RESUMO
Taeniosis is a neglected disease, particularly in developing countries, and is caused by infection with the adult tapeworm of either Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica. Of these, T. solium is of primary concern due to the potential for cysticercosis should T. solium eggs be ingested. In Cuba, all cases of taeniosis are assumed to be caused by T. saginata, although some cases of cysticercosis have been documented. It is therefore important to gain further insights regarding the species causing taeniosis in Cuba, especially as diagnostic records indicate an increasing incidence, with the highest number of cases reported in 2020. In this study, we analysed 37 Taenia-positive faecal samples (or proglottids isolated from faecal samples) from the period 2001 until 2020 from all regions of the country. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, which had been stored in 10% formalin, using the QIAamp Tissue Kit. Species identification was carried out by duplex real-time PCR targeting the mitochondrial DNA. All cases were found to be T. saginata, and sequence analysis of three isolates confirmed the identification of this species. Our data do not provide any evidence that T. solium currently occurs in Cuba. However, given the relatively low number of samples analysed here, that the parasite may be imported with visitors or travellers who have been in endemic countries, and that taeniosis has relatively mild symptoms and thus infected patients may not seek medical attention, we recommend species determination for all taeniosis cases reported in Cuba.
RESUMO
Taeniosis-cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) is a useful experimental model for biomedical research, in substitution of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, studied during decades to develop effective vaccination, novel anti-helminthic drugs and diagnostic tools. Cysticercosis in mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus) is achieved by the larval subculturing of the Wake Forest University (WFU) strain of T. crassiceps. Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse), has been shown to be the most suitable host for adult forms of parasite in experimental taeniosis. Metacestodes of T. crassiceps WFU multiply by budding without restrictions once inoculated into the mouse, while the number of tapeworms developed from these larvae in hamsters remains highly variable. Three objectives have been proposed to improve the infection of T. crassiceps WFU in hamsters: (1) to re-evaluate the need of immune suppression; (2) to investigate the advantage of infecting hamsters with metacestodes with in vitro protruded scolices; and (3) to compare a number of tapeworms developed from metacestodes subcultured in hamsters against those proliferated in mice. Our results demonstrated that when the evagination of murine metacestodes was high, the number of T. crassiceps WFU adults obtained from hamsters was also high. Immunosuppressive treatment remains relevant for this experimental rodent model. The hamster-to-hamster cysticercosis-taeniosis by T. crassiceps overcame the mouse-to-hamster model in the yield of adult specimens. In vitro scolex evagination and metacestode asexual proliferation in hamsters place this rodent model by T. crassiceps WFU as the most affordable experimental models with taeniids.
Assuntos
Cisticercose/veterinária , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Mesocricetus , Camundongos , Doenças dos Roedores/imunologia , Taenia/fisiologia , Animais , Cisticercose/imunologia , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Cysticercus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cysticercus/fisiologia , Feminino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Taenia/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to identify and treat carriers of adult Taenia solium present in two rural Venezuelan communities through examination of faecal samples by coproscopical analysis, and by the application of a polyclonal and a monoclonal (VP-1) coproantigen ELISA. Both the polyclonal and monoclonal ELISA's were negative when tested with soluble extracts of adults of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Trichuris trichura. The polyclonal ELISA was positive for soluble extracts adults of T. solium and T. saginata, whereas the monoclonal ELISA, which recognizes a glycoprotein, was restricted to T. solium, and was also negative with faecal samples from five cases of T. saginata adult infections. In the first community studied, Potrero Largo (Total population: 300), of 248 faecal samples examined, 2 individuals were positive for Taenia spp eggs by coproscopical analysis and the VP-1 ELISA, and yielded T. solium adults upon purging. In contrast, when the polyclonal coproAg ELISA was applied to the same 248 faecal samples, there were a considerable number of positives. Indeed, seven patients highly positive in the polyclonal ELISA did not yield a Taenia spp upon purging and were negative in the VP-1 ELISA. In the second community studied La Yuca (Total population 560), none of the 333 individuals who donated faeces was positive for Taenia spp eggs. Many, however, were infected with a range of intestinal helminth and protozoan parasites. A total of 76 faecal samples with representative intestinal parasite were then tested in the polyclonal and VP-1 assays. Of these, many gave an unacceptable number of significant optical densities in the polyclonal coproAg ELISA. In contrast, all were negative in the VP-1 ELISA, thus providing evidence for the species specificity of the VP-1 ELISA in faecal samples. These results with the VP-1 coproAg ELISA, although preliminary, justify further validation through the testing of more faecal samples from T. solium and T. saginata adult infected individuals.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Taenia solium/isolamento & purificação , Teníase/diagnóstico , Adulto , Animais , Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , População Rural , Especificidade da Espécie , Taenia/imunologia , Taenia/isolamento & purificação , Taenia solium/imunologia , Teníase/epidemiologia , Teníase/parasitologia , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis is a public health and agricultural problem, especially in low-income countries, and has been ranked the top foodborne parasitic hazard globally. In 2012, the World Health Organization published a roadmap that called for a validated strategy for T. solium control and elimination by 2015. This goal has not been met, and validated evidence of effective control or elimination in endemic countries is still incomplete. Measuring and evaluating success of control programmes remains difficult, as locally acceptable targets have not been defined as part of the 2012 roadmap nor from other sources, and the performance of tools to measure effect are limited. DISCUSSION: We believe that an international agreement supported by the tripartite World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health is needed to facilitate endemic countries in publicising SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable/attainable, Relevant, Time-bound) country-level control target goals. These goals should be achievable through locally acceptable adoption of options from within a standardised 'intervention tool-kit', and progress towards these goals should be monitored using standardised and consistent diagnostics. Several intervention tools are available which can contribute to control of T. solium, but the combination of these - the most effective control algorithm - still needs to be identified. In order to mount control efforts and ensure political commitment, stakeholder engagement and funding, we argue that a stepwise approach, as developed for Rabies control, is necessary if control efforts are to be successful and sustainable. CONCLUSIONS: The stepwise approach can provide the framework for the development of realistic control goals of endemic areas, the implementation of intervention algorithms, and the standardised monitoring of the evaluation of the progress towards obtaining the control target goals and eventually elimination.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Saúde Pública/métodos , Taenia solium , Teníase/prevenção & controle , Animais , Erradicação de Doenças/economia , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/economia , Pobreza , Saúde Pública/economia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Teníase/epidemiologia , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Due to the relative short life span and the limited spatial movement, porcine cysticercosis is an excellent indicator of current local active transmission. The aim of this study was to map at province-level, the occurrence of T. solium and T. asiatica in pigs and areas at risk of transmission to pigs in East and Southeast Asia, based on the density of extensive pig production systems and confirmed reports of porcine cysticercosis. METHODS: This study covered East and Southeast Asia, which consist of the following countries: Brunei, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. Literature searches were carried out to identify current epidemiological data on the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis caused by T. solium and T. asiatica infections. Modelled densities of pigs in extensive production systems were mapped and compared to available data on porcine cysticercosis. RESULTS: Porcine cysticercosis was confirmed to be present during the period 2000 to 2018 in eight out of the 16 countries included in this study. Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis was confirmed from all eight countries, whereas only one country (Laos) could confirm the presence of T. asiatica porcine cysticercosis. Province-level occurrence was identified in five countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) across 19 provinces. Smallholder pig keeping is believed to be widely distributed throughout the region, with greater densities predicted to occur in areas of China, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies between countries reporting taeniosis and the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis, both for T. solium and T. asiatica, suggests that both parasites are underreported. More epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the societal burden of both parasites. This study highlights a straightforward approach to determine areas at risk of porcine cysticercosis in the absence of prevalence data.
Assuntos
Cisticercose/parasitologia , Cisticercose/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Taenia solium/isolamento & purificação , Taenia/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Sudeste Asiático/epidemiologia , Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Ásia Oriental/epidemiologia , Humanos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Taenia/classificação , Taenia/genética , Taenia solium/classificação , Taenia solium/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The distribution of Taenia saginata in the Americas is unclear. Establishing the distribution, economic burden, and potentials for control of bovine cysticercosis is increasingly important due to the growing demand for beef. This paper aims to take the first step and reviews the recent distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis on a national level within the Americas. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of published and grey literature for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in the 54 countries and territories of the Americas between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Data on bovine cysticercosis from OIE reports from 1994 to 2005 were also included. RESULTS: We identified 66 papers from the Americas with data on the occurrence of taeniosis or bovine cysticercosis and an additional 19 OIE country reports on bovine cysticercosis. Taeniosis was reported from 13 countries, with nine of these countries reporting specifically T. saginata taeniosis, and four countries reporting non-species specific taeniosis. The reported prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.04-8.8%. Bovine cysticercosis was reported from 19 countries, nine identified through the literature search, and an additional 10 identified through the OIE country reports for notifiable diseases. The reported prevalence of bovine cysticercosis ranged between 0.1-19%. Disease occurrence was restricted to 21 countries within the Americas, the majority from the mainland, with the only island nations reporting either bovine cysticercosis or taeniosis being Cuba, Haiti, and the US Virgin Islands. CONCLUSIONS: Taenia saginata is widely distributed across 21 of the 54 countries in the Americas, but insufficient epidemiological data are available to estimate the subnational spatial distribution, prevalence, incidence and intensity of infections. This needs to be addressed through active surveillance and disease detection programmes. Such programmes would improve the data quantity and quality, and may enable estimation of the economic burden due to bovine cysticercosis in the region in turn determining the requirement for and cost-effectiveness of control measures.
Assuntos
Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Taenia saginata/fisiologia , Teníase/epidemiologia , América/epidemiologia , Animais , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Prevalência , Teníase/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to map the occurrence of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis at national level within Central America and the Caribbean basin, and to map the distribution of porcine cysticercosis at first-level administrative subdivision level (department level) and the porcine population at risk. This zoonotic parasite is believed to be widely endemic across most of Latin America. However, there is little information readily available for Central America and the Caribbean basin. Taenia solium has been ranked the most important foodborne parasitic hazard globally and within endemic areas is a common cause of preventable epilepsy. METHODS: We conducted a structured literature search in PubMed, supplemented and crossed-referenced with relevant academic databases, grey literature, and active searches in identified literature, to identify all records of T. solium presence in Central America and the Caribbean basin between 1986 and April 2017. To retrieve grey literature, government entities, researchers and relevant institutions across the region were contacted in an attempt to cover all countries and territories. Identified records containing data on porcine cysticercosis were geo-referenced to identify department level distribution and compared to modelled distributions of pigs reared under extensive production systems. RESULTS: We identified 51 records of T. solium at the national level, covering 13 countries and an additional three countries were included based on World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) reports, giving a total of 16 countries out of 41 with evidence of the parasite's presence. Screening records for porcine cysticercosis data at the departmental level confirmed porcine cysticercosis presence in 11 departments across six countries (Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Venezuela). CONCLUSIONS: When comparing these results to areas where pigs were kept in extensive production systems and areas where no information on porcine cysticercosis exists, it is apparent that porcine cysticercosis is likely to be underreported, and that a substantial part of the regional pig population could be at risk of contracting porcine cysticercosis. More detailed information on the distribution of T. solium and accurate burden estimations are urgently needed to grasp the true extent of this zoonotic parasite and the public health and agricultural problems it potentially poses.
Assuntos
Cisticercose/epidemiologia , Sus scrofa/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Taenia solium/isolamento & purificação , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , América Central/epidemiologia , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Cisticercose/veterinária , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Honduras/epidemiologia , Humanos , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Taenia solium/fisiologia , ZoonosesRESUMO
It is well known that sex hormones play an important role during Taenia solium infection; however, to our knowledge no studies exist concerning the immune response following complete or lobe-specific removal of the pituitary gland during T. solium infection. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze in hamsters, the effects of lack of pituitary hormones on the duodenal immune response, and their impact on T. solium establishment and development. Thus, in order to achieve this goal, we perform anterior pituitary lobectomy (AL, n = 9), neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL, n = 9) and total hypophysectomy (HYPOX, n = 8), and related to the gut establishment and growth of T. solium, hematoxylin-eosin staining of duodenal tissue and immunofluorescence of duodenal cytokine expression and compared these results to the control intact (n = 8) and control infected group (n = 8). Our results indicate that 15 days post-infection, HYPOX reduces the number and size of intestinally recovered T. solium adults. Using semiquantitative immunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy, we observed that the mean intensity of duodenal IFN-γ and IL-12 Th1 cytokines was mildly expressed in the infected controls, in contrast with the high level of expression of these cytokines in the NIL infected hamsters. Likewise, the duodenum of HYPOX animals showed an increase in the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-6, when compared to control hamsters. Histological analysis of duodenal mucosa from HYPOX hamsters revealed an exacerbated inflammatory infiltrate located along the lamina propria and related to the presence of the parasite. We conclude that lobe-specific pituitary hormones affect differentially the T. solium development and the gut immune response.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Duodeno/parasitologia , Hipófise/fisiologia , Taenia solium/fisiologia , Teníase/imunologia , Teníase/metabolismo , Animais , Cricetinae , Duodeno/imunologia , Duodeno/patologia , Feminino , Hipofisectomia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-5/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mesocricetus , Hipófise/cirurgia , Taenia solium/imunologiaRESUMO
The establishment of Taenia solium adult parasite in the human intestine causes taeniosis. Importantly, the immunological mechanisms occurring at the interface between the parasite and its host are not fully known. The development of experimental animal models has facilitated the understanding of the host-parasite relationship. In this study we standardized a quantitative RT-PCR method for analyzing hamster messenger RNA for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukins (IL): IL-4 IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13. This method was then used to evaluate the local cytokine response elicited against the adult parasite at the attachment site in the intestine of infected hamsters. The results showed an intense IFN-γ response, as well as an up-regulation of IL-4 as early as three days post-infection, permanence of IL-10 until the end of the experiment and down regulation of IL-12. These data are in agreement with a bias toward a Th-2 response as the infection progresses.
Assuntos
Citocinas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Teníase/imunologia , Animais , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Taenia solium/imunologiaRESUMO
A cisticercose é uma zoonose endêmica em muitos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente na zona rural tornando-a um atual problema de Saúde Pública. Este estudo objetivou avaliar fatores de risco para o complexo teníase-cisticercose em 64 propriedades rurais em UberlândiaMG, através de um questionário epidemiológico pré-estruturado. Processaram-se os dados através do software EpiInfo 6.04 e posteriormente aplicaram-se os testes do QuiQuadrado e do Coeficiente de Contingência C. Com relação ao perfil dos moradores das propriedades rurais, 76,6% pertenciam ao gênero masculino, na faixa etária predominante de 41 a 60 anos (57,8%) e escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,3%). Das 64 propriedades estudadas, eram criados suínos em 47 delas (73,4%) e em 20 (42,5%) eram criados de 5 a 8 animais, sobretudo em chiqueiro (91,5%). Ao se proceder o reconhecimento de cisticercos em cortes de carne, 56,2% dos entrevistados identificou o parasito e 44,4% destes atribuíram a presença do cisticerco nos suínos ao fato dos animais terem passado sede. Foi permitido relacionar a idade dos moradores com o reconhecimento do cisticerco, sendo possível que essa associação esteja mais relacionada à experiência do que à escolaridade. Apesar da maioria dos suínos serem criados em instalações cercadas, a presença de fatores de risco para essa zoonose, tais como a alta frequência de abate e o consumo de carne suína sem inspeção sanitária, aliada à incapacidade de reconhecimento de cisticercos e sua forma de transmissão, são preocupantes, pelo aumento da probabilidade de manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose e ocorrência da neurocisticercose e suas graves consequências entre os moradores das propriedades pesquisadas.
Cysticercosis is a zoonosis endemic in many developing countries, especially in rural areas rendering it a public health problem today. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for taeniasis cysticercosis complex in 64 farms in Uberlândia, MG, using a pre-structured epidemiological questionnaire. Data were processed using the software EpiInfo 6.04 and later applied to the Chi-square and contingency coefficient C. Regarding the profile of residents of rural properties, 76.6% were male, aged predominantly 41 to 60 years (57.8%) and education 1-4 years (53.3%). Of the 64 studied properties were created in 47 pigs of which (73.4%) and 20 (42.5%) were created 5-8 animals, especially in "sty" (91.5%). By proceeding in recognition of cysticerci cuts of beef, 56.2% of respondents identified the parasite and 44.4% of those attributed to the presence of cysticerci in pigs occurs because animals have "passed thirst." He was allowed to relate the age of the residents with the recognition of cysticercosis, it is possible that this association is related more to the experience than schooling. Although most pigs are raised in enclosed facilities, presence of risk factors for this zoonosis, such as high frequency of slaughter and consumption of pork without sanitary inspection, coupled with the inability to recognize cysticerci and their mode of transmission, are worrisome, by increasing the likelihood of maintaining the taeniasis cysticercosis complex and occurrence of neurocysticercosis and its serious consequences among residents of properties surveyed.
Assuntos
Animais , Economia Rural , Suínos/parasitologia , Taenia solium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Saúde Pública VeterináriaRESUMO
A cisticercose é uma zoonose endêmica em muitos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente na zona rural tornando-a um atual problema de Saúde Pública. Este estudo objetivou avaliar fatores de risco para o complexo teníase-cisticercose em 64 propriedades rurais em UberlândiaMG, através de um questionário epidemiológico pré-estruturado. Processaram-se os dados através do software EpiInfo 6.04 e posteriormente aplicaram-se os testes do QuiQuadrado e do Coeficiente de Contingência C. Com relação ao perfil dos moradores das propriedades rurais, 76,6% pertenciam ao gênero masculino, na faixa etária predominante de 41 a 60 anos (57,8%) e escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,3%). Das 64 propriedades estudadas, eram criados suínos em 47 delas (73,4%) e em 20 (42,5%) eram criados de 5 a 8 animais, sobretudo em chiqueiro (91,5%). Ao se proceder o reconhecimento de cisticercos em cortes de carne, 56,2% dos entrevistados identificou o parasito e 44,4% destes atribuíram a presença do cisticerco nos suínos ao fato dos animais terem passado sede. Foi permitido relacionar a idade dos moradores com o reconhecimento do cisticerco, sendo possível que essa associação esteja mais relacionada à experiência do que à escolaridade. Apesar da maioria dos suínos serem criados em instalações cercadas, a presença de fatores de risco para essa zoonose, tais como a alta frequência de abate e o consumo de carne suína sem inspeção sanitária, aliada à incapacidade de reconhecimento de cisticercos e sua forma de transmissão, são preocupantes, pelo aumento da probabilidade de manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose e ocorrência da neurocisticercose e suas graves consequências entre os moradores das propriedades pesquisadas.(AU)
Cysticercosis is a zoonosis endemic in many developing countries, especially in rural areas rendering it a public health problem today. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for taeniasis cysticercosis complex in 64 farms in Uberlândia, MG, using a pre-structured epidemiological questionnaire. Data were processed using the software EpiInfo 6.04 and later applied to the Chi-square and contingency coefficient C. Regarding the profile of residents of rural properties, 76.6% were male, aged predominantly 41 to 60 years (57.8%) and education 1-4 years (53.3%). Of the 64 studied properties were created in 47 pigs of which (73.4%) and 20 (42.5%) were created 5-8 animals, especially in "sty" (91.5%). By proceeding in recognition of cysticerci cuts of beef, 56.2% of respondents identified the parasite and 44.4% of those attributed to the presence of cysticerci in pigs occurs because animals have "passed thirst." He was allowed to relate the age of the residents with the recognition of cysticercosis, it is possible that this association is related more to the experience than schooling. Although most pigs are raised in enclosed facilities, presence of risk factors for this zoonosis, such as high frequency of slaughter and consumption of pork without sanitary inspection, coupled with the inability to recognize cysticerci and their mode of transmission, are worrisome, by increasing the likelihood of maintaining the taeniasis cysticercosis complex and occurrence of neurocysticercosis and its serious consequences among residents of properties surveyed.(AU)