RESUMO
RESUMEN Las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) son demandadas por visitantes que buscan vivir experiencias con calidad ambiental y contacto con las comunidades anfitrionas. Es por ello que, su aprovechamiento turístico debe ser de bajo impacto y que proyecte un desarrollo armónico de los recursos naturales. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la capacidad de carga turística del sendero en el Parque Nacional El Veladero, que permita reducir el impacto de las actividades recreativas y prevenir el deterioro ambiental. La metodología se desarrolló a partir de una revisión documental y el análisis de las condiciones sociales y ambientales del parque, que permitieron calcular la capacidad de carga turística (CCT). La capacidad de carga física (CCF) se estimó en 1 988 visitantes, la real (CCR) en 34 visitas y la efectiva (CCE) en 11 visitas por día, la cual deberá ser respetada para no demeritar la calidad del medio ambiente. La implementación de acciones que posibiliten desarrollar un aprovechamiento turístico sustentable, acorde a las condiciones naturales del sitio, así como a las culturales y sociales de la comunidad anfitriona, permitirán preservar a largo plazo la ANP estudiada. La determinación de la CCT es de utilidad para el aprovechamiento turístico, sin afectar el medio ambiente ni la generación de recursos económicos de los habitantes de la zona analizada.
ABSTRACT Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) are demanded by visitors who seek to live experiences with environmental quality and contact with host communities. For this reason, its tourist use must be of low impact and project a harmonious development of natural resources. The objective of this work was to determine the tourism carrying capacity of a trail in el Veladero National Park, which enables a reduction of the impact of recreational activities and stop environmental deterioration. The methodology was based on documentary research, and the analysis of the social and environmental conditions of the park, which enabled the calculation of the tourism carrying capacity (TCC). Results showed that the physical carrying capacity (PCC) was 1 988 visitors, the real (CCR) was 34 visits, and the effective (ECC) 11 visits per day, which must be respected so as to not negatively impact the environmental quality. Conclusions indicate that it is advisable to implement actions that enable the development of sustainable tourism, which is in line with the natural conditions of the site. In a similar vein, respecting the social and cultural traditions of the host community, will enable the longterm preservation of the studied NPA. The calculation of the TCC has been proved useful for tourist use, without negatively impacting the environment or the generation of economic benefits for the host community in the studied area.
RESUMO
Tourism activity in Peru has been experiencing significant growth in the last ten years, positioning this economic sector as the third largest contributor to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Likewise, Peru has a high ecological and climate diversity, which makes it the possessor of renewable energy potential, specifically solar and wind power. The rapid growth of tourism is leading to generating prospects for becoming a sustainable destination. In this sense, it is important to understand and evaluate the Peruvian legislative framework for sustainable tourism and the current state of the implementation of the scenarios provided by the governmental entity in terms of sustainability, and its link with tourism activity. Based on what has been described, this study is aimed at evaluating the four most relevant museums in the northern part of Peru; in addition, it contributes to the studies that exist at the intersection of tourism and sustainability in the chains of activities related to tourism and calls for rationality applied to tourism management in this region of Latin America. The results of the literature review of the Peruvian legal framework reveal a lack of specific laws and regulations on sustainable tourism; on the contrary, there are policies in force that contribute to promoting the development of sustainable tourism. The quantified evaluation of the solar and wind potentials of the geographical area under study indicates the minimum renewable energy potential necessary for its transformation and use in the development of sustainable museums and its contribution to sustainable tourism.
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Cable cars have slowly become a popular means of transport beyond their classical use at ski resorts. In Latin America their use has thrived to access archaeological sites in the Andes, but also in urban environments for mass transit. Despite some apparent benefits of these systems, the current literature is scarce in terms of quantifying the environmental profile of cable cars. Hence, their environmental performance as compared to other means of transport remains essentially unexplored. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a comparative environmental analysis, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, of the two existing transport methods to visit the Kuelap Archaeological Complex, in northern Peru: a recently built cableway system and the alternative unpaved winding road. An attributional LCA perspective was performed for several impact categories, including global warming and particulate matter formation. In addition, a scenario analysis and an uncertainty analysis, using Monte Carlo simulation, were conducted to account for deterministic and stochastic results interpretation. Results demonstrated that succulent environmental benefits are attained when cable cars substitute road transport in complex Andean orographic conditions. However, the rebound effects of reducing traveling times significantly, as well as social and biodiversity aspects, should be analyzed in further depth to complement the environmental analysis.
RESUMO
Litter presence was assessed on the entire Cuban coastline, and includes 99 beaches from all Cuban regions, during field work carried out in 2012 and 2015. A standard method verified in several countries was applied, which classified beaches for nine types of litter into four grades (A-excellent to D-poor). Almost half of the Cuban beaches obtained excellent cleanliness scores, although many needed to be better managed. In this baseline, the most common types of residue were general litter (8% grade D and 35% grades B/C) and potentially harmful litter (<68% with grade A). Resort beaches and those with international visitors showed the best litter management. Tourism Impacts seems to be related to visitor origin therefore choices to develop sustainable tourism in rural and village beaches (64%) appears low, if beach cleaning gross investment is focused on resort beaches (24%). Finally, this paper highlights geographical distribution and types of litter patterns.