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Tailings dams' breaks are environmental disasters with direct and intense degradation of soil. This study analyzed the impacts of B1 tailings dam rupture occurred in the Ribeirão Ferro-Carvão watershed (Brumadinho, Brazil) in January 25, 2019. Soil organic carbon (SOC) approached environmental degradation. The analysis encompassed wetlands (high-SOC pools) located in the so-called Zones of Decreasing Destructive Capacity (DCZ5 to DCZ1) defined along the Ferro-Carvão's stream bed and banks after the disaster. Remote sensed water indices were extracted from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images spanning the 2017-2021 period and used to distinguish the wetlands from other land covers. The annual SOC was extracted from the MapBiomas repository inside and outside the DCZs in the same period, and assessed in the field in 2023. Before the dam collapse, the DCZs maintained stable levels of SOC, while afterwards they decreased substantially reaching minimum values in 2023. The reductions were abrupt: for example, in the DCZ3 the decrease was from 51.28 ton/ha in 2017 to 4.19 ton/ha in 2023. Besides, the SOC increased from DCZs located near to DCZs located farther from the dam site, a result attributed to differences in the percentages of clay and silt in the tailings, which also increased in the same direction. The Ferro-Carvão stream watershed as whole also experienced a slight reduction in the average SOC levels after the dam collapse, from nearly 43 ton/ha in 2017 to 38 ton/ha in 2021. This result was attributed to land use changes related with the management of tailings, namely opening of accesses to remove them from the stream valley, creation of spaces for temporary deposits, among others. Overall, the study highlighted the footprints of tailings dams' accidents on SOC, which affect not only the areas impacted with the mudflow but systemically the surrounding watersheds. This is noteworthy.
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Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are detected pollutants in aquatic environments worldwide at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to µg L-1. Currently, PhAC monitoring is poorly realized in Mexico. This study proposes a priority list of PhACs in Mexican aquatic environments, considering their occurrence and environmental and human health risks. Ecological risks were assessed as Risk Quotients (RQ) values using the PhAC concentrations detected in surface water, obtaining high risks (RQ > 1) against aquatic organisms, especially of naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, 17ß-estradiol, carbamazepine, ketoprofen, caffeine. In contrast, potential human health risks (RQH) were assessed on the Mexican population using the concentrations quantified in groundwater, demonstrating potential risks (RQH > 0.2) on the population, particularly of DCF and CBZ. Thus, a priority list of PhACs can be used as a reference for environmental monitoring in Mexican water supplies as well as PhACs monitoring in countries of the Caribbean region and Central America.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , México , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Subterrânea/análise , Água Subterrânea/química , AnimaisRESUMO
The global surge in pharmaceutical consumption, driven by increasing population and the demand for animal proteins, leads to the discharge of diverse pollutants, including antibiotic residues, into water bodies. Sulfonamides, being water-soluble compounds, can readily enter surface run-off, posing potential risks to non-target species despite their low environmental concentrations. Latin America has implemented intensive production systems highly dependent on antimicrobials for productivity and animal health, yet there is a paucity of information regarding their concentration in the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of sulfonamides in water and sediment samples and assess their potential ecological risks through an environmental risk assessment. The Río de la Plata basin collects the waters of the Paraguay, Paraná, and Uruguay rivers, together with their tributaries and various wetlands, passing through the provinces in Argentina known for their significant animal husbandry production. Two sampling campaigns were carried out for sediment, while only one campaign was conducted for surface waters. The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). None of the examined sulfonamide antibiotics were detected in the sediment samples from both sampling campaigns. In contrast, sulfadiazine (95 %), sulfamethoxazole (91 %), and sulfathiazole (73 %) were detected in the water samples. Sulfadiazine was found in the concentration range of 8 to 128 ng/L, while sulfamethoxazole and sulfathiazole were observed at concentrations ranging from 3.0 to 32.5 ng/L and 2.9 to 8.1 ng/L, respectively. Based on the environmental risk assessment conducted using the sulfonamide concentrations, most samples indicated a medium risk for aquatic biota, with only one sample surpassing the high-risk threshold. This study represents the first report presenting data on the presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in the aquatic environment of Argentina.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Sulfonamidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Argentina , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Sulfonamidas/análise , Antibacterianos/análise , Rios/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) is an important disseminator of carbapenemase-encoding genes, mainly blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1, from hospitals to the environment. Consequently, carbapenem-resistant strains can be spread through the agrifood system, raising concerns about food safety. This study therefore aimed to isolate carbapenem-resistant KpSC strains from the agricultural and environmental sectors and characterize them using phenotypic, molecular, and genomic analyses. RESULTS: Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strains isolated from soils used for lemon, guava, and fig cultivation, and from surface waters, displayed an extensive drug-resistance profile and carried blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, or both. In addition to carbapenemase-encoding genes, KpSC strains harbor a broad resistome (antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance) and present putative hypervirulence. Soil-derived K. pneumoniae strains were assigned as high-risk clones (ST11 and ST307) and harbored the blaKPC-2 gene associated with Tn4401b and Tn3-like elements on IncN-pST15 and IncX5 plasmids. In surface waters, the coexistence of blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 genes was identified in K. pneumoniae ST6326, a new carbapenem-resistant regional Brazilian clone. In this case, blaKPC-2 with Tn4401a isoform and blaNDM-1 associated with a Tn125-like transposon were located on different plasmids. Klebsiella quasipneumoniae ST526 also presented the blaNDM-1 gene associated with a Tn3000 transposon on an IncX3 plasmid. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a warning regarding the transmission of carbapenemase-positive KpSC across the agricultural and environmental sectors, raising critical food safety and environmental issues. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Antibacterianos , Proteínas de Bactérias , Carbapenêmicos , Klebsiella pneumoniae , beta-Lactamases , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella/enzimologia , HumanosRESUMO
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Compounds (PPCPs) are contaminants present in wastewater and in the receiving surface waters, which have no regulations and can bring on environmental risks. In this study, we evaluated the presence of six PPCPs in the Oro River Sub-basin (Colombia) and the environmental risk associated with them. We have verified that the monitored rivers show the presence of Ibuprofen, Cephalexin and Carbamazepine; the first ones (Ibuprofen and cephalexin) were those that presented higher concentrations since they are widely prescribed in Colombia. Pharmaceutical compound concentrations in the rivers downstream of the wastewater treatment plants from Floridablanca were higher than in other monitoring sites being a significant point source of contamination. This wastewater treatment plant receives hospital discharges from the city, including internationally recognized clinics accepting patients from different parts of the country. The environmental risk assessment showed that ibuprofen and Cephalexin have a higher impact on aquatic organisms.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Rios/química , Medição de Risco , Colômbia , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Ibuprofeno/análise , Ibuprofeno/toxicidadeRESUMO
Surface waters are considered ecological habitats where Salmonella enterica can persist and disseminate to fresh produce production systems. This study aimed to explore the genomic profiles of S. enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Newport, and Infantis from surface waters in Chile, Mexico, and Brazil collected between 2019 and 2022. We analyzed the whole genomes of 106 S. Typhimurium, 161 S. Newport, and 113 S. Infantis isolates. Our phylogenetic analysis exhibited distinct groupings of isolates by their respective countries except for a notable case involving a Chilean S. Newport isolate closely related to two Mexican isolates, showing 4 and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms of difference, respectively. The patterns of the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes varied across countries and serotypes. A strong correlation existed between integron carriage and genotypic multidrug resistance (MDR) across serotypes in Chile and Mexico (R > 0.90, P < 0.01), while integron(s) were not detected in any of the Brazilian isolates. By contrast, we did not identify any strong correlation between plasmid carriage and genotypic MDR across diverse countries and serotypes.IMPORTANCEUnveiling the genomic landscape of S. enterica in Latin American surface waters is pivotal for ensuring public health. This investigation sheds light on the intricate genomic diversity of S. enterica in surface waters across Chile, Mexico, and Brazil. Our research also addresses critical knowledge gaps, pioneering a comprehensive understanding of surface waters as a reservoir for multidrug-resistant S. enterica. By integrating our understanding of integron carriage as biomarkers into broader MDR control strategies, we can also work toward targeted interventions that mitigate the emergence and dissemination of MDR in S. enterica in surface waters. Given its potential implications for food safety, this study emphasizes the critical need for informed policies and collaborative initiatives to address the risks associated with S. enterica in surface waters.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Filogenia , Salmonella enterica , Salmonella typhimurium , Sorogrupo , Salmonella enterica/genética , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , México , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/classificação , Integrons/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Chile , Genômica , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , América Latina , Microbiologia da Água , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Plasmídeos/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Since starts the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic identified the presence of genomic fragments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in various environmental matrices: domestic sewage, surface waters, and contaminated freshwater. Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 is a tool for evaluating trend curves over the months, compared to several clinical cases of the disease. The objective of this study was to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected in different sites in a metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. During 10 months from 2020 to 2021, 300 samples were collected weekly and biweekly from nine points located in 3 cities: one point from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in São Leopoldo (fortnightly collection), two points in Dilúvio Stream in Porto Alegre (fortnightly collection), two points in Pampa and Luiz Rau Streams (weekly collection), and two points in public fountains (fortnightly collection) in Novo Hamburgo. After collection, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted using MagMax® Core Nucleic Acid Purifications kits and submitted to RT-qPCR, using E, N1, and N2 gene targets of SARS-CoV-2. Only 7% (3/41) samples from public fountains were positive, with a mean viral load (VL) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA of 5.02 × 101 gc/l (2.41~8.59 × 101 gc/l), while the streams had average VL of 7.43 × 105 gc/l (Pampa), 7.06 × 105 gc/l (Luiz Rau), 2.01 × 105 gc/l (Dilúvio), and 4.46 × 105 cg/l (WWTP). The results showed varying levels of viral presence in different sample types, with a demonstrated correlation between environmental viral load and clinical COVID-19 cases. These findings contribute to understanding virus persistence and transmission pathways in the environment. Continuous monitoring, especially in less developed regions, is crucial for early detection of vaccine resistance, new variants, and potential COVID-19 resurgence.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , RNA Viral , Brasil/epidemiologia , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
The Tijuana River is a transborder river that flows northwest across the border from Baja California in Mexico into Southern California before discharging into the Pacific Ocean. The river is frequently contaminated with raw sewage due to inadequate sanitary infrastructure in Tijuana. To assess the type and degree of microbial contamination, water samples were collected monthly from a near-border and an estuarine site from August 2020 until May 2021. A portion of each sample was used for epifluorescent microscopy and DNA was extracted directly from the rest for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. After sequence quality checking and processing, we used the rapid taxonomic identifier tool Kaiju to characterize the microbial diversity of the metagenomes and matched the sequences against the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) to examine antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Bacterial and viral-like particle (VLP) abundance was consistently higher in the near-border samples than in the estuarine samples, while alpha diversity (within sample biodiversity) was higher in estuarine samples. Beta-diversity analysis found clear compositional separation between samples from the two sites, and the near-border samples were more dissimilar to one another than were the estuarine sites. Near-border samples were dominated by fecal-associated bacteria and bacteria associated with sewage sludge, while estuarine sites were dominated by marine bacteria. ARGs were more abundant at the near-border site, but were also readily detectable in the estuarine samples, and the most abundant ARGs had multi-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. SourceTracker analysis identified human feces and sewage sludge to be the largest contributors to the near-border samples, while marine waters dominated estuarine samples except for two sewage overflow dates with high fecal contamination. Overall, our research determined human sewage microbes to be common in the Tijuana River, and the prevalence of ARGs confirms the importance of planned infrastructure treatment upgrades for environmental health.
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Microbiota , Rios , Humanos , Rios/microbiologia , Metagenoma , Esgotos/microbiologia , Antibacterianos , México , Bactérias/genética , Genes Bacterianos , MetagenômicaRESUMO
Waterborne diseases can have different origins, micro-organisms such as bacteria and parasites being the most important ones. In this study, two recreational aquatic environments were studied in the province of Salta, Argentina. Water samples collected from three different locations, two from a creek and one from the outlet of a thermal complex, were monitored at four time points. Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of each point was conducted, as well as a search for parasites and amebae. Parasites were identified through optical microscopy observations and free-living amebae (FLA) were isolated by spiking in Petri dishes followed by subsequent molecular identification. Water samples from the outlet of the thermal complex showed different physicochemical characteristics from those of the creek. Bacterial indicators of contamination were detected at all points; however, the creek water had a significantly higher concentration of Pseudomonas sp. Sporadically, creek samples exhibited Ascaris spp. eggs, Giardia sp. cysts, and ancylostomid eggs. The presence of FLA was observed in all samples, 15 of which were isolated and identified as Acanthamoeba sp., mostly belonging to the T4 genotype. Parasite surveillance in recreational aquatic environments is an important complement to traditional microbial indicators for assessing water quality. The identified parasites represent a potential health risk for people using these environments.
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Recreação , Argentina , Animais , Humanos , Microbiologia da Água , Água Doce/parasitologia , Água Doce/microbiologia , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Parasitos/classificaçãoRESUMO
This study investigated the genotoxic risk of chronic exposure of hemolymph's cells of Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta, Diptera) to water samples from Boqueirão de Parelhas Dam and from Lucrécia Dam in the semiarid region of Brazil. The dams are located over the Pegmatite Province of Borborema, with rocks rich in uranium and thorium. Water samples hydrated a culture medium composed of mashed potatoes, where larvae of D. melanogaster fed for 24 h, before be underwent to the Comet assay. The same water was evaluated for the presence of dissolved Radon gas (222Rn) and concentrations of 11 toxic metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results indicated a genotoxic effect resulting from exposure to the waters of the Parelhas dam, in the samples of August 2018; and in Lucrécia dam, in January 2019. D. melanogaster stood out for its high sensitivity to monitor the genotoxic effects of compounds dissolved in public dams. And unlike to other essentially aquatic sentinel organisms, this species stood out as a model to concomitant studies of air and water possible contaminated, in a scenario of natural environmental radioactivity present in semiarid of Brazil.
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Metais Pesados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Drosophila melanogaster , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Espécies Sentinelas , Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Brasil , Ingestão de Alimentos , Metais Pesados/análiseRESUMO
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface water is well known, whereas their natural occurrence in biota is much less explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PhACs in adult toads of the neotropical species Rhinella arenarum. Three sites were selected in Buenos Aires (Argentina): a reference site (Site 1), a site with direct discharge from a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Site 2) and a site 300 m downstream of the WWTP discharge (Site 3). Surface water samples, as well as muscle, liver and fat bodies of toads were collected, extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Highly significant differences in total PhACs concentration in surface water (p < 0.005) were detected between Site 2 and the other sites. These concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 52.46 ng/L at Site 1, 0.71-6950.37 ng/L at Site 2, and 0.12-75.45 ng/L at Site 3. In general, bioaccumulation of PhACs in toad tissues was similar between sites and tissues of each site. The highest concentrations were detected in the muscle of toads from Site 3 (1.06-87.24 ng/g dw), followed by liver (1.77-38.10 ng/g dw) and fat bodies (0.68-20.59 ng/g dw) from Site 1. Ibuprofen (6950 ng/L), acetaminophen (3277 ng/L) and valsartan (2504 ng/L) were the compounds with the highest concentrations in surface water from Site 2, whereas acetaminophen (87.2 ng/g dw, muscle from Site 3), desloratadine (38.1 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1), and phenazone (25.9 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1) were the ones that showed the highest concentrations in biota. This is the first time a field study has examined the environmental bioaccumulation of PhACs in anurans, demonstrating their potential for monitoring the status of natural ecosystems.
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Ecossistema , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Argentina , Cromatografia Líquida , Acetaminofen , Bioacumulação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Água , Anuros , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
The presence of pharmaceutical active products (PhACs) in the aquatic environment is a matter of current concern, and there is an increasing trend to include these compounds in water quality monitoring programs and environmental risk assessments. Several studies have reported the presence of PhACs in environmental waters worldwide, but only a few studies have focused on Latin American countries. Thus, available information on the occurrence of parent pharmaceuticals, especially their metabolites, is very scarce. Peru is one of the less monitored countries in terms of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in waters, and only one study has been found, which was focused on the quantification of selected PhACs in urban wastewater and surface water. The aim of this work is to complement the previous data reported on PhACs in the aquatic environment by application of a wide-scope high-resolution (HRMS)-based screening, making use of target and suspect approaches. In the present work, 30 pharmaceuticals, drugs or other compounds (sweeteners, UV filters, etc.) and 21 metabolites have been identified, with antibiotics (and metabolites) being the most prevalent compounds. The use of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to ion mobility-HRMS allowed the tentative identification of parent compounds and metabolites, for which the analytical reference standard was not available, with a high level of confidence in their identification. Based on the results obtained, a strategy for the monitoring of PhACs and relevant metabolites in environmental waters from Peru and for subsequent risk assessment is proposed. Our data will also help to focus future studies to evaluate the removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants and the impact of treated water in receiving water bodies.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Peru , Medição de Risco , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
This study identified and quantified microplastics in the Bay of Asunción, Paraguay, and its main tributaries. Surface water samples were sieved in duplicate at six locations using stainless-steel sieves (0.3-4.75 mm range), digested employing the Fenton's reaction (Fe-catalysed H2O2 digestion), and floated using NaCl and NaI. Particles were inspected using a microscope and characterized by IR spectrometry. Microplastics were found in all samples; more abundant (p < 0.05) in water from the bay (13.2 ± 13.4 items·m-3) than from the tributaries (1.0 ± 0.5 items·m-3). Most microplastics were common polymers and their abundance was in the order polypropylene > high-density polyethylene > low-density polyethylene, transparent and white. The results were similar to other regional studies and suggested that their main source was single-use packaging, disposed inadequately due to poor garbage collection.
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Microplásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Plásticos/análise , Água/análise , Baías/química , Paraguai , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Polietileno/análiseRESUMO
Atrazine is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used worldwide to control grassy and broadleaf weeds. Atrazine's popularity is attributable to its cost-effectiveness and reliable performance. Relatedly, it is also an important micropollutant with a potential negative impact on biodiversity and human health. Atrazine has long been regularly detected in several environmental compartments, and its widespread use has resulted in ubiquitous and unpreventable contamination. Among pesticides sold in Brazil, atrazine has remained among the top-ranked active ingredients for the last several years. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of atrazine and three degradation products (hydroxyatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, and desethylatrazine) in surface water (Capivari and Atibaia rivers) and treated water, monthly sampling from two drinking water treatment plants in Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil). An analytical method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to determine target compounds simultaneously. The method presented instrument quantification limits from 0.5 to 4.0 ng mL-1 and recovery values from 80 to 112%, with a maximum relative standard deviation of 6%. All analytes had a detection frequency of 100% from 2 to 2744 ng L-1. Statistical analysis showed no analyte removal after conventional water treatment. Also, the Capivari River showed greater analyte concentration than the Atibaia River. Performed risk assessments according to current Brazilian standards showed no human and environmental health risks. However, other risk assessment approaches may indicate potential risks, advocating for further research and ongoing surveillance.
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Atrazina , Água Potável , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Atrazina/análise , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Água Potável/análise , Brasil , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Environmental waters (EW) substantially lend to the transmission of Helicobacter pylori (Hp). But the increase in Hp infections and antimicrobial resistance is often attributed to socioeconomic status. The connection between socioeconomic status and Hp prevalence in EW is however yet to be investigated. This study aimed to assess the impacts of socioeconomic indices (SI: continent, world bank region (WBR), world bank income (WBI), WHO region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI quintile), Sustainable Development Index (SuDI), and Human Development Index (HDI)) on the prevalence of Hp in EW. Hp-EW data were fitted to a generalized linear mixed-effects model and SI-guided meta-regression models with a 1000-resampling test. The worldwide prevalence of Hp in EW was 21.76% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.29-40.29], which declined significantly from 59.52% [43.28-74.37] in 1990-99 to 19.36% [3.99-58.09] in 2010-19 and with increasing trend in 2020-22 (33.33%, 22.66-45.43). Hp prevalence in EW was highest in North America (45.12%, 17.07-76.66), then Europe (22.38%, 5.96-56.74), South America (22.09%, 13.76-33.49), Asia (2.98%, 0.02-85.17), and Africa (2.56%, 0.00-99.99). It was negligibly different among sampling settings, WBI, and WHO regions demonstrating highest prevalence in rural location [42.62%, 3.07-94.56], HIEs [32.82%, 13.19-61.10], and AMR [39.43%, 19.92-63.01], respectively. However, HDI, sample size, and microbiological method robustly predict Hp prevalence in EW justifying 26.08%, 21.15%, and 16.44% of the true difference, respectively. In conclusion, Hp is highly prevalence in EW across regional/socioeconomic strata and thus challenged the uses of socioeconomic status as surrogate for hygienic/sanitary practices in estimating Hp infection prevalence.
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Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Prevalência , Classe Social , América do Sul , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The Espinal region (Entre Ríos, Argentina) has suffered land use changes caused by expansion of the agricultural frontier. This expansion has led to an increased use of pesticides. This study is aimed at better understanding the spatial distribution of pesticides in surface water of the Estacas stream, a representative basin of the Espinal region, associated with crop production. The location and proportion of area with soybean, maize, and wheat crops in each catchment area of the basin were estimated, and surface water samples were taken to perform a pesticide screening during a period of one year. Soybean represented approximately 71% of the total cultivated area of the basin, whereas maize and wheat accounted for 15% and 14%, respectively. The analysis of 125 analytes showed the presence of 19 pesticides. The pesticide load maps showed that atrazine was detected in an area of relatively low catchment compared to other pesticides as glyphosate, which is applied in all the agricultural fields of the basin. The load of metolachlor and S-metolachlor covered a large area of the basin. The highest recorded concentrations of these pesticides were 86 µg L-1 of atrazine, 24 µg L-1 of metolachlor, 19 µg L-1 of glyphosate, and 15 µg L-1 of S-metolachlor. The results allow better understanding the environmental distribution of pesticides associated with pest control in the crops of the basin studied, the doses and times of application, and the variation in the rainfall in the basin. This study provides relevant information about how aquatic ecosystems in agricultural basins receive the diffuse contribution of pesticides, representing potential sources of water pollution. Also, the results allow supporting the design of agricultural practices and politics to improve land-use planning for the development of sustainable basins.
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Atrazina , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Praguicidas/análise , Água/análise , Rios , Atrazina/análise , Ecossistema , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Agricultura , Produção AgrícolaRESUMO
Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide that is frequently present in surface waters and may result in damage to the health of various organisms, including humans. However, most scientific literature reports injuries caused by ATZ at high concentrations, which are not found in the environment. Therefore, the scope of this study was to investigate the impacts of realistic concentrations of ATZ found in surface waters (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µg/L) using the bioindicators Allium cepa, Daphnia magna and zebrafish (Danio rerio). ATZ elicited a genotoxic effect in A. cepa, manifested by the induction of chromosomal aberrations, and a mutagenic effect with increased incidence of micronuclei formation, promotion of cell death and reduction in nuclear size revealed by flow cytometry analysis. D. magna exposed to 10, 15 and 20 µg/L of ATZ showed significant reduction in body size after 21 days, delayed first-brood release, decreased egg production and total offspring, as well as swimming behavioral changes. ATZ exposure promoted physiological and developmental alterations in zebrafish embryos, including an increased spontaneous movement rate, which led to premature hatching at all concentrations investigated. Increase in total body length, decrease of the yolk sac area, pericardial edema and higher heart rate were also detected in ATZ-treated zebrafish. In summary, environmentally relevant concentrations of ATZ can induce substantial alterations in the three bioindicators investigated. This study evidences the deleterious effects of ATZ on three aquatic bioindicators employing established and current techniques, and may contribute to elucidate the risks caused by this widely used herbicide even at low concentrations and short-to-medium-term exposure.
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Atrazina , Herbicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Humanos , Atrazina/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra , Biomarcadores Ambientais , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
This study presents the development of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) background threshold values (BTVs) that statistically characterize ambient background conditions for surface waters in undeveloped and developed landscapes of the Pajarito Plateau in the Rio Grande Basin of New Mexico. Between 2009 and 2018, surface water data were collected at 45 locations under a variety of flow conditions and regimes. A total of 163 samples were collected, with roughly 1/3 of samples and locations being in undeveloped areas (n = 53 from 17 locations), and the remainder being in developed areas (n = 110 from 28 locations). While there are areas on the Pajarito Plateau where PCB point sources are known or likely to have contributed to PCBs in soils, PCB BTVs calculated for undeveloped portions of watersheds (upstream of areas where PCB point sources are known or likely to have contributed to PCBs in soils, and therefore not affected by PCB sources within the watershed) are well above New Mexico's human health organism-only (HH-OO) water quality criterion (0.64 ng/L). Background threshold values are even higher in developed areas upstream of managed soil sites, suggesting that in developed areas, both diffuse ambient PCB sources (e.g., atmospheric deposition) and localized urban sources (e.g., building materials, paints, and electrical equipment) contribute to PCBs in those watersheds. These findings indicate that New Mexico's current HH-OO water quality criterion for PCBs cannot practicably be met due to ambient conditions. It is also impracticable to meet the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 14 ng/L in developed background areas, where the BTV is approximately 1.5 times the CCC. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1307-1319. © 2022 SETAC.
Assuntos
Bifenilos Policlorados , Humanos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , New Mexico , Qualidade da Água , SoloRESUMO
This study aimed to prepare an inventory of the main active ingredients of pesticides and estimate the risk of pollution of groundwater and surface water resources in a Brazilian semiarid basin. The inventory was prepared using data from government agency databases. The contamination risk estimate was obtained using the GOSS index, Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), Groundwater Screening Index (GSI), Leachability Index (LIX), US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria, Leaching Index (LEACH), and Relative Leaching Potential Index (RLPI). The inventory identified 57 active ingredients commercialized under a well-defined chemical class. Most of these (51.5%) belong to the very dangerous class, while 43.6% belong to the moderately toxic class. The GOSS model showed that 23.7% of the active ingredients have a low potential, 50.85% have a moderate potential, and 13.56% have a high potential for surface water contamination, with its transport being associated with the sediment. The GUS index indicates a low potential for groundwater contamination. However, the GSI points to a high potential for water contamination, the USEPA criteria for a possible contamination of groundwater, and, according to the LIX, most of the pollutants do so by leaching. The information provided contributes to the management of xenobiotic compounds in arid and semiarid basins, adding to the water security effort by providing tools for the assessment of potential pesticide pollution. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:804-816. © 2022 SETAC.
Assuntos
Água Subterrânea , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Praguicidas/análise , Água , Brasil , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Água Subterrânea/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição da ÁguaRESUMO
This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water and groundwater in Mexico. A total of 174 compounds were detected, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, personal care products, sweeteners, drugs, and pesticides considered as EDs. The levels of EOCs and EDs varied from ng/L to 140 mg/L, depending on the compound, location, and compartment. Raw wastewater was the most studied matrix, showing a greater abundance and number of detected compounds. Nevertheless, surface waters showed high concentrations of bisphenol-A, butylbenzil-phthalate, triclosan, pentachlorophenol, and the hormones estrone, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 ß-estradiol, which exceeded the thresholds set by international guidelines. Concentrations of 17 α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan exceeding the above-mentioned limits were reported in groundwater. Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was the principal activity introducing EOCs and EDs into groundwater. The groundwater abundance of EOCs was considerably lesser than that of wastewater, highlighting the attenuation capacity of soils/aquifers during wastewater infiltration. However, carbamazepine and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide showed higher concentrations in groundwater than those in wastewater, suggesting their accumulation/concentration in soils/pore-waters. Although the contamination of water resources represents one of the most environmental concerns in Mexico, this review brings to light the lack of studies on the occurrence of EOCs in Mexican waters, which is important for public health policies and for developing legislations that incorporates EOCs as priority contaminants in national water quality guidelines. Consequently, the development of legislations will support regulatory compliance for wastewater and drinking water, reducing the human exposure.