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Background: A synovial cyst is a herniation of synovial tissue through a joint capsule, often mistaken for a ganglion cyst. The key distinctions are that synovial cysts have a synovial cell lining, while a ganglion cyst is delineated by dense fibrous connective tissue. Typically found near joints, synovial cysts are associated with conditions like osteoarthritis, prevalent in females aged 20 to 50. We present a rare case of a synovial cyst in the extensor digitorum superficialis of the right hand. Case summary: A 53-year-old Hispanic female visited our hand clinic due to a 3-year history of pain on the back of her right hand. At exploration, a 3 × 3 cm soft tumor was identified. Surgery revealed a clear-yellowish mass within the extensor digitorum superficialis tendon. Following the surgery, synovial cyst was confirmed by pathology and the patient was discharged without complications. Conclusion: This case highlights the rare presentation of an intratendinous synovial cyst and emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of synovial cysts in the differential diagnosis of hand tumors.

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Wrist and hand arthroscopy, despite being an old tool, has gained popularity and advanced in assisting in the treatment of various injuries and conditions in the region in recent years. Dorsal, volar, ulnar, and radial accessory portals are used to reach all points of the carpal and hand joints. The minimal tissue damage, lesser injury to the capsule and its mechanoreceptors, the assessment of injuries associated with the reason for surgery, and aesthetically more favorable scars have attracted many doctors and their patients. As a result, there has been an increase in publications and diversifications of arthroscopic techniques. The aim of this update article is to present the advances and the evidence available in the literature to assist readers in their decision on which technique to use in the treatment of wrist and hand conditions.

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Abstract Wrist and hand arthroscopy, despite being an old tool, has gained popularity and advanced in assisting in the treatment of various injuries and conditions in the region in recent years. Dorsal, volar, ulnar, and radial accessory portals are used to reach all points of the carpal and hand joints. The minimal tissue damage, lesser injury to the capsule and its mechanoreceptors, the assessment of injuries associated with the reason for surgery, and aesthetically more favorable scars have attracted many doctors and their patients. As a result, there has been an increase in publications and diversifications of arthroscopic techniques. The aim of this update article is to present the advances and the evidence available in the literature to assist readers in their decision on which technique to use in the treatment of wrist and hand conditions.

Resumo A artroscopia de punho e mão, apesar de ser uma ferramenta antiga, tem ganhado popularidade e avançado no auxílio do tratamento das mais diversas lesões e doenças da região nos últimos anos. Utilizam-se portais acessórios dorsais, volares, ulnares e radiais para se alcançar todos os pontos das articulações do carpo e da mão. O menor dano tecidual, a menor lesão da cápsula e de seus mecanoceptores, a avaliação de lesões associadas ao motivo da cirurgia e as cicatrizes esteticamente mais favoráveis têm atraído muitos médicos e seus pacientes. Com isso, houve um aumento das publicações e diversificações de técnicas artroscópicas. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização é mostrar os avanços e o que temos de evidência na literatura para apoiar os leitores na sua decisão sobre qual técnica utilizar nos tratamentos das doenças do punho e da mão.

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hypertonic saline infiltration as a sclerosing agent in the dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist. Method Patients of both genders, aged 18 years or older, with clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of synovial cyst, and without any previous treatment were selected. Case series in which 50 patients underwent aspiration of the contents of the cyst and infiltration of the hypertonic saline solution (2 ml sodium chloride solution 20% and 1 ml of lidocaine 2%). The patients were followed up for 24 weeks, when the parameters pain, strength, range of motion, function (quickDASH and Brief Michigan question), recurrence, and complications were evaluated. Results A total of 46 patients were evaluated for 24 weeks, 18 (39.1%) cysts evolved to resolution, and 28 (60.9%) presented recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect force or in the range of motion. There was no clinically significant difference in the scores of the questionnaires. The most frequent complications were pain and edema. Conclusion Infiltration with hypertonic saline solution for the treatment of dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist showed a recurrence rate of 60.9%.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hypertonic saline infiltration as a sclerosing agent in the dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist. Method Patients of both genders, aged 18 years or older, with clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of synovial cyst, and without any previous treatment were selected. Case series in which 50 patients underwent aspiration of the contents of the cyst and infiltration of the hypertonic saline solution (2 ml sodium chloride solution 20% and 1 ml of lidocaine 2%). The patients were followed up for 24 weeks, when the parameters pain, strength, range of motion, function (quickDASH and Brief Michigan question), recurrence, and complications were evaluated. Results A total of 46 patients were evaluated for 24 weeks, 18 (39.1%) cysts evolved to resolution, and 28 (60.9%) presented recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect force or in the range of motion. There was no clinically significant difference in the scores of the questionnaires. The most frequent complications were pain and edema. Conclusion Infiltration with hypertonic saline solution for the treatment of dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist showed a recurrence rate of 60.9%.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da infiltração da solução salina hipertônica como agente esclerosante no cisto sinovial dorsal do punho. Método Pacientes de ambos os sexos, com 18 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico clínico e ultrassonográfico de cisto sinovial, e sem nenhum tratamento prévio foram selectionados. Série de casos em que 50 pacientes foram submetidos a aspiração do conteúdo do cisto e infiltração da solução salina hipertônica (2 ml solução de cloreto de sódio 20% e 1 ml de lidocaína 2%). Seguimento realizado por 24 semanas, durante as quais foram avaliados os parâmetros dor, força, arco de movimento, função (questionários quick disabilities of the arm, hand, and shoulder [quickDASH] e brief Michigan), recorrência e complicações. ResultadoForam avaliados 46 pacientes por 24 semanas, 18 (39,1%) cistos evoluíram para cura e 28 (60,9%) cistos apresentaram recorrência. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos quesitos força e arco de movimento. Não houve diferença clinicamente significante nos escores dos questionários. As complicações mais frequentes foram dor e edema. Conclusão A infiltração com solução salina hipertônica para tratamento do cisto sinovial dorsal do punho mostrou taxa de recorrência de 60,9%.

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ABSTRACT Facet joint ganglia are benign cystic lesions located adjacent to a facet joint. The majority is asymptomatic. However, can cause important low-back pain and radiculopathy. Neurogenic deficit, claudication, and cauda equina syndrome have also been reported. The authors report two cases of acute low back pain with bilateral sciatica, dorsal foot dysesthesia, and hallux dorsiflexion/extension deficit, due to the presence of encapsulated cysts adjacent to the facet joints causing a significant reduction of the spinal canal. Urgent surgical decompression was performed in both patients with an uneventful recovery. Symptomatic facet joint ganglia is a highly unusual cause of back pain, although it can present with acute onset of bilateral sciatica and canal stenosis requiring urgent surgical decompression. This paper highlights facet joint synovial as a differential diagnosis of lumbar pain and describes two different surgical approaches with good outcomes. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series.

RESUMO: Os quistos facetários são lesões císticas benignas localizadas adjacentes a uma articulação facetária. A maioria é assintomática. No entanto, podem ser causa de importante dor lombar e radiculopatia. Estão ainda relatados casos de déficit neurogénico, claudicação e síndrome de cauda equina. Os autores apresentam dois casos de dor lombar aguda com ciatalgia bilateral, disestesia do dorso do pé e défice na dorsiflexão/extensão do hálux, causados por uma redução significativa do canal medular devido à presença de quistos encapsulados adjacentes às articulações facetarias. Os doentes foram submetidos a descompressão cirúrgica urgente com uma excelente recuperação. Os quistos facetários sintomáticas são uma causa rara de lombalgia, porém podem apresentar-se inicialmente com um quadro agudo de ciatalgia bilateral e estenose canalar com necessidade de descompressão cirúrgica urgente. Este artigo realça os quistos facetários como diagnóstico diferencial de lombalgia e descreve duas abordagens cirúrgicas diferentes com bons resultados. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de Casos.

RESUMEN: Los quistes facetarios son lesiones quísticas benignas situadas junto a una articulación facetaria. La mayoría es asintomática. Pero pueden causar dolor lumbar y radiculopatía importantes. También se han descrito déficit neurogénico, claudicación y síndrome de cauda equina. Los autores presentan dos casos de lumbalgia aguda con dolor ciático bilateral, disestesia del dorso del pie y déficit en la dorsiflexión/extensión del hallux, causados por una reducción significativa del canal medular debido a la presencia de quistes encapsulados adyacentes a las articulaciones facetarias. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a descompresión quirúrgica urgente con una excelente recuperación. Los quistes facetarios sintomáticos son una causa poco frecuente de lumbalgia, aunque pueden presentarse inicialmente con un cuadro agudo de dolor ciático bilateral y estenosis del canal que requiere descompresión quirúrgica urgente. Este artículo destaca los quistes facetarios como diagnóstico diferencial de la lumbalgia y describe dos abordajes quirúrgicos diferentes con buenos resultados. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

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BACKGROUND: Synovial cysts are commonly associated with instability. Whether to fuse patients is a matter of controversy. Simple resection may offer favorable clinical outcomes but may come at the expense of recurrence rate. We describe our experience with the minimally invasive management of these lesions using microsurgical dissection through a tubular retractor system. MATERIALS: A retrospective cohort study of symptomatic patients with synovial cysts treated by a minimally invasive tubular approach from 2001 to 2018 was performed. We evaluated variables such as preexisting spinal pathology, previous surgery, radiological findings, comorbidities, and secondary surgery requiring fusion. We used the visual analog scale (VAS), the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the Macnab scale for clinical evaluation. RESULTS: There were 35 patients with a mean age of 63 years. The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 195 weeks. Axial pain was present in 77.1% of cases; radiculopathy was the main symptom in 94.3% of cases. The most frequent site was L4-L5 (62.8%). Presenting comorbidities were lumbar stenosis (28.6% of patients), spondylolisthesis (8.6%), and facet hypertrophy (31.4%). Mean surgical time was 143 minutes (range, 55-360 minutes). The mean hospital stay was 2 days, ranging from 1 to 5 days. No complications were encountered as a consequence of the surgical procedure. All patients showed neurophysiological improvement after surgical intervention. A total of 34 patients (97.14%) showed clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, averaging 17 months and ranging from 1 to 60 months, 28 patients (80%) had good to excellent Macnab outcomes, 6 patients (17.14%) were rated as fair, and 1 (2.86%) patient had a poor Macnab outcome. Radicular VAS significantly changed (P < .05) from a preoperative mean of 8.23 ± 1.24 to a postoperative mean of 2.23 ± 1.94. ODI significantly decreased (P < .05) from a preoperative of mean of 41.02 ± 12.56 to a postoperative of mean of 11.82 ± 10.56. We performed fusion at initial surgery in 37.1% of cases; however, 3 more patients required secondary fusion at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our series corroborates the prior literature with a low incidence of synovial cysts in the cervical spine and none in the thoracic spine. The present work shows the efficacy of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of these lesions. Synovial cysts were associated with instability, ultimately requiring fusion in the majority of patients. The authors' study includes a large patient series with minimally invasive microsurgical decompression performed through a tubular retractor to date. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

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Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...(AU)

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Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...

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Introducción: Los quistes artrosinoviales espinales son lesiones infrecuentes que se originan principalmente en la región lumbar. Aunque el tratamiento conservador es posible, la resección quirúrgica es considerada el tratamiento de elección en pacientes sintomáticos. La inestabilidad postoperatoria es una preocupación. Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas (MISS) demostraron ser una alternativa válida que podría disminuir el riesgo de inestabilidad postoperatoria. Objetivo: Describir la importancia de la orientación facetaria en la elección del lado del abordaje (ipsilateral o contralateral) y la conservación de la unión articular en una serie de pacientes operados de quistes sinoviales lumbares por técnica tubular mínimamente invasiva. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 8 pacientes con quistes sinoviales lumbares operados con técnica tubular mínimamente invasiva. Se analizó en RMN la relación entre la orientación de las facetas articulares y la vía de abordaje seleccionada, se evaluó además la resección de los quistes sinoviales y el grado de preservación facetaria postoperatoria. Información demográfica e intraoperatoria fue detallada. El resultado clínico fue valorado usando la Escala Visual Analógica (VAS) y los criterios de Macnab modificados para medir la satisfacción postoperatoria de los pacientes. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 6 meses. Resultados: Ocho quistes sinoviales fueron operados y resecados completamente. Cinco pacientes presentaron orientación facetaria coronal y 3 sagital los cuales fueron abordados del lado ipsilateral y contralateral respectivamente. En todos los casos se logró preservar al menos 2/3 de la unión facetaria del nivel comprometido. El tiempo promedio de cirugía fue de 110 minutos. Todos los pacientes fueron dados de alta dentro de las 24 hs. Se observó una mejoría de 6 puntos en el VAS. Según la escala de Macnab; 6 pacientes refirieron resultados excelentes, 1 bueno y 1 regular. No se registraron fístulas ni infecciones. Conclusión: La orientación de las facetas articulares definió el lado del abordaje. En facetas articulares con orientación coronal recomendamos el abordaje tubular ipsilateral y en facetas articulares con orientación sagital el abordaje contralateral. Esto permite una excelente exposición del quiste sinovial y la preservación de la articulación facetaria. Ensayos prospectivos con mayor tiempo de seguimiento y cohortes más grandes serían de utilidad para avalar nuestras recomendaciones.

Background: Spinal arthro-synovial cysts are uncommon lesions that largely originate in the lumbar area. Although conservative management is an option, surgical resection is considered the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients. Post-operative instability is of concern, however. Minimally-invasive surgery techniques have proven a valid option which might reduce post-surgical instability. The aim of this paper is to describe the importance of facet orientation in side selection for the surgical approach (ipsilateral or contralateral) and facet joint sparing in a series of patients undergoing minimally-invasive tubular surgery (MITS) for lumbar synovial cysts. Methods: Eight patients with lumbar synovial cysts undergoing MITS were assessed. Pre-operatively, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to identify facet joint orientation and aid in surgical approach selection. Post-operatively, MRI was repeated to confirm resection of the synovial cysts and the level of post-surgical facet sparing. Demographic and intraoperative data were recorded, with post- versus pre-operative pain compared using a visual analog scale (VAS), and the modified Macnab criteria used to measure patients' post-operative satisfaction. Minimum post-operative follow-up was six months. Results: Eight synovial cysts were resected completely. Five patients had a coronal and three a sagittal orientation of their facet and were managed with an ipsilateral versus contralateral approach, respectively. In all cases, at least 2/3 of the involved facet joint was spared. Average surgical time was 110 minutes, and all patients were discharged within 24 hours. A mean 6-point improvement was observed in VAS pain severity. Using the Macnab scale, six patients reported excellent results, one a good result and one a fair result. No spinal leaks or infections were reported. Conclusions: Facet-joint orientation determines which side is used for the surgical approach. For facet joints with a coronal orientation, we recommend the ipsilateral tubular approach; while for joint facets with a sagittal orientation, the contralateral approach. This enables both excellent exposure of the synovial cyst and facet-joint sparing. Prospective trials with longer follow-up and larger cohorts are needed to validate our recommendations.

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Objetivo: Presentar el algoritmo de tratamiento, técnica quirúrgica y resultados de una serie de pacientes con quistes sinoviales espinales resecados con técnica mínimamente invasiva (MIS). Introducción: Los quistes sinoviales espinales se originan a partir de la dilatación y potencial ruptura de la vaina sinovial de una articulación facetaria. La resección quirúrgica es considerada el tratamiento de elección en pacientes sintomáticos. La utilización de técnicas MIS podrían disminuir la disrupción de la faceta articular comprometida reduciendo el riesgo de inestabilidad postoperatoria. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 21 pacientes con quistes sinoviales espinales operados mediante abordaje y descompresión MIS, se analizaron los signos, síntomas, tiempo quirúrgico, estadía hospitalaria, evolución y complicaciones. Se utilizó la escala visual analógica (EVA), para evaluar el dolor y la escala de Weiner y los criterios de Macnab modificados para medir la satisfacción posoperatoria del paciente. Resultados: Se trataron quirúrgicamente 21 pacientes (13 mujeres, 8 hombres), el 76,2% (n=16) de los pacientes de la serie no requirió artrodesis, el 23,8% (n=5) restante fue fusionado. Realizamos 13 (61,9%) hemilaminectomías contralaterales, 7 hemilaminectomías ipsilaterales (33,3%) y una laminectomía en el QS S1-S2 con técnica MIS. El seguimiento promedio fue de 26 meses, el tiempo de cirugía fue de 150,33 ± 63,31 min., con una estadía hospitalaria de 2,5 ± 1,78 días. La EVA disminuyó de 8,3 preoperatoria a 2,3 postoperatoria. Siguiendo la escala de Macnab; 16 pacientes refirieron resultados excelentes, 4 buenos y 1 regular, el 95,2% de los pacientes percibió que el procedimiento tuvo mucho/bastante éxito según la escala de Weiner. Conclusión: El abordaje mínimamente invasivo es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz para la resección completa de quistes sinoviales espinales. Proporciona resultados clínico-funcionales excelentes preservando músculos, ligamentos y facetas articulares.

Introduction: Spinal synovial cysts originate from the dilation and potential rupture of a facet joint's synovial sheath. Surgical resection is considered the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients; however, the use of minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) techniques could reduce any disruption of the facet joint involved, reducing the risk of postoperative instability. Objective: To present the treatment algorithm, surgical technique and results in a series of patients with spinal synovial cysts treated by MIS. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively evaluated 21 patients with spinal synovial cysts who underwent therapeutic MIS with decompression. Signs, symptoms, surgical time, hospital stay, course and complications were evaluated. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to rate pain, while the Weiner scale and modified Macnab criteria were employed to measure patients' postoperative satisfaction. Results: Twenty-one patients were surgically treated with MIS, among whom 76.2% (n = 16) required no arthrodesis; the remaining 23.8% (n = 5) were fused. We performed 13 (61.9%) contralateral hemilaminectomies, seven ipsilateral hemilaminectomies (33.3%), and one laminectomy at S1-S2. The average follow-up was 26 months, surgical time 150.33 ± 63.31 minutes, and mean hospital stay 2.5 ± 1.8 days. The VAS pain rating decreased from 8.3 preoperatively to 2.3 postoperatively. Sixteen patients reported excellent results, four good and one fair. On the Macnab scale, all but one patient (1/21, 4.8%) perceived that the procedure had been very/quite successful. Conclusions: Minimally-invasive surgery is a safe and effective approach for the complete resection of spinal synovial cysts. It provides excellent clinical and functional results, by preserving muscles, ligaments and facet joints.

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ABSTRACT Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a benign soft tissue tumor most frequent between the third and fifth decades of life. It can mimic and make differential diagnoses with several hand tumors. Definitive diagnosis and the treatment of choice are reached with complete resection and histopathological examination. Here we describe a case with clinical presentation similar to that of a myxoid cyst.

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Disc herniation is a frequent pathology in the radiologist's daily practice. There are different pathologies that can simulate a herniated disc from the clinical and especially the imaging point of view that we should consider whenever we report a herniated disc. These lesions may originate from the vertebral body (osteophytes and metastases), the intervertebral disc (discal cyst), the intervertebral foramina (neurinomas), the interapophyseal joints (synovial cyst) and from the epidural space (hematoma and epidural abscess).

La hernia discal es una patología frecuente en la práctica diaria del radiólogo. Hay distintas patologías que pueden simular una hernia discal desde el punto de vista clínico y especialmente imagenológico que debemos considerar cada vez que informamos una hernia discal. Estas lesiones pueden provenir del cuerpo vertebral (osteofitos y metástasis), del disco intervertebral (quiste discal), de los forámenes intervertebrales (neurinomas), de las articulaciones interapofisiarias (quiste sinovial) y desde el espacio epidural (hematoma y absceso epidural).

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Study Design Case report. Objective Synovial cysts in the subaxial cervical spine are rare and are most commonly reported at the cervicothoracic junction. Only six cases of symptomatic C5-C6 synovial cysts have been reported in the literature; the condition is usually treated with decompressive laminectomy. We present a patient with a synovial cyst arising from the C5-C6 facet joint, associated with spondylolisthesis, and causing radiculomyelopathy. The patient was treated with a posterior excision of the cyst, decompressive laminectomy, and fusion. Methods A 67-year-old man had vertebral canal stenosis at C5-C6 secondary to a synovial cyst and spondylolisthesis with symptoms and signs of radiculopathy and myelopathy. Surgical management involved C5-C6 posterior decompressive laminectomy and excision of the cyst and C4-C6 instrumented fusion with lateral mass screws and rods. A literature review of symptomatic cervical synovial cysts is presented. Results The imaging studies identified grade I spondylolisthesis and a 3.3 × 4.3-mm extradural lentiform-like mass associated with focal compression of the spinal cord and exiting the C6 nerve root. After the surgery, the patient had an immediate full recovery and was asymptomatic by the 6-month examination. No operative complications were reported. The histologic report confirmed the presence of a synovial cyst. Conclusions C5-C6 is an unusual localization for symptomatic synovial cysts. Similar cases reported in the literature achieved excellent results after cyst excision and decompressive laminectomy. Because spondylolisthesis plus laminectomy are risk factors for segmental instability in the cervical spine, we report a case of a C5-C6 facet synovial cyst successfully treated with posterior laminectomy and C4-C6 fusion.

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Lumbar synovial cysts are an uncommon cause of back pain and radiculopathy, usually manifesting with gradual onset of symptoms, secondary to involvement of the spinal canal. Rarely, intracyst hemorrhage occurs, and may acutely present as radicular - or even spinal cord - compression syndrome. Synovial cysts are generally associated with degenerative facets, although the pathogenesis has not been entirely established. We report a case of bleeding complication in a synovial cyst at L2-L3, adjacent to the right interfacet joint, causing acute pain and radiculopathy in a patient on anticoagulation therapy who required surgical resection.

Cistos sinoviais da coluna lombar são uma causa incomum de dor na coluna e radiculopatia, geralmente com evolução gradual dos sintomas, que são secundários ao comprometimento do canal vertebral. Raramente, há hemorragia intracística, que pode se manifestar de forma aguda com síndrome compressiva radicular ou mesmo medular. Habitualmente, os cistos sinoviais associam-se a doença degenerativa facetária, embora a patogênese não esteja completamente estabelecida. Relatamos aqui um caso em que uma complicação hemorrágica em um cisto sinovial no nível L2-L3, adjacente à interfacetária direita, causou dor lombar e radiculopatia em um paciente em terapia anticoagulante, sendo necessária a ressecção cirúrgica.

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Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has been modernized through new surgical techniques and new materials. When tibial fixation is performed using an absorbable screw, complications may occur, such as formation of a pre-tibial cyst. The case described here is about a patient who presented an anteromedial synovial cyst in his right knee, three years after having undergone ACL reconstruction. The patient did not present any pain nor any complaints other than a mass that progressively increased in size, worsened after physical activities. Imaging examinations were requested: simple radiography of the knee and magnetic resonance. Anteromedial imaging of the knee showed a mass with well-delimited borders and internal fluid content, suggestive of a synovial cyst, with communication with the joint cavity through the tibial tunnel, without presenting enlargement or absorption of the bone tunnel. The cyst was surgically resected and the tibial tunnel occlusion was performed using a bone plug. The diagnosis of a synovial cyst was subsequently confirmed through the results from the anatomopathological examination. The patient presented good clinical evolution, with disappearance of the symptoms and a return to physical activities...

A reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) por via artroscópica vem sendo modernizada por novas técnicas cirúrgicas e novos materiais. Quando feita a fixação tibial com parafuso absorvível podem ocorrer complicações, como a formação de um cisto pré-tibial. O caso em questão é de um paciente que apresentou um cisto sinovial anteromedial em joelho direito três anos após ter sido submetido a reconstrução do LCA. O paciente não apresentava dor ou outras queixas, apenas massa de aumento progressivo, com pioria após atividades físicas. Foram solicitados exames de imagem: radiografias simples do joelho que não apresentavam alterações; e ressonância magnética com imagem anteromedial em joelho sugestiva de cisto sinovial. Apresentava bordas bem delimitadas e conteúdo líquido interno, com comunicação com a cavidade articular através do túnel tibial, sem apresentar alargamento ou absorção do túnel ósseo. Foram feitas ressecção cirúrgica do cisto e oclusão do túnel tibial com tampão ósseo, com posterior confirmação do diagnóstico de cisto sinovial após resultado do exame anatomopatológico. O paciente apresentou boa evolução clínica, com desaparecimento dos sintomas e retorno às atividades físicas...

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Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has been modernized through new surgical techniques and new materials. When tibial fixation is performed using an absorbable screw, complications may occur, such as formation of a pre-tibial cyst. The case described here is about a patient who presented an anteromedial synovial cyst in his right knee, three years after having undergone ACL reconstruction. The patient did not present any pain nor any complaints other than a mass that progressively increased in size, worsened after physical activities. Imaging examinations were requested: simple radiography of the knee and magnetic resonance. Anteromedial imaging of the knee showed a mass with well-delimited borders and internal fluid content, suggestive of a synovial cyst, with communication with the joint cavity through the tibial tunnel, without presenting enlargement or absorption of the bone tunnel. The cyst was surgically resected and the tibial tunnel occlusion was performed using a bone plug. The diagnosis of a synovial cyst was subsequently confirmed through the results from the anatomopathological examination. The patient presented good clinical evolution, with disappearance of the symptoms and a return to physical activities.

A reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) por via artroscópica vem sendo modernizada por novas técnicas cirúrgicas e novos materiais. Quando feita a fixação tibial com parafuso absorvível podem ocorrer complicações, como a formação de um cisto pré-tibial. O caso em questão é de um paciente que apresentou um cisto sinovial anteromedial em joelho direito três anos após ter sido submetido a reconstrução do LCA. O paciente não apresentava dor ou outras queixas, apenas massa de aumento progressivo, com pioria após atividades físicas. Foram solicitados exames de imagem: radiografias simples do joelho que não apresentavam alterações; e ressonância magnética com imagem anteromedial em joelho sugestiva de cisto sinovial. Apresentava bordas bem delimitadas e conteúdo líquido interno, com comunicação com a cavidade articular através do túnel tibial, sem apresentar alargamento ou absorção do túnel ósseo. Foram feitas ressecção cirúrgica do cisto e oclusão do túnel tibial com tampão ósseo, com posterior confirmação do diagnóstico de cisto sinovial após resultado do exame anatomopatológico. O paciente apresentou boa evolução clínica, com desaparecimento dos sintomas e retorno às atividades físicas.

RESUMO

A hérnia discal lombar é causa importante bem como a mais freqüente de lombalgia e ciática. Muitos dos casos podem prontamente ser diagnosticados através do simples exame semiológico. A ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) estabelece um diagnóstico definitivo mesmo em bases ambulatoriais. Diversos tipos de cistos intraespinais com diferentes patogenias foram descritos no passado como cistos perineurais, cistos sinoviais, cistos aracnóides e cistos ganglionares, que são doenças difíceis de diferenciar da hérnia de disco lombar. Os autores observaram recentemente um caso de cisto intraespinal comunicante com o disco intervertebral correspondente, apresentando sinais e sintomas e mesmo alguns achados radiológicos indistinguíveis daqueles da herniação discal lombar. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido pela RNM e confirmado no momento da cirurgia. Este artigo descreve as características dessa entidade clínica, incluindo quadro clínico, aparência radiográfica e achados histológicos, a fim de discutir possíveis patogenias e tratamento.

Herniated lumbar disc is an important as well as the most common cause of low back pain and sciatica. Many cases can be readily diagnosed by simple semiological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a definitive diagnosis even in an outpatient basis. Several types of intraspinal cysts with different pathogenesis have been reported in the past, such as perineural cysts, synovial cysts, arachnoid cysts, and ganglion cysts, diseases that are difficult to differentiate from lumbar disc herniation. Recently, the authors have observed one case of intraspinal cyst communicating with the corresponding intervertebral disk, presenting clinical symptoms, signs, and even some radiographic findings undistinguishable from those of herniated disks. The diagnosis established by MRI and confirmed at surgery. This paper describes the features of this distinct clinical condition, including clinical findings, images, and histological aspects, to discuss possible pathogenesis and management.

Una hernia de disco lumbar es una causa importante, así como la más frecuente causa del dolor lumbar y ciática. Muchos casos pueden ser fácilmente diagnosticados por el examen semiológico simple. La resonancia magnética (RM) proporciona un diagnóstico definitivo, incluso en atención ambulatoria. Varios tipos de quistes intraespinales con diferentes patogénesis se han descrito en el pasado como quistes perineurales, quistes sinoviales, los quistes aracnoideos y quistes ganglionares, enfermedades que son difíciles de diferenciar de la hernia de disco lumbar. Los autores observaron recientemente un caso de quiste intraespinal, que en comunicación con el disco intervertebral correspondiente, presentando signos y síntomas e incluso algunos hallazgos radiológicos que no se distinguen de los de la hernia discal lumbar. El diagnóstico fue determinado por RM y confirmado en la cirugía. En este artículo se describen las características de esta entidad clínica, incluyendo el aspecto clínico, radiológico e histológico, para discutir la posible patogénesis y tratamiento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fundamento: los tumores afectan el tejido sinovial de la rodilla se presentan de forma muy similar independientemente de su tipo histológico por lo que en ocasiones su diagnóstico preciso es muy difícil. Desarrollo: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los tumores benignos y malignos que afectan el tejido sinovial de la rodilla. Se mostraron los aspectos más importantes de cada tipo de tumor como aspectos generales, presentación clínica, exámenes diagnósticos y tratamiento, comenzando por los benignos como el hemangioma sinovial, lipoma arborescens, condromatosis sinovial, sinovitis vellonodular pigmentada y concluimos con el sarcoma sinovial. Conclusiones: el tratamiento definitivo de estos tumores esta en dependencia de su tipo histológico y diagnóstico oportuno.

Background: tumors affect synovial tissue of the knee, they are presented independently in a very similar way of their histological type for what in occasions their precise diagnosis is very difficult. Development: a bibliographical review on benign and malignant tumors that affect synovial tissue of knee was carried out. The most important aspects in each tumor type were shown as general aspects, clinical presentation, diagnostic examination and treatment, beginning with the benign ones as the synovial hemangioma, lipoma arborescens, synovial chondromatosis, pigmented villonodular synovitis and we conclude with synovial sarcoma. Conclusions: the definitive treatment of these tumors depends on their histological type and opportune diagnostic.

RESUMO

We present a case of Guyon's canal syndrome caused by a synovial cyst within the left wrist of a 48-year-old female patient. The patient presented pain and paresthesia in the region of the ulnar nerve, with loss of muscle strength and left-hand deformity. Electroneuromyography showed a compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist level. Surgical decompression of the nerve at Guyon's canal with resection of the cyst was performed. After the surgery, the patient presented an improvement in the pain and paresthesia, as well as an increase in muscle trophism and correction of the deformity.