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Lignocellulosic materials are usually processed toward C5 and C6 corresponding sugars. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a pretreatment method to solubilize hemicellulose to sugars such xylose without degrading cellulose. However, this pretreatment has not been compared to other processes. Thus, this paper focuses on the techno-economic comparison of the C5-C6 production of C5-C6 as raw materials platforms using non-centrifuged sugarcane bagasse (NCSB) and Pinus patula wood chips (PP). Hydrolysates using TFA 2.5 M as an acid were characterized through HPLC regarding arabinose, galactose glucose, xylose, and mannose sugars. Then, simulations of the processes according to the experimental results were done. The economic assessment was performed, and compared with some common pretreatments. The mass and energy balances of the simulations indicate that the process can be compared with other pretreatments. From the economic perspective, the main operating expenditures (OpEx) are related to raw materials and capital depreciation due to the cost of TFA corrosion issues. The processes showed a CapEx and OpEx of 0.99 MUSD and 6.59 M-USD/year for NCSB, and 0.97 MUSD and 4.37 MUSD/year for PP, considering a small-scale base (1 ton/h). TFA pretreatment is innovative and promising from a techno-economic perspective.
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To evaluate whether the WaveOne Gold and Reciproc single file instrumentation systems, are effective in reducing the microbial load of a mixed biofilm and the cleaning of apical third compared to the Twisted File Adaptive system (multiple- file system). Seventy mesial roots of the first and second molars were included and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=20, n=10 controls). Biofilms were formed inside canals over 31 days. After instrumentation with the unique file systems, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc and the multiple file system Twisted File Adaptive, using 2.25% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigant in all cases, a count of colony forming units was performed using serial dilutions, cleaning of the apical third was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons amongst groups were made by using parametric and non-parametric statistics, according to a normal or non-normal data distribution, respectively. No significant differences in the reduction of the microbial load after employing a single-file system in comparison to the multiple-file system were found; in addition, the cleaning of the apical third was similar for the three different instrumentation systems. The single-file system is equal in effectiveness compared with the multiple-file system in reducing the microbial load.
Evaluar si los sistemas de instrumentación de lima única, como WaveOne Gold y Reciproc son efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana de un biofilm mixto y la limpieza del tercio apical, comparado con los sistemas de limas múltiples, como Twisted File Adaptive. Setenta raíces mesiales de primeros y segundos molares fueron incluidos y divididos de forma aleatoria en tres grupos experimentales (n=20, n=10 controles). El biofilm fue formado en el interior de los conductos durante 31 días. Después se instrumentó con los sistemas de lima única (WaveOne Gold y Reciproc) y el sistema de limas múltiples Twisted File Adaptive, usando hipoclorito de sodio al 2.5% en todos los casos. El conteo de unidades formadoras de colonias se realizó usando diluciones seriales, la limpieza del tercio apical se evaluó empleando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La comparación entre grupos se realizó con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, de acuerdo con la distribución normal y no normal de los datos, respectivamente. No hubo una diferencia significativa en la reducción de la carga microbiana después de emplear los sistemas de lima única en comparación a los de limas múltiples, además, la limpieza del tercio apical fue similar en los 3 diferentes sistemas de instrumentación. Los sistemas de lima única son igual de efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana comparados con los sistemas de limas múltiples.
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Instruments for estimating the intake of food components can be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases related to improper diet. There is, at present, no scientifically validated instrument for estimating consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) in the Mexican population. The objective of this study was to design and validate such an instrument: a questionnaire that can be used to estimate consumption of TFA from food products. The questionnaire was applied to 162 students from the Autonomous University of Querétaro (UAQ). There were two phases to the study: (1) design of a food frequency questionnaire to assess consumption of trans fatty acids (FFQ-TFA) and an eating practices questionnaire (EPQ-TFA); (2) validation of the instrument. Content validity was measured by expert review and by Aiken's V method, obtaining an overall score of 0.895. As final tests for the FFQ-TFA analysis, criterion validity was measured using Spearman's correlation (r = 0.717, p < 0.01) and a linear regression (B = 0.668), considering the results of the 24-h dietary recall (24 HR); and reproducibility or temporal stability was measured using Pearson's correlation (r = 0.406, p < 0.01). Subsequently, a Pearson correlation was applied between TFA consumption estimated by the FFQ-TFA-2 and the global score from the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.351, p < 0.01). A Pearson correlation was applied between the EPQ-TFA-1 and the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.575, p < 0.01). TFA consumption per day was 2.49 ± 1.32 g in the participating population, which was 1.04 ± 0.51% of their total kcal consumption.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos trans , Adulto , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Registros de Dieta , Dieta , Inquéritos e Questionários , Inquéritos sobre DietasRESUMO
Abstract: Among the most common problems within dental professionals, is the fracture of rotary instruments of nickel and titanium root canal files (NiTi), when performing a procedure on a patient. Therefore, the objective of this work is to compare the in vitro resistance to cyclic fatigue of K3XF and TFA rotatory instruments, in continuous rotation and adaptive motion. For this, a static and cyclic fracture test was used and a fracture pattern was searched. The numbers of cycles until the fracture and the length of the fragments were determined. Of all the groups evaluated, K3XF-A exhibited the best resistance to cyclic fatigue. In future research, it will be performed an autoclaving and immersion cycles in sodium hypochlorite to be able to determine the separation causes of the rotary instruments. As a recommendation, the operator could significantly influence the decrease in resistance to cyclic fatigue due to the misuse of rotary instruments.
Resumen: Entre los problemas más comunes entre los profesionistas dentales, es la fractura de los instrumentos rotatorios de limas de canales radiculares de níquel y titanio (NiTi), cuando se lleva a cabo el procedimiento al paciente. Es por eso, que el objetivo de este trabajo es el comparar la resistencia in vitro de la fractura cíclica entre los instrumentos rotatorios K3XF y TFA, en rotación continua y movimiento adaptativo. Para esto, se utilizó la prueba de fractura cíclica y estática y el patrón de fractura fue evaluado. El número de ciclos hasta la fractura y la longitud de los fragmentos fue determinado. De todos los grupos evaluados, K3XF-A presentó la mejor resistencia a la fractura cíclica. Como trabajo a futuro, se utilizará ciclos de inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio y autoclaveado, para ser capaces de determinar las causas de separación de los instrumentos rotarios. Como recomendación, el operador puede influenciar significativamente la disminución de la resistencia a la fractura cíclica utilizando de una manera errónea el dispositivo.
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Human milk covers the infant's nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/análise , Lactação/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Leite Humano/química , Nutrigenômica , Bases de Dados Factuais , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Glândulas Mamárias Humanas/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição MaternaRESUMO
The quality of dietary lipids in the maternal diet can programme the offspring to diseases in later life. We investigated whether the maternal intake of palm oil or interesterified fat, substitutes for trans-unsaturated fatty acids (FA), induces metabolic changes in the adult offspring. During pregnancy and lactation, C57BL/6 female mice received normolipidic diets containing partially hydrogenated vegetable fat rich in trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TG), palm oil (PG), interesterified fat (IG) or soyabean oil (CG). After weaning, male offspring from all groups received the control diet until day 110. Plasma glucose and TAG and liver FA profiles were ascertained. Liver mitochondrial function was accessed with high-resolution respirometry by measuring VO2, fluorimetry for detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The results showed that the IG offspring presented a 20 % increase in plasma glucose and both the IG and TG offspring presented a 2- and 1·9-fold increase in TAG, respectively, when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA and PUFA contents decreased in the TG and IG offspring when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA content also decreased in the PG offspring. These modifications in FA composition possibly affected liver mitochondrial function, as respiration was impaired in the TG offspring and H2O2 production was higher in the IG offspring. In addition, mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity was reduced by approximately 40 and 55 % in the TG and IG offspring, respectively. In conclusion, maternal consumption of trans-unsaturated and interesterified fat affected offspring health by compromising mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid metabolism in the liver.
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Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos adversos , Lactação , Fígado/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Feminino , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Consumo de Oxigênio , Óleos de Plantas , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Respiração , Ácidos Graxos trans/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Recombinant simian IL-15 (siIL-15) was obtained for the preclinical assessment of an anti-human IL-15 vaccine. For this purpose, the cDNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a Macaca fascicularis monkey was cloned into a pIL-2 vector. The siIL-15 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain W3110 as an insoluble protein which accounted for 13% of the total cellular proteins. Inclusion bodies were solubilized in an 8 M urea solution, which was purified by ion exchange and reverse phase chromatography up to 92% purity. The protein identity was validated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, confirming the presence of the amino acids which distinguish the siIL-15 from human IL-15. The purified siIL-15 stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes line (CTLL)-2 and Kit 225 cells with EC50 values of 3.1 and 32.5 ng/mL, respectively. Antisera from modified human IL-15-immunized macaques were reactive to human and simian IL-15 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Moreover, the anti-human IL-15 antibodies from immune sera inhibited siIL-15 activity in CTLL-2 and Kit 225 cells, supporting the activity and purity of recombinant siIL-15. These results indicate that the recombinant siIL-15 is biologically active in two IL-15-dependent cell lines, and it is also suitable for the preclinical evaluation of an IL-15-based therapeutic vaccine.
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Interleucina-15/genética , Macaca fascicularis/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular/métodos , Escherichia coli/genética , Humanos , Interleucina-15/imunologia , Macaca fascicularis/imunologia , Camundongos , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trans-fatty acids (TFA) on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice fed diets containing different proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) from olive (O), maize (C) or rapeseed (R) oils partially substituted or not with TFA (Ot, Ct and Rt, respectively). Male CF1 mice were fed (30 d) one of these diets. The effects of the partial substitution (1 %, w/w) of different UFA with TFA on the activity and expression of hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acids oxidation were evaluated, as well as their transcription factor expressions. Some of the mechanisms involved in the serum TAG regulation, hepatic VLDL rich in TAG (VLDL-TAG) secretion rate and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were assessed. In liver, TFA induced an increase in TAG content in the Ot and Rt groups, and this effect was associated with an imbalance between lipogenesis and ß-oxidation. In the Ot group, exacerbated lipogenesis may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the liver steatosis induced by TFA, whereas in Rt it has been related to a decreased ß-oxidation, compared with their respective controls. The enhanced hepatic VLDL-TAG secretion in the Ot and Rt groups was compensated with a differential removal of TAG by LPL enzyme in extrahepatic tissues, leading to unchanged serum TAG levels. In brief, the effects of low levels of TFA on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice depend on the dietary proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 UFA.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Animais , Óleo de Milho/química , Óleo de Milho/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Lipogênese , Lipase Lipoproteica/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas VLDL/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Azeite de Oliva/química , Azeite de Oliva/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleo de Brassica napus , Triglicerídeos/biossínteseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated filling material removal from distal oval-shaped canals of mandibular molars with rotary, reciprocating, and adaptive motion systems by using micro-computed tomography. METHODS: After cone-beam computed tomography scanning, 21 teeth were selected, prepared up to a size 40 file, root filled, and divided into 3 groups (n = 7) according to the filling material removal technique: group PTUR, ProTaper Universal Retreatment combined with ProTaper Universal F2, F3, F4, and F5 files; group RP, Reciproc R50 file; and group TFA: TF Adaptive 50.04 files. The specimens were scanned preoperatively and postoperatively to assess filling material removal by using micro-computed tomography imaging, and the percent volume of residual filling material was calculated. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed the lowest percent volume of residual filling material at the coronal third in all groups (P < .05). There was no significant difference among the systems in the coronal third (P > .05). In the middle third, group TFA (31.2 ± 10.1) showed lower volume of residual filling material than group RP (52.4 ± 14.1) (P < .05). In the apical third, groups TFA (44.8 ± 20.6) and PTUR (48.6 ± 16.8) presented a lower percent volume of filling material than group RP (70.6 ± 7.2) (P < .05), as confirmed by the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the adaptive motion increased the amount of root filling removed in the middle and apical thirds compared with the reciprocating motion. However, no technique was able to completely remove the filling material from the canals.
Assuntos
Movimento (Física) , Retratamento , Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular/química , Obturação do Canal Radicular/métodos , Preparo de Canal Radicular/métodos , Microtomografia por Raio-X/métodos , Análise de Variância , Anatomia Transversal , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Ligas Dentárias/química , Instrumentos Odontológicos , Cavidade Pulpar/anatomia & histologia , Cavidade Pulpar/diagnóstico por imagem , Resinas Epóxi , Desenho de Equipamento , Guta-Percha , Humanos , Mandíbula , Dente Molar , Níquel/química , Irrigantes do Canal Radicular , Obturação do Canal Radicular/instrumentação , Preparo de Canal Radicular/instrumentação , Rotação , Propriedades de Superfície , Titânio/química , Ápice Dentário/anatomia & histologia , Ápice Dentário/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Trichilia catigua preparations have antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective activity. Recently, a neuroprotective role for T. catigua was proposed using an in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion in rat hippocampal slices. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of T. catigua, which has potent antioxidant activity, in mice subjected to an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Swiss mice were subject to the bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCAO) model of cerebral ischemia. The animals were orally administered the T. catigua EAF (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) 30 min before and once per day for 7 days after BCCAO. Histological and behavioral outcomes were assessed using Nissl staining and the Morris water maze test of cognition, respectively. RESULTS: Mice that were subjected to BCCAO exhibited cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze. The spatial cognitive deficits were counteracted by T. catigua EAF administration (200-800 mg/kg). The T. catigua EAF significantly increased the number of intact-appearing Nissl-stained cells in the hippocampus in BCCAO mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the T. catigua EAF promoted functional recovery, decreased the delayed hippocampal cell loss, and mitigated the ongoing neurodegenerative processes induced by BCCAO in mice.
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Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Meliaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acetatos/química , Animais , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Artéria Carótida Primitiva/patologia , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipocampo/patologia , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Arsenic is an element widely present in nature. Additionally, it may be found as different species in several matrices and therefore it is one of the target elements in chemical speciation. Although the number of studies in terrestrial plants is low, compared to matrices such as fish or urine, this number is raising due to the fact that this type of matrix are closely related to the human food chain. In speciation analysis, sample preparation is a critical step and several extraction procedures present drawbacks. In this review, papers dealing with extraction procedures, analytical methods, and studies of species conservation in plants cultivated in terrestrial environment are critically discussed. Analytical procedures based on extractions using water or diluted acid solutions associated with HPLC-ICP-MS are good alternatives, owing to their versatility and sensitivity, even though less expensive strategies are shown as feasible choices.
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Arsênio/isolamento & purificação , Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Plantas/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Ácidos , Arsênio/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espectrometria de Massas , Plantas/metabolismo , Solventes , Manejo de Espécimes , Espectrofotometria Atômica , ÁguaRESUMO
The influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior and brain oxidative damage were evaluated in rats. First generation of rats born and maintained under supplementation with soybean-oil (SO), fish-oil (FO) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF), which are rich in n-6, n-3 and trans (TFA) FA, respectively, until adulthood, were exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model to behavioral and biochemical evaluations. While AMPH caused hyperlocomotion in HVF and, to a less extent, in SO- and FO-groups, a better memory performance was observed in FO group. Among vehicle-groups, HVF increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein-carbonyl (PC) levels in cortex; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. Among AMPH-treated animals, HVF exacerbated RS generation in all evaluated brain areas and increased PC levels in cortex and striatum; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. FO was related to higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cortex and striatum, while HVF was associated to higher incorporation of TFA in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, besides increased n-6/n-3 FA ratio in striatum. While a continuous exposure to TFA may intensify oxidative events in brain, a prolonged FO consumption may prevent mania-like-behavior; enhance memory besides decreasing brain oxidative markers. A substantial inclusion of processed foods, instead of foods rich in omega-3, in the long term is able to influence the functionality of brain structures related to behavioral disturbances and weaker neuroprotection, whose impact should be considered by food safety authorities and psychiatry experts.
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Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Anfetamina , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno Bipolar/dietoterapia , Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
The current Western diet often provides considerable amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids (TFA), whose incorporation into neuronal membranes has been implicated in changes of brain neurochemical functions. Such influence has caused concerns due to precipitation of neuropsychiatric disorders, whose data are still unclear. Here we evaluated the influence of different fats on preference parameters for amphetamine (AMPH): adolescent rats were orally supplemented with soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, which was considered an isocaloric control group), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in saturated and trans FA) from weaning, which were born of dams supplemented with the same fat from pregnancy and lactation. AMPH preference, anxiety-like symptoms and locomotor index were evaluated in conditioned place preference (CPP), elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field (OF), respectively, while brain oxidative status was determined in cortex, striatum and hippocampus. HVF increased AMPH-CPP and was associated with withdrawal signs, as observed by increased anxiety-like symptoms. Moreover, SO and FO were not associated with AMPH preference, but only FO-supplemented rats did not show any anxiety-like symptoms or increased locomotion. FO supplementation was related to lower oxidative damages to proteins and increased CAT activity in striatum and hippocampus, as well as increased GSH levels in blood, while HVF was related to increased oxidative status. In conclusion, our study showed the harmful influence of TFA on AMPH-CPP and drug craving symptoms, which can be related to dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Anfetamina/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos trans/farmacologia , Animais , Condicionamento Clássico , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The present study aims to provide new in vitro and in vivo biochemical information about a novel Kunitz trypsin inhibitor purified from Piptadenia moniliformis seeds. The purification process was performed using TCA precipitation, Trypsin-Sepharose and reversed-phase C18 HPLC chromatography. The inhibitor, named PmTKI, showed an apparent molecular mass of around 19 kDa, visualized by SDS-PAGE, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry MALDI-ToF demonstrating a monoisotopic mass of 19.296 Da. The inhibitor was in vitro active against trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain. Moreover, kinetic enzymatic studies were performed aiming to understand the inhibition mode of PmTKI, which competitively inhibits the target enzyme, presenting Ki values of 1.5 × 10(-8) and 3.0 × 10(-1) M against trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Also, the inhibitory activity was assayed at different pH ranges, temperatures and reduction environments (DTT). The inhibitor was stable in all conditions maintaining an 80% residual activity. N-terminal sequence was obtained by Edman degradation and the primary sequence presented identity with members of Kunitz-type inhibitors from the same subfamily. Finally after biochemical characterization the inhibitory effect was evaluated in vitro on insect digestive enzymes from different orders, PmTKI demonstrated remarkable activity against enzymes from Anthonomus grandis (90%), Plodia interpuncptella (60%), and Ceratitis capitata (70%). Furthermore, in vivo bioinsecticidal assays of C. capitata larvae were also performed and the concentration of PmTKI (w/w) in an artificial diet required to LD50 and ED50 larvae were 0.37 and 0.3% respectively. In summary, data reported here shown the biotechnological potential of PmTKI for insect pest control.
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Fabaceae/química , Insetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Inibidores da Tripsina/farmacologia , Tripsina/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Quimotripsina/metabolismo , Insetos/metabolismo , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Dose Letal Mediana , Peso Molecular , Papaína/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores da Tripsina/química , Inibidores da Tripsina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Because consumption of processed foods has increased in the last decades and so far its potential influence on emotionality and susceptibility to stress is unknown, we studied the influence of different fatty acids (FA) on behavioral and biochemical parameters after acute restrain stress (AS) exposure. Two sequential generations of female rats were supplemented with soybean oil (control group; C-SO), fish oil (FO) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF) from pregnancy and during lactation. At 41days of age, half the animals of each supplemented group were exposed to AS and observed in open field and elevated plus maze task, followed by euthanasia for biochemical assessments. The HVF-supplemented group showed higher anxiety-like symptoms per se, while the C-SO and FO groups did not show these behaviors. Among groups exposed to AS, HVF showed locomotor restlessness in the open field, while both C-SO and HVF groups showed anxiety-like symptoms in the elevated plus maze, but this was not observed in the FO group. Biochemical evaluations showed higher lipoperoxidation levels and lower cell viability in cortex in the HVF group. In addition, HVF-treated rats showed reduced catalase activity in striatum and hippocampus, as well as increased generation of reactive species in striatum, while FO was associated with increased cell viability in the hippocampus. Among groups exposed to AS, HVF increased reactive species generation in the brain, decreased cell viability in the cortex and striatum, and decreased catalase activity in the striatum and hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the type of FA provided during development and growth over two generations is able to modify the brain oxidative status, which was particularly adversely affected by trans fat. In addition, the harmful influence of chronic consumption of trans fats as observed in this study can enhance emotionality and anxiety parameters resulting from stressful situations of everyday life, which can trigger more severe neuropsychiatric conditions.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Fatores de Tempo , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagemRESUMO
El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la composición de los ácidos grasos y posible presencia de trans (AGT) en galletas y mezclas para tortas de diferentes clasificaciones de mayor consumo en Venezuela. Se realizó el análisis proximal de cada producto alimenticio cumpliendo estos con las normas COVENIN y A.O.A.C. La identificación y cuantificación de los ácidos grasos presentes se realizó por cromatografía gaseosa (CG), previa metilación. Los principales ácidos grasos presentes en las galletas fueron laúrico (C12:0), mirístico (C14:0), palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oleico (C18:1Δ9c), linoleico (C18:2Δ9c,12c), linolénico (C18:3Δ9c,12c,15c) y Araquidico (C20:0), al igual que mostraron la presencia de los AGT elaídico (C18:1Δ9t), y ácido graso linolelaidico (C18:2Δ9t,12c) aunque este último solo en algunos productos. Se obtuvieron entre 42-63% en ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), 30-42% en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados AGMI), 6-17% para ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) y entre 0,11-2% de AGT en las galletas, y en las mezclas para tortas entre 32-83% de AGS, 6-24% de AGMI, 8-43% AGPI, y 1,5-2% en AGT; con variaciones de acuerdo a la matriz y tipo de producto. Se concluye que los productos alimenticios estudiados presentan el mayor contenido de ácidos grasos en saturados, y el menor en AGT, considerándose "cero trans" de acuerdo a MERCOSUR; contribuyendo así en la creación de una base de datos nacional sobre la composición de ácidos grasos en estos productos(AU)
The objective of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and presence of trans (TFA) in cookies and cake mixes of different classifications of high consumption in Venezuela. Proximate analysis was performed for each food product compliance with standards COVENIN and AOAC. The identification and quantification of the fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography (GC) after methylation. The main fatty acids present in the cookies were: lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic(C18: 1Δ9c), linoleic (C18: 2Δ9c, 12c), linolenic (C18: 3Δ9c,12c,15c) and arachidic (C20:0), as showed the presence of TFA elaidic (C18: 1Δ9t), linolelaidic fatty acid (C18: 2Δ9t,12c) although this last only for some products. Were obtained between 42-63% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 30-42%monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA), 6-17% for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and from 0.1 to 2% of TFA in biscuits , and cake mixes between 32-83% AGS, 6-24% of MUFA, 8-43% PUFA, and 1.5-2% in TFA, with variations according to the matrix and product type. It is concluded that food products studied showed the highest content of saturated fatty acids, and the lowest in AGT,considered "zero trans" according to MERCOSUR, thus contributing to the creation of a national database on the composition of fatty acids in these products(AU)