old as humanity itself. However, this trend is on the rise, and with the use of different types of pigments and application practices, both cutaneous and systemic complications can arise. Adverse reactions can be grouped into five classes: inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, aesthetic, and miscellaneous. On histopathology, inflammatory reactions can exhibit a lichenoid pattern or present as spongiotic dermatitis, granulomatous reactions, pseudolymphoma, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, or scleroderma/morphea-like changes. This article reviews tattoo complications, including their clinical and histopathological characteristics. METHODS: An open search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "tattoo", "complications", and "skin". No limits were set for period, language, or publication type of the articles. RESULTS: Reactions to tattoos are reported in up to 67% of people who get tattooed, with papulonodular and granulomatous reactions being the most common. Some neoplastic complications have been described, but their causality is still debated. Any pigment can cause adverse reactions, although red ink is more frequently associated with them. Patients with pre-existing dermatoses may experience exacerbation or complications of their diseases when getting tattoos; therefore, this procedure is not recommended for this patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatological consultation is recommended before getting a tattoo, as well as a histopathological examination in case of complications. In patients who develop cutaneous inflammatory reactions following tattooing, additional studies are recommended to investigate systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, atopic dermatitis, and neoplasms. It is important for physicians to be trained in providing appropriate care in case of complications.
Assuntos
Dermatopatias , Tatuagem , Tatuagem/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Dermatopatias/patologia , Dermatopatias/etiologia , Corantes/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid-based vaccines have been studied for the past four decades, but the approval of the first messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic opened renewed perspectives for the development of similar vaccines against different infectious diseases. Presently available mRNA vaccines are based on non-replicative mRNA, which contains modified nucleosides encased in lipid vesicles, allowing for entry into the host cell cytoplasm, and reducing inflammatory reactions. An alternative immunization strategy employs self-amplifying mRNA (samRNA) derived from alphaviruses, but lacks viral structural genes. Once incorporated into ionizable lipid shells, these vaccines lead to enhanced gene expression, and lower mRNA doses are required to induce protective immune responses. In the present study, we tested a samRNA vaccine formulation based on the SP6 Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vector incorporated into cationic liposomes (dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide and a cholesterol derivative). Three vaccines were generated that encoded two reporter genes (GFP and nanoLuc) and the Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5). METHODS: Transfection assays were performed using Vero and HEK293T cells, and the mice were immunized via the intradermal route using a tattooing device. RESULTS: The liposome-replicon complexes showed high transfection efficiencies with in vitro cultured cells, whereas tattooing immunization with GFP-encoding replicons demonstrated gene expression in mouse skin up to 48 h after immunization. Mice immunized with liposomal PfRH5-encoding RNA replicons elicited antibodies that recognized the native protein expressed in P. falciparum schizont extracts, and inhibited the growth of the parasite in vitro. CONCLUSION: Intradermal delivery of cationic lipid-encapsulated samRNA constructs is a feasible approach for developing future malaria vaccines.
RESUMO
Current therapeutic ways adopted for the treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic and expensive including parasite resistance is a growing problem. Given this scenario, it is urgent to explore treatment alternatives for leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3-phenyl-lawsone (3-PL) naphthoquinone on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection, both in vitro and in vivo, using two local routes of administration: subcutaneous (higher dose) and tattoo (lower dose). In vitro 3-PL showed low toxicity for macrophages (CC50 >3200 µM/48h) and activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 193 ± 19 µM/48h) and promastigotes (IC50 = 116 ± 26 µM/72h), in which induced increased ROS generation. Additionally, 3-PL up-regulated the production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 in infected macrophages. However, the anti-amastigote action was independent of nitric oxide production. Treatment of hamsters infected with L. (V.) braziliensis from one week after infection with 3-PL by subcutaneous (25 µg/Kg) or tattooing (2.5 µg/Kg) route, during 3 weeks (3 times/week) or 2 weeks (2 times/week) significantly decreased the parasite load (p<0.001) in the lesion. The reduction of parasite load by 3-PL treatment was comparable to reference drug meglumine antimoniate administered by the same routes (subcutaneous 1mg/Kg and tattoo 0.1mg/Kg). In addition, treatment started from five weeks after infection with 3-PL per tattoo also decreased the parasite load. These results show the anti-leishmanial effect of 3-PL against L. (V.) braziliensis and its efficacy by subcutaneous (higher dose) and tattoo (lower dose) routes. In addition, this study shows that drug delivery by tattooing the lesion allows the use of lower doses than the conventional subcutaneous route, which may support the development of a new therapeutic strategy that can be adopted for leishmaniasis.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniose Cutânea , Naftoquinonas , Tatuagem , Cricetinae , Animais , Antimoniato de Meglumina/farmacologia , Antimoniato de Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Naftoquinonas/uso terapêutico , Carga ParasitáriaRESUMO
RESUMO A ceratopigmentação teve seu primeiro registro pelo filósofo Galeno há muitos séculos como uma estratégia utilizada para o tratamento estético de pacientes com leucomas. As córneas com leucoma são patológicas e, muitas vezes, intolerantes a lentes de contato cosméticas ou próteses oculares, sendo comum a queixa de desconforto excessivo, proporcionado pela superfície corneana irregular. Assim, a ceratopigmentação é uma alternativa para a melhora estética de pacientes com opacidades corneanas. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 39 anos, que apresentou despigmentação precoce em caso de ceratopigmentação associado a quadro de ceratite herpética necrotizante. O paciente foi submetido ao tratamento com aciclovir 2g ao dia e doxiciclina 200mg ao dia, evoluindo com melhora do quadro clínico, apesar da má adesão medicamentosa.
ABSTRACT Keratopigmentation was first recorded many centuries ago by the philosopher Galeno, as a strategy used for the aesthetic treatment of patients with leukomas. Corneas with leucoma are pathological and often intolerant of cosmetic contact lenses or ocular prostheses, with complaints of excessive discomfort provided by the irregular corneal surface being common. Therefore, keratopigmentation is an alternative for the aesthetic improvement of patients with corneal opacities. We describe the case of a 39-year old male patient, who presented early depigmentation in a case of keratopigmentation associated with necrotizing herpetic keratitis. The patient was treated with Acyclovir 2g/day and Doxycycline 200mg/day, evolving with clinical improvement, despite poor medication adherence.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Tatuagem/métodos , Neovascularização da Córnea/etiologia , Córnea/cirurgia , Opacidade da Córnea/cirurgia , Corantes/efeitos adversos , Aciclovir/administração & dosagem , Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , Técnicas Cosméticas , Satisfação do Paciente , Ceratite Herpética/tratamento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/administração & dosagem , Opacidade da Córnea/etiologia , EstéticaRESUMO
Background: Right ventricular mural endocarditis (RVME) is an extremely rare type of infective endocarditis that can occur even in the absence of predisposing factors. The diagnosis is a challenge when no causative pathogen can be detected. Case summary: A previously healthy young man was admitted to a local hospital with a diagnosis of prolonged febrile syndrome and treated for acute sinusitis. As complaints returned, he was hospitalized 3 weeks later, where an echocardiogram demonstrated multiple mobile masses in the right ventricle, and a computed tomography scan revealed extensive pulmonary thromboembolism. During surgery, the endocardial masses were excised, and the pathologist considered an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. Despite appropriate medication and initial improvements, the complaints persisted, and 2 weeks after the surgery, the patient returned to the hospital. Imaging studies documented reappearance to the previous findings, whereas blood cultures remained negative. During the second surgery, the new masses resembling vegetations were excised, and histologic analysis indicated infective endocarditis. Adjusted medication was given for 30 days. Just before discharge, no vegetations were seen. At follow-up, 5 years later, he was in a healthy condition. Discussion: Despite careful examinations, initial treatments according to standard protocols were unsuccessful. At final discharge, the patient reported that a tattoo complication prior to the first hospitalization was treated by antibiotics but that he did not complete the course. This omission in the communication further complicated the diagnostic and management processes, leading to surgical interventions that could have been prevented if the neglected antibiotic course was properly disclosed.
RESUMO
Los tatuajes representan una situación in vivo única en la que una gran cantidad de sales metálicas y tintes orgánicos permanecen en la piel durante toda la vida. Como resultado de un mayor número de tatuajes realizados, la incidencia de complicaciones cutáneas asociadas a los tatuajes ha aumentado también. En los últimos 30 años se ha evidenciado un aumento de reportes de tumores cutáneos en los tatuajes; sin embargo, muchos autores siguen considerándolo un evento fortuito. Los posibles efectos cancerígenos locales de los tatuajes siguen sin estar claros. Se cree que este efecto podría ser multifactorial y que combina traumatismo de la aguja, inflamación local crónica, factores externos como la exposición a los rayos ultravioleta (UV) y un posible efecto pro-cancerígeno de las tintas. Se necesitan estudios epidemiológicos y clínicos a gran escala para demostrar esta asociación. Se presenta un caso de un hombre de 40 años, conocido sano, quien 2 meses después de tatuarse el hombro derecho, desarrolla una lesión con características clínicas de un queratoacantoma y a quien se le realiza el diagnostico histológico de un carcinoma espinocelular bien diferenciado e invasor.
Tattoos represent a unique in vivo situation where many metallic salts and organic dyes remain on the skin for a lifetime. As a result of a greater number of tattoos performed, the incidence of skin complications associated with tattoos has increased. In addition, in the last 30 years, there has been an increment in reports of skin tumors within tattoos; however, many authors continue to consider it is a coincidental event. The possible local carcinogenic effects of tattoos remain unclear. It is believed that this effect could be multifactorial, combining needle trauma, chronic local inflammation, external factors such as an ultraviolet rays (UV) exposure and a possible pro-cancer effect of the inks. Large-scale epidemiological and clinical studies are needed to demonstrate this association. A case of a known healthy 40-year-old male is presented, in whom 2 months after a tattoo was performed on his right shoulder, he developed a lesion with clinical characteristics of a keratoacanthoma in which the histological diagnosis of a well differentiated and invasive squamous cell carcinoma was made.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico , Ceratoacantoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Tatuagem/efeitos adversos , Costa Rica , Dermatite/diagnósticoRESUMO
Este ensaio explora as tatuagens e cicatrizes que se articulam às narrativas sobre viver e conviver com as condições de adoecimento crônico, raro e complexo. Entendemos essas marcas como expressões públicas de um testemunho daqueles afetados pela deficiência e fragilidade da vida, seja como experiência pessoal ou no papel de cuidadores. O corpo como testemunho e suporte performático é explorado na sua dimensão estética e política, na expressão de conteúdos simbólicos que ganham visibilidade na afirmação de identidades e pautas negligenciadas de um público que reivindica reconhecimento e valorização de suas vidas.
This essay explores the tattoos and scars that convey narratives on experiencing and living with chronic, rare, and complex illnesses. We view such marks as public expressions, when individuals bear witness to lives traversed by disability and frailty, whether as their own personal experience or in the role of caregivers. The body as witness and performative support is explored here in its aesthetic and political dimensions, in the expression of symbolic contents that gain visibility in the affirmation of neglected identities and agendas by persons who claim the recognition and valorization of their lives.
Este trabajo investiga los tatuajes y cicatrices que se relacionan con narraciones sobre vivir y convivir con enfermedades crónicas, raras y complejas. Entendemos estas marcas como expresiones públicas de un testigo por parte de quienes se ven atravesados por la deficiencia y fragilidad de la vida, sea como experiencia personal o en el papel de cuidadores. El cuerpo como testigo y soporte performativo es explorado en su dimensión estética y política, como expresión de contenidos simbólicos que ganan visibilidad en la afirmación de identidades y pautas olvidadas de forma negligente, por parte de un público que reivindica reconocimiento y la puesta en valor de sus vidas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tatuagem , Pessoas com Deficiência , Brasil , CicatrizRESUMO
RESUMEN El trauma punzante que genera un tatuaje altera la barrera física e inmunológica que proporciona la piel, con lo cual se favorece el ingreso de microorganismos patógenos y el riesgo de sufrir diferentes complicaciones infecciosas. Las condiciones en las que se realiza el tatuaje y el cumplimiento de las normas de bioseguridad son determinantes en prevenir este riesgo, sin embargo, se trata de una práctica de difícil vigilancia y control debido al vacío normativo existente. El auge de los tatuajes permanentes en la sociedad contemporánea se acompaña de un incremento en la frecuencia de sus complicaciones, que suelen ser leves y autoresolutivas, pero también pueden causar graves secuelas y poner en riesgo la salud del paciente tatuado. En la presente revisión se incluyen los principales aspectos normativos y epidemiológicos de los tatuajes, así como las manifestaciones dermatológicas de las infecciones asociadas, su clasificación etiológica y su aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica.
SUMMARY Puncturing the skin with a tattoo needle damages the immunological and physical barrier. This facilitates the entry of pathogenic microorganisms and the risk of suffering infectious complications. The circumstances around the procedure, sanitary conditions and biosecurity standards are determinants of this risk; however, it is a practice with surveillance and control challenges due to the existing regulatory gap. Because of the significant rise in decorative tattoos among contemporary society, there has been an increase in complications, some are mild and usually resolve on their own, but there are others that leave sequelae and put the health of tattooed patient at risk. This review article includes main local tattooing regulations and epidemiological aspects, as well as dermatological manifestations of infections, their etiological classification, diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pele , Tatuagem , InfecçõesRESUMO
Abstract Tattooing one's body is currently a common practice worldwide; however, it is not risk-free. This is a case of a patient who tattooed himself motivated by his passion for motorcycles and then developed an exuberant lichenoid reaction to the red pigment used in the tattoo, with the appearance of verrucous lesions. Despite the lack of response to treatment, he states that he would tattoo his own skin again.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Tatuagem/efeitos adversos , Erupções Liquenoides/induzido quimicamente , Pele , Motocicletas , CorantesRESUMO
A prática de tatuagens é muito antiga e atualmente tornou-se extremamente popular, porém traz consigo riscos que não podem ser ignorados. As tintas utilizadas nas tatuagens são um fator importante para o aparecimento de reações adversas. A reação de hipersensibilidade aos pigmentos das tintas é uma das mais comuns. Entre elas, encontram-se reações alérgicas tipo dermatites de contato ou reações de fotossensibilidade, sendo esta última o motivo deste relato. O tratamento indicado é o uso de corticoides e a fotoproteção. Neste artigo, discorreremos especificamente sobre a reação de fotossensibilidade ao pigmento azul, com o relato de um caso e breve revisão da literatura.
Tattooing is a very old practice that has become extremely popular in recent years; however, it carries risks that cannot be ignored. The inks used in tattoos are an important factor for the appearance of adverse reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions to the pigments in the inks are some of the most common. These include allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis or photosensitivity reactions, the latter being the reason for this report. The recommended treatment is the use of corticosteroids and photoprotection. In this article, we will specifically discuss the photosensitivity reaction to the blue pigment with a case report and a brief literature review.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Tatuagem , Dermatite Fotoalérgica , Hipersensibilidade , Terapêutica , Corticosteroides , Corantes , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos , TintaRESUMO
Tattooing one's body is currently a common practice worldwide; however, it is not risk-free. This is a case of a patient who tattooed himself motivated by his passion for motorcycles and then developed an exuberant lichenoid reaction to the red pigment used in the tattoo, with the appearance of verrucous lesions. Despite the lack of response to treatment, he states that he would tattoo his own skin again.
Assuntos
Erupções Liquenoides , Tatuagem , Corantes , Humanos , Erupções Liquenoides/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Motocicletas , Pele , Tatuagem/efeitos adversosRESUMO
A tatuagem é uma prática antiga e muito popular atualmente. Os pigmentos utilizados mudaram com o tempo, mas continuam apresentando composições variadas e pouco regulamentadas. Há inúmeros casos descritos de efeitos adversos pós-tatuagem, em sua maioria infecciosos, e reações de hipersensibilidade. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 64 anos, hígida, com pápulas nas sobrancelhas um mês após realizar micropigmentação. A biópsia excisional fez o diagnóstico de molusco contagioso, e o tratamento foi realizado com curetagem das lesões. Na literatura, existem poucos relatos de disseminação de molusco contagioso causada por tatuagem.
Tattooing is an ancient practice and very popular nowadays. The pigments used have changed over time but still present varied and poorly regulated compositions. There are many described cases of adverse effects after tattooing, mainly infectious and hypersensitivity reactions. We report the case of a 64-yearold woman, healthy, with papules on her eyebrows one month after performing micropigmentation. The excisional biopsy diagnosed molluscum contagiosum, and the lesions were curetted. There are few reports in the literature of the spread of molluscum contagiosum caused by tattooing
RESUMO
RESUMEN Antecedentes: la sarcoidosis es una de las reacciones cutáneas asociadas con los tatuajes. Lo más frecuente es que se presente una afección sistémica; dentro de ésta, el compromiso por uveítis y las reacciones sarcoidales asociadas a los tatuajes han sido poco descritas. Caso clínico: hombre de 27 años con cuadro clínico de seis meses de evolución constituido por malestar general, fiebre subjetiva, escalofríos, mialgias, artralgias, tos con expectoración hemoptoica y edema en los miembros inferiores. Se encontró ojo izquierdo rojo, disminución de la agudeza visual y pápulas que infiltraban uno de los tatuajes que se había realizado seis meses antes en el brazo derecho y antebrazo izquierdo. Conclusión: la sarcoidosis asociada a los tatuajes es una condición que requiere de un alto índice de sospecha; donde la infiltración del tatuaje debe hacer pensar al clínico en el diagnóstico para realizar la búsqueda activa del daño orgánico visceral, mucho más en un paciente con uveítis que puede llevar a la ceguera. Aunque inusual, existe esta triple asociación: tatuaje, sarcoidosis sistémica y panuveítis.
SUMMARY Background: One of the cutaneous reactions associated with tattoos is sarcoidosis and the most frequent presentation is systemic involvement; within this, the manifestation of uveitis and sarcoidal reactions associated with tattoos is little described. Clinical case: A 27-year-old man with a clinical picture of six months of evolution consisting of general malaise, subjective fever, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, cough with hemoptysis, edema in lower limbs, and in whom red eye, diminution of visual acuity, and papules that infiltrated one of the tattoos that were placed, six months earlier, on the right arm and left forearm, were found. Conclusion: Sarcoidosis associated with tattooing is a disease that requires a high index of suspicion, where its infiltration should make the clinician suspect the disease and make an active search for systemic involvement, especially in a patient with a uveal compromise that can lead to blindness. It must keep in mind that, although rare, this triple association is possible (tattoo, systemic sarcoidosis, and panuveitis).
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sarcoidose , Tatuagem , Acuidade Visual , Pan-UveíteRESUMO
Vaccines are the primary means of controlling and preventing pandemics and outbreaks of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, a major drawback of naked DNA-based vaccines is their low immunogenicity and the amount of plasmid DNA necessary to elicit a response. Nano-sized liposomes can overcome this limitation, enhancing both nucleic acid stability and targeting to cells after administration. We tested two different DNA vaccines in cationic liposomes to improve the immunogenic properties. For this, we cloned the coding sequences of the Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5) either alone or fused with small the small hepatitis virus (HBV) envelope antigen (HBsAg) encoding sequences, potentially resulting in HBsAg particles displaying PfRH5 on their outside. Instead of invasive intraperitoneal or intramuscular immunization, we employed intradermal immunization by tattooing nano-encapsulated DNA. Mice were immunized with 10 µg encapsulated DNA encoding PfRH5 alone or in fusion with HBsAg and this elicited antibodies against schizont extracts (titer of 104). Importantly, only IgG from animals immunized with PfRH5-HBs demonstrated sustained IgG-mediated inhibition in in vitro growth assays showing 58% and 39% blocking activity after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Intradermal tattoo-vaccination of encapsulated PfRH5-HBsAg coding plasmid DNA is effective and superior compared with an unfused PfRH5-DNA vaccine, suggesting that the HBsAg fusion may be advantageous with other vaccine antigens.
RESUMO
Carcinoma basocelular sobre a região da tatuagem foi pouco descrito na literatura, com um total de 13 casos. Todos descrevem o aspecto clínico da lesão e sua patogênese, porém não caracterizam a dermatoscopia. Descrevemos dois casos de carcinoma basocelular na tatuagem, com características clínicas e dermatoscópicas, tratados com a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs. Houve dificuldade em estabelecer as margens clínicas e dermatoscópicas do tumor em decorrência do pigmento exógeno da tatuagem
Basal cell carcinoma over the tattoo region has been poorly reported in the literature, with a total of 13 cases. All cases describe the clinical aspect of the lesion and its pathogenesis but do not characterize the dermoscopy. We report two cases of basal cell carcinoma on tattoos with clinical and dermoscopy features, treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. It was challenging to establish the tumor's clinical and dermoscopic margins due to the tattoo's exogenous pigment
RESUMO
Abstract Background: Tattooing is among identified risk factor for blood-borne diseases. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prisons and its related factors among Iranian prisoners. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The required data was obtained from hepatitis B and C surveillance surveys in prisons in 2015-2016 that was collected through face-to-face interview. 12,800 prisoners were selected by multi-stage random sampling from 55 prisons of 19 provinces in Iran. Weighted prevalence and associated factors (using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression) were determined by Stata/SE 14.0 survey package. Results: Out of 12,800 prisioners, 11,988 participated in the study (93.6% participation rate). The prevalence of tattooing in lifetime and in prisons was 44.7% and 31.1% respectively. The prevalence of tattooing during lifetime was significantly associated with age < 35 years, being single, illiteracy, history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing during lifetime, extramarital sex and history of STI; the prevalence of tattooing in prison had a significant association with history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing in prison, and history of extramarital sex (p < 0.05). Study limitations: Information and selection bias was one of the study limitations. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prison among prisoners was significantly high especially in high-risk groups such as drug users and sexually active subjects. Given the role of tattooing, drug injection and sex in the transmission of blood-borne diseases, harm reduction programs are recommended to reduce these high-risk behaviors in prisons.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Tatuagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tatuagem/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Tempo , Modelos Logísticos , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Análise Multivariada , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Piercing Corporal/estatística & dados numéricos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tattooing is among identified risk factor for blood-borne diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prisons and its related factors among Iranian prisoners. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. The required data was obtained from hepatitis B and C surveillance surveys in prisons in 2015-2016 that was collected through face-to-face interview. 12,800 prisoners were selected by multi-stage random sampling from 55 prisons of 19 provinces in Iran. Weighted prevalence and associated factors (using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression) were determined by Stata/SE 14.0 survey package. RESULTS: Out of 12,800 prisioners, 11,988 participated in the study (93.6% participation rate). The prevalence of tattooing in lifetime and in prisons was 44.7% and 31.1% respectively. The prevalence of tattooing during lifetime was significantly associated with age<35 years, being single, illiteracy, history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing during lifetime, extramarital sex and history of STI; the prevalence of tattooing in prison had a significant association with history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing in prison, and history of extramarital sex (p<0.05). STUDY LIMITATIONS: Information and selection bias was one of the study limitations. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prison among prisoners was significantly high especially in high-risk groups such as drug users and sexually active subjects. Given the role of tattooing, drug injection and sex in the transmission of blood-borne diseases, harm reduction programs are recommended to reduce these high-risk behaviors in prisons.
Assuntos
Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Tatuagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Piercing Corporal/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tatuagem/efeitos adversos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Lasers Q-switched são os mais utilizados para remoção de tatuagens. Paciente feminina, de 48 anos, passou por consulta para remoção de tatuagem preta na coxa esquerda. Foram realizadas dez sessões de laser Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064nm associado ao laser de CO2 fracionado com intervalos de 60 dias entre elas. Seis meses após a última sessão, houve remoção praticamente completa do pigmento, além de melhora da textura da pele. Lasers Q-switched removem tatuagens por meio do fenômeno fotoacústico. A associação com lasers fracionados ablativos é opção para tratamento de tatuagens com grande quantidade de pigmento ou em tatuagens com muitas cores, de difícil remoção.
Q-switched lasers are widely used for tattoo removal. A 48-year-old-woman with a black tattoo on the left thigh was submitted to ten sessions of Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064nm laser associated with fractional CO2 laser, performed every two months. Six months after treatment end, we observed almost complete tattoo removal, besides improvement in skin texture. Q-switched lasers promote tattoo removal by a photoacoustic phenomenon. The association with fractional ablative lasers is an option for intensely pigmented tattoos or for tattoos with several colors, which are hard to remove.