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OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between social mobility and tooth loss in adults from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study and whether race modifies this association. METHODS: The Oral Health Study used data from 541 individuals who were followed up to 31 years of age. Social mobility, composed of the participants' socioeconomic position (SEP) at birth and at age 30, was categorized as never poor, upwardly mobile, downwardly mobile and always poor. The outcome was the prevalence of at least one tooth lost due to dental caries when the participants were examined at 31 years of age. The effect modifier was race (Black/Brown versus white people). Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate crude and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and to determine whether the association varied with race. Statistical interactions were tested using an additive scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of any tooth loss was 50.8% (n = 274). In social mobility groups, the prevalence of at least one tooth lost in the never-poor group was about 31% points higher for Black/Brown (68.2%) than for white people (37.4%). Antagonistic findings were found for the interaction between race and social mobility (Sinergy Index = 0.48; 95% CI 0.24, 0.99; and relative excess of risk due to the interaction = -1.38; 95% CI -2.34, -0.42), suggesting that the observed joint effect of race and social mobility on tooth loss was lower than the expected sum of these factors. The estimates for Black/Brown people were smaller for those who were always poor during their lives, relative to their white counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a higher prevalence of at least one tooth lost among people in the downward mobile SEP group and Black/Brown people. Greater racial inequity was found among Black/Brown people who had never experienced episodes of poverty, with Black/Brown people having a greater prevalence of at least one tooth lost than their white counterparts.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura acerca das interfaces entre racismo e a Odontologia. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online) via PubMed e BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde), entre janeiro e outubro de 2023, a partir da combinação dos descritores "racism", "dentistry" e "oral health". Foram selecionadas para compor esta revisão publicações sobre as intersecções entre o racismo, a educação e a prática odontológica. Foi possível identificar que a Odontologia sofre influência do racismo e atua na manutenção e na legitimação desse sistema de opressão. A falta de diversidade racial entre profissionais, docentes e estudantes daárea, currículos de Odontologia pouco problematizadores, a falta de competência cultural dos profissionais e o viés racial na indicação de tratamentos odontológicos são pontos importantes elencados na literatura sobre as ligações entre racismo e Odontologia. Mudar esta realidade implica enquadrar o antirracismo como prioridade no ensino e na prática odontológica. Para que isso aconteça, é necessário, essencialmente, aceitar que o racismo existe e que seus fundamentos históricos ainda impactam e moldam a profissão (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre las interfaces entre racismo y odontología. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online) via PubMed y BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Salud), entre enero y octubre de 2023, utilizando los descriptores "racism", "dentistry" y "oral health". Para componer esta revisión se seleccionaron publicaciones sobre las intersecciones entre el racismo, la educación y la práctica dental. Se pudo identificar que la odontología está influenciada por el racismo y trabaja para mantener y legitimar este sistema de opresión. La falta de diversidad racial entre los profesionales, profesores y estudiantes de la especialidad, los currículos odontológicos poco problematizadores, la falta de competencia cultural entre los profesionales y el sesgo racial en la indicación de los tratamientos odontológicos son puntos importantes enumerados en la literatura sobre los vínculos entre racismo y odontología. Cambiar esta realidad implica hacer del antirracismo una prioridad en la enseñanza y la práctica odontológicas. Para que esto ocurra, es esencialmente necesario aceptar que el racismo existe y que sus fundamentos históricos aún impactan y moldean la profesión (AU).

The current study aimed at carrying out a narrative literature review about the interfaces between Racism and Dentistry. The bibliographic search was conducted on the PubMed and BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases between January and October 2023, using the following descriptors: "racism", "dentistry" and "oral health". Publications on the intersections between racism, education and dental practice were selected to comprise this review. It was possible to identify that Dentistry is influenced by racism and works to maintain and legitimize this system of oppression. The absence of racial diversity among professionals, teachers and students in the field, unproblematizing dental curricula, the lack of cultural competence among professionals and the racial bias in the indication of dental treatments are important points listed in the literature on the links between Racism and Dentistry. Changing this reality implies making anti-racism a priority in dental teaching and practice. For this to happen, it is essentially necessary to accept that racism exists and that its historical foundations still impact and shape the profession (AU).

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The Brazilian health system simultaneously allows for the existence of the public and private sectors, which often imposes financial barriers to access to services and affects the health of exposed groups. Studies have shown evidence of higher lethality risks among Black/Biracial and Indigenous People admitted to hospitals due to COVID-19 during the pandemic when compared to White People. This paper evaluated the association between access to treatment for COVID-19, race, and COVID-19-related deaths among the five macro-regions of Brazil in 2020. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional observational, and population-wide study. Logistical models were used including first-order interactions between race and the health establishment administration sector using deaths as outcome, adjusted for covariates. The lethality risk, defined as the percentage of deaths among hospitalized patients, of Black/Biracial and Indigenous People was up to 78% (in the Midwest) and 29% (in the South) higher when compared to White People, respectively. The association of the race/access interaction with COVID-19-related deaths suggested the possibility of institutional racism in health establishments. The results highlight the need to guarantee adequate funding to the public health sector to improve equity in access to healthcare and the constant development of educational activities and increased participation of racialized minorities in the healthcare workforce at influential positions for health workers on topics such as racism.

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Resumo A doença falciforme (DF) é um caso emblemático de negligência histórica em saúde no Brasil e reflete como o racismo institucional produz iniquidades em saúde. Este artigo fez um percurso histórico até os dias atuais e mostra atraso na implementação de políticas de saúde voltadas para as pessoas com DF, tantas vezes encoberto em (in)ações e omissões do poder público. O descompromisso para a efetivação das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, a exemplo da triagem neonatal, e a dificuldade de incorporar as tecnologias para a assistência à saúde resultam desse modus nada operandi. Os avanços e retrocessos nas ações programáticas, bem como a pressão constante sobre os diversos entes governamentais, caracterizaram a saga dos últimos 20 anos. O texto disserta sobre as políticas voltadas para as pessoas com DF, apropriando-se da simbologia Sankofa, já que só é possível construir o presente pelo aprendizado dos erros do passado. Assim, reconhecemos essa trajetória e esse momento histórico em que há possibilidade concreta de avançar e concretizar o tão almejado cuidado integral para pessoas com DF. Concluiu-se que há um convite para um novo olhar, em que esperançar seja o disparador das movimentações necessárias para a garantia do direito para as pessoas com DF.

Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an emblematic case of historical health neglect in Brazil and reflects how institutional racism produces health inequalities. This article engaged in a historical journey of this disease, showing the delayed implementation of health policies for people with sickle cell disease, often concealed in Public Power's (in)actions and omissions. The lack of commitment to implement the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, such as neonatal screening, and the difficulty in incorporating technologies for health care result from this modus operandi. The advances and setbacks in programmatic actions and the constant pressure on several governmental entities have characterized the reported saga in the last twenty years. The present text discusses the policies for people with SCD, appropriating the Sankofa symbol, meaning that building the present is only possible by remembering past mistakes. Thus, we recognize this trajectory and this historical moment in which there is a concrete possibility of moving forward and achieving the longed-for comprehensive care for people with SCD. There is an invitation to glance at a new perspective, one in which hope is the trigger for the movements needed to guarantee the rights of people with SCD.

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Resumo Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre o imperativo do antirracismo na saúde bucal coletiva, a qual, como núcleo e práxis, pode contribuir de forma significativa para a (re)construção de um ethos que contemple a equidade e viabilize a cidadania e a democracia. Como paradigma, assumimos o conceito "Bucalidade" e as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra, pela ênfase no direito à saúde como prerrogativa do direito à vida e no combate ao racismo e a todas as formas de discriminação, em quaisquer espaços, como indutor desse ethos. Como exercício crítico, abordamos o status quo da saúde bucal coletiva e apontamos para uma perspectiva pró-equidade racial como uma escolha intencional, política e pactuada socialmente em busca da justiça social. Por fim, trazemos proposições para a implementação desse ethos por assumir o enfrentamento do racismo sistêmico no campo da saúde bucal coletiva como inadiável para a preservação da vida-boca e aprimoramento da democracia.

Abstract This article proposes a reflection on the imperative of antiracism in collective oral health, which, as a science, field, core, and praxis, contributes significantly to the reconstruction of an ethos that considers equity and enables citizenship and democracy. As a paradigm, we assumed the concept of "Buccality" and the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Health Policy for the Black Population, emphasizing the defense of the right to health as a prerogative of the right to life and the combat against racism and all forms of discrimination systematically. As a critical exercise, we discussed the status quo of collective oral health. We pointed to adopting a racial pro-equity perspective as an intentional, political choice socially agreed upon with all of society for social justice. Finally, we propose recommendations for dismantling systemic racism in collective oral health.

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Resumo Trata-se de estudo sobre o racismo estrutural na formação e na ocupação de trabalhadoras e trabalhadores negros atuando na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no município do Rio de Janeiro, a partir da experiência de médicas negras. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, utilizando grupo focal, conduzido em novembro de 2022. Utilizou-se o interacionismo simbólico como referência para a interpretação relacionada às situações que compõem as experiências/vivências a partir do racismo. Os achados foram reunidos em dois eixos: manifestação do racismo estrutural e institucional no âmbito do SUS; e como o racismo atravessa os processos de trabalho em saúde e suas repercussões. Os resultados revelam uma continuidade das implicações do racismo desde a formação de médicas negras até o trabalho na APS, tornando-se um obstáculo na reorganização do processo de trabalho na perspectiva territorial de atenção à saúde. As participantes identificam o racismo institucional e estrutural na negligência da gestão, na violência do território e na vacância de médicos nas equipes desses territórios, limitando a oferta de um cuidado adequado. É necessário desvelar e aprofundar a compreensão do caráter estrutural do racismo da organização do trabalho em saúde, tendo como imagem-objetivo a saúde como direito.

Abstract This study scrutinizes structural racism's influence on the training and work of Black professionals in primary health care (PHC) in Rio de Janeiro, particularly focusing on the experiences of Black female physicians. Employing a qualitative approach via a Focus Group, conducted in November 2022, we adopted symbolic interactionism to interpret racism-related experiences. Our findings encompass two primary dimensions: the manifestation of structural and institutional racism within the Unified Health System (SUS), and how racism permeates health work processes and consequences. Results highlight enduring impacts, spanning education to PHC roles, hindering healthcare process recalibration. Participants identify institutional and structural racism, from managerial neglect to territorial violence and physician scarcity, constraining comprehensive care. It is crucial to unveil and grasp racism's structural essence within healthcare, aligned with the vision of health as a fundamental right.

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Resumo A política de saúde indígena necessita de coordenação intergovernamental entre Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (Sesai) e serviços municipais e estaduais de saúde para sua eficácia. Tal coordenação deve ser feita tanto em nível de formulação como na sua implementação - que deve ocorrer entre burocratas de médio escalão e de nível de rua. Baseado na literatura que discute o federalismo e mecanismos de coordenação intergovernamental, este artigo investiga os mecanismos e as dificuldades de cooperação na ponta dos serviços de saúde aos povos indígenas. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis profissionais atuantes na Sesai do DSEI Mato Grosso do Sul. Identificou-se que as dificuldades dizem respeito principalmente ao racismo institucional, à estrutura sobrecarregada do SUS, à desresponsabilização por parte dos municípios e à má comunicação entre Sesai e hospitais. Já os mecanismos de cooperação identificados foram relações pessoais, agência situada de profissionais da Sesai e a existência de incentivo financeiro. Conclui-se que são necessários mais mecanismos de colaboração intergovernamental que considerem todas essas dificuldades de integração na implementação do serviço.

Abstract The Brazilian policy for indigenous health has its efficacy conditioned by the promotion of intergovernmental coordination between the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI), municipal, and regional health services. This coordination should be done both in the policy formulation and in its implementation-which should occur between medium and street-level bureaucrats. Based on the literature that discusses federalism and intergovernmental coordination mechanisms, this article investigates the mechanisms and difficulties of cooperation in the frontline of health services offered to Indigenous peoples. A total of six semi-structured interviews were carried out with professionals of the SESAI in the Mato Grosso do Sul DSEI. It was identified that the difficulties are related mainly to institutional racism, the overload of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), the unaccountability of municipal services, and the weak communication between SESAI and hospitals. The cooperation mechanisms are personal relations, situated agency of SESAI professionals, and a monetary incentive. In conclusion, there is a need for more intergovernmental collaboration mechanisms that consider these difficulties in integrating the implementation of these services.

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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é conhecer a percepção de mulheres sobre a violência obstétrica em uma perspectiva racial. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada em uma maternidade pública, com 25 mulheres, no município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante, no período de novembro de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022. Utilizou-se, para organização dos dados obtidos através das entrevistas, a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram analisados através das contribuições teóricas da interseccionalidade, tendo como foco a interação entre violência obstétrica e racismo obstétrico. As narrativas discorrem sobre questões da violência obstétrica, racismo institucional, e como essas vivências são permeadas pelas questões de raça, gênero e classe. Foram apontadas também questões relacionadas aos sentimentos dessas mulheres frente a vivência da violência no momento da assistência ao parto. O racismo obstétrico nega os direitos reprodutivos e dificulta o acesso a uma assistência respeitosa e equânime as mulheres negras.

Abstract This article aims to know the perception of women on obstetric violence from a racial perspective. This was a qualitative study carried out in a public maternity hospital with 25 women in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation from November 2021 to February 2022. Content analysis was used to organize the data obtained through the interviews. The results were analyzed through the theoretical contributions of intersectionality, focusing on the interaction between obstetric violence and obstetric racism. The narratives discuss issues of obstetric violence, institutional racism, and how these experiences are permeated by issues of race, gender, and class. Questions related to the feelings of these women regarding the experience of violence at the time of childbirth care were also highlighted. Obstetric racism denies reproductive rights and hinders access to respectful and equitable care for black women.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are highly prevalent communicable diseases in tropical and subtropical countries, generally not economically attractive for drug development and related to poverty. In Brazil, more specifically, socioeconomic inequalities and health indicators are strongly influenced by skin color, race, and ethnicity, due to the historical process of slavery. In this context, it is important to understand the concept of systemic racism: a form of indirect racial discrimination present in many institutions, which determines the process of illness and death of the black population, the ethnic group most affected by these diseases. The main objective of this paper was to carry out a literature review on the socioeconomic aspects of these diseases, relating them to institutional racism, and to encourage reflection on the influence of this type of racism in the NTDs context. Therefore, we present a paper that brings a evident correlation between racism versus neglected populations, which are affected by equally neglected diseases. A more humane and comprehensive view is needed to realize that these illnesses affect neglected and vulnerable populations, who require decent living conditions, health, and social justice. We hope to provide, with this paper, enough, but not exhaust, knowledge to initiate the discussion about neglected diseases, their socioeconomic aspects and institutional racism.

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