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Introduction Aural polyps are a misnomer. Any lesion can present as a mass in the external auditory canal. Aural polyps are proliferation of the granulation tissue due to long standing inflammatory process with associated otalgia and otorrhea. Objectives To document the clinicoradiological presentations, intraoperative findings, and histopathological diagnosis of aural polyp, correlating them. Methods In our study 81 patients underwent treatment for aural polyps in the department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) from April 1997 to April 2022. Results were tabulated, a simple descriptive analysis was done using the Statistical Package Social Sciences software, and the results obtained were represented as percentages and presented in tables. Results The majority (38) of the patients presenting with aural polyps were diagnosed with mucosal and squamous type of CSOM, and 22 with simple granulation polyps. There were also 5 patients with malignant otitis externa, 3 patients had glomus tumors, 2 patients with retained foreign bodies, and 3 patients with brain herniation. We also identified aberrant internal carotid artery, high jugular bulb, one patient had facial nerve neuroma, one patient had polyp from the tragus diagnosed with tuberculosis, one patient with keratosis obturans, and one with exostosis. Conclusion A thorough detailed examination and mastoid exploration with radiological and histopathological evaluation is mandatory for better defining the definitive treatment. Utmost care and meticulousness are advised for the surgeons while dealing with aural polyps to avoid any complications.

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Abstract Introduction Inactive squamosal disease is unique for having a conflicting treatment protocol, with an age-old debate between early surgical intervention or keeping patients in a long-term follow-up. The shifting paradigm is early intervention to prevent further progress into active disease and improve hearing outcome in its nascent stage. Objective To evaluate recurrence and hearing outcome in cases of inactive squamosal disease after cartilage strengthening tympanoplasty. Methods The study was conducted on 50 patients with inactive squamosal disease. Detailed examination was done to grade the retraction. All patients underwent autologous conchal cartilage tympanomastoidectomy with temporalis fascia grafting. Recurrence and hearing evaluations were done by pure tone audiogram at regular intervals for one year. Results Hearing loss was the most common presenting symptom. Isolated pars tensa retractions were more common (54%) than pars flaccida (12%), or those involving both (34%). Ossicular status was normal in only 14% of the cases, and the most common ossicular damage was to the lenticular process of the incus (52%). Three of the patients (6%) had residual perforation at the 3rd month of follow-up. Subjective improvement in hearing was reported by 42% patients. Hearing improvement greater than 10 dB was found in 24 patients (48%). Air-bone gap reduced from 25.16 ± 8.15 dB preoperatively to 12.90 ± 6.20 at 1 year of follow-up. Recurrence was seen in three patients (6%). Conclusion Early intervention by cartilage strengthening of weakened tympanic membrane and ossicular reconstruction not only offers better hearing results, but also prevents progress to active disease.

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Introduction Inactive squamosal disease is unique for having a conflicting treatment protocol, with an age-old debate between early surgical intervention or keeping patients in a long-term follow-up. The shifting paradigm is early intervention to prevent further progress into active disease and improve hearing outcome in its nascent stage. Objective To evaluate recurrence and hearing outcome in cases of inactive squamosal disease after cartilage strengthening tympanoplasty. Methods The study was conducted on 50 patients with inactive squamosal disease. Detailed examination was done to grade the retraction. All patients underwent autologous conchal cartilage tympanomastoidectomy with temporalis fascia grafting. Recurrence and hearing evaluations were done by pure tone audiogram at regular intervals for one year. Results Hearing loss was the most common presenting symptom. Isolated pars tensa retractions were more common (54%) than pars flaccida (12%), or those involving both (34%). Ossicular status was normal in only 14% of the cases, and the most common ossicular damage was to the lenticular process of the incus (52%). Three of the patients (6%) had residual perforation at the 3 rd month of follow-up. Subjective improvement in hearing was reported by 42% patients. Hearing improvement greater than 10 dB was found in 24 patients (48%). Air-bone gap reduced from 25.16 ± 8.15 dB preoperatively to 12.90 ± 6.20 at 1 year of follow-up. Recurrence was seen in three patients (6%). Conclusion Early intervention by cartilage strengthening of weakened tympanic membrane and ossicular reconstruction not only offers better hearing results, but also prevents progress to active disease.

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Resumen Introducción: La presencia de otorrea es un indicador de actividad en otitis media crónica (OMC), además de influir en la calidad de vida. La oclusión del molde de un audífono generaría incremento de otorrea, por esto se acostumbra a evitarla en estos casos. La relación otorrea/audífono en OMC no ha sido adecuadamente estudiada. Objetivo: Comprobar si se produce incremento en frecuencia y/o gravedad de episodios de otorrea por el uso de audífono en OMC simple. Caracterización clínica-demográfica de la muestra. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo antes/después en pacientes con diagnóstico de OMC simple que se implementen con audífono. Entrevista telefónica para caracterizar episodios de otorrea en relación con el audífono. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 35 oídos en 34 pacientes, edad promedio 66,6 años. Sin diferencias significativas en aparición de otorrea y consultas por otorrea antes y después de la implementación. El grupo diagnóstico OMC supurada correspondió al 28,6%, OMC supurada seca el 11,4% y OMC inactiva 60%. Diferencias significativas comparando otorrea posimplementación en subgrupo OMC supurada con resto de subgrupos (p < 0,0001). Análisis multivariado de regresión logística confirmó que sólo OMC supurada se asoció a otorrea posimplementación (p < 0,004). Conclusión: Tradicionalmente se correlaciona uso de audífono en OMC con incremento de otorrea. Nuestro estudio no evidenció diferencias después de la implementación: pacientes con otorrea previa al audífono siguieron presentándola de la misma manera y pacientes con oído seco se mantuvieron así. Otorrea al implementar es el único factor predictor de otorrea por audífono. Debe realizarse más investigación, con evaluación presencial e incorporando variables.

Abstract Introduction: Otorrhea is a chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) activity indicator, affecting quality of life. Hearing aid mold occlusion would increase otorrhea, so it is usual to avoid it. Otorrhea/hearing aid relationship in CSOM has not been properly studied. Aim: To check for an increase in frequency and/or severity of otorrhea episodes in CSOM due to hearing aid use. Clinical-demographic characterization of the sample. Material and Method: Prospective before/after study, in CSOM diagnosed patients using a hearing aid. Telephone interview to characterize otorrhea episodes due to hearing aid use. Results: 35 ears were evaluated in 34 patients, with a mean age of 66.6 years. There were no significant differences before and after hearing aid implementation in otorrhea episodes and medical consultations. 28.6% corresponded to active CSOM diagnosis group, 11.4% partially-active CSOM and 60% inactive CSOM. We found significant differences observed between active CSOM subgroup and the rest by comparing post-hearing aid implementation otorrhea (p < 0.0001). Only active CSOM diagnosis was associated to post-hearing aid implementation otorrhea by multivariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.004). Conclusion: Traditionally, hearing aid use is correlated with increase in otorrhea in CSOM. In our study there were no differences before and after hearing aid implementation: patients with previous otorrhea continued presenting it in the same way after hearing aid use and patients with dry ear kept it that way. The only predicting factor of otorrhea due to hearing aid use is active otorrhea at implementation. Further investigation should be done, with face-to-face evaluation and incorporating variables.

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BACKGROUND: Evaluation of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is considered an important aspect of clinical assessment and health research. Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is related to the quality of life deterioration subsequent to COM symptoms, social communication impairments, and lower work performance. However, there is no reliable information regarding the impact of this disease on health and quality of life in many resource-poor countries. Therefore, we translated into Spanish the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) for the evaluation of HRQoL of Chronic Otitis Media (COM) in adult patients. Also, we assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the questionnaire. METHODS: Two otology referral centers in Bogotá, Colombia were included. The Spanish version of COMQ-12 was applied twice to 200 adult patients with confirmed COM diagnosis and 31 healthy controls to perform the validation process and assess the internal consistency of this questionnaire. Psychometric characteristics (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity) of the COMQ-12 were assessed. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were conducted via structural equation modeling to test the questionnaire's structure. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the COMQ-12 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha: 0.86, McDonald's Omega: 0.89). Coefficients corresponding to Lin's Concordance test and test-retest reliability were 0.95 and 0.83 respectively. Correlation between the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the COMQ-12 was 0.68 (95% CI 0.59-0.75, p value < 0.001). Factor analysis of the Spanish version of the COMQ-12 indicated a questionnaire structure with three domains: smelly discharge related symptoms; hearing loss related symptoms; and impact on work, lifestyle, and health services. CONCLUSION: This Spanish version of the COMQ-12 showed high reliability and high internal consistency. This questionnaire can be used as an objective clinical tool to assess the HRQoL of patients who have a COM diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Ethical Committee Registration ID: CCEI-8807-2018. Hospital de San José, Ethical Committee: Record number 500, DI-I-0632-18.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the subjective visual vertical test using the "bucket method" in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, controlled study. SETTING: Outpatient otology clinic in a tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients had CSOM, defined as the presence of chronic infection or inflammation of the middle ear cleft, associated with a perforation of the tympanic membrane, frequent or intractable middle ear suppuration, with or without cholesteatoma. Controls were selected using a nonprobability, purposive sampling method. We excluded patients with neurologic or metabolic diseases, cognitive deficits, otosclerosis, vestibular migraine, Ménière's disease, past use of ototoxic medication, or head and neck cancer. The volunteers were subjected to the subjective visual vertical test using the "bucket method." The results obtained in our study and control groups were analyzed using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Our study comprised 51 patients with CSOM and 50 controls. In the CSOM group, we observed that 72.5% of the patients had vestibular symptoms in the past year, and 70.5% had abnormalities identified in at least 1 vestibular function test. The subjective visual vertical test revealed that patients with CSOM (with and without cholesteatoma) had significantly higher deviations of the true vertical as compared with controls (CSOM, 3.66°; controls, 0.76°; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that CSOM was associated with high rates of vestibular symptoms, abnormal vestibular function tests, and abnormal subjective vertical visual results.

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Background: Chronic otitis media (COM) questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12) is a specific-disease tool that evaluates COM patients.Objective: To validate COMQ-12 in the Mexican Spanish language (COMQ-12-Mx).Materials and methods: Mexican Spanish-speaking healthy volunteers and COM patients who attended a Secondary Care Center from May 2019 to October 2019. The COMQ-12 in Mexican Spanish was obtained by translation and back translation from an English-Spanish translator. All participants completed the COMQ-12-Mx questionnaire. COM patients were included regardless of their COM status. Control group completed the questionnaire twice. Participants were categorized into three groups: group 1 (COM), group 2 (volunteers first test) and group 3 (volunteers retest). Cronbach's alpha was used for internal consistency, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for test-retest reliability and Mann-Whitney U test compared groups.Results: We included 78 Mexican Spanish-speaking participants (COM n = 37, healthy volunteers n = 41), 51 females and 27 males, mean age was 39.67 years (SD ± 18.32). Group 1 COMQ-12-Mx score was 22.108 ± 11.79, group 2 score was 3.561 ± 4.399 (p ≤ .001) and group 3 score was 3.683 ± 4.435. Cronbach's alpha was 0.828 and test-retest reliability achieved a 0.928 outcome.Conclusions: COMQ-12-Mx is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate quality life in Mexican Spanish-speaking patients with COM.

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Abstract Introduction: Measuring the impact on quality of life, especially after the beginning of the treatment, is becoming increasingly important in healthcare. Objective: The aim of this study was to translate the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) into Portuguese language and validate this version in a group of patients with chronic otitis media. Methods: The Portuguese version of COMQ-12 was obtained by translation and back translation. Portuguese speaking patients with a history of active chronic otitis media were asked to complete the COMQ-12 Portuguese version. Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated for an estimation of the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study; 49 women and 51 men, with a mean age of 39 years (range 12-77 years, median 40 years). The average COMQ-12 score was 29, out of a maximum score of 60. Cronbach's α result for the Portuguese version of the COMQ-12 was 0.85, indicating a high internal consistency. The participants presented with different forms of chronic otitis media, and almost all domains of the COMQ-12 questionnaire were able to differentiate between patients with healed chronic otitis media and patients with cholesteatoma or wet tympanic membrane perforation. Showing that patients with healed chronic otitis media have a better quality of life, measured by the COMQ-12, is a first step to guarantee the questionnaire's validity. The next step will consist on routinely using the questionnaire in patients undergoing surgery for chronic otitis media in order to evaluate their quality of life after treatment. Conclusion: The COMQ-12 Portuguese version showed high reliability, and may be used as an assessment of quality of life in patients with chronic otitis media

Resumo: Introdução: Medir o impacto na qualidade de vida, especialmente após o início do tratamento dos pacientes, está se tornando cada vez mais importante nos cuidados da saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o Questionário de Otite Média Crônica-12 (COMQ-12) para a língua portuguesa e validar essa versão em um grupo de pacientes com Otite Média Crônica. Método: A versão em Língua Portuguesa do COMQ-12 foi obtida através de tradução e posterior retrotradução. Pacientes nativos da língua portuguesa com histórico de OMC ativa foram convidados a completar o COMQ-12 em Português. O coeficiente α de Cronbach foi calculado para estimar a consistência interna do questionário. Resultados: Um total de 100 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo; 49 eram mulheres e 51 eram homens, com média de idade de 39 anos (variação: 12 a 77 anos, mediana de 40 anos). O escore médio do COMQ-12 foi 29, de um escore máximo de 60. O resultado do coeficiente α de Cronbach para a versão em português do COMQ-12 foi de 0,85, indicando que sua consistência interna era alta. Os participantes apresentavam diferentes formas de otite média crônica e quase todos os domínios do questionário COMQ-12 foram capazes de diferenciar entre pacientes com otite média crônica curada e pacientes com colesteatoma ou perfuração úmida de membrana timpânica. Demonstrar que pacientes com otite média crônica curada apresentam uma melhor qualidade de vida, medida pelo COMQ-12 é o primeiro passo para garantir a validade do questionário. O próximo passo será utilizá-lo rotineiramente em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para otite média crônica e avaliar a qualidade de vida após o tratamento. Conclusão: A versão em português do questionário COMQ-12 mostrou alta confiabilidade e pode ser utilizada como questionário de medida de qualidade de vida em pacientes com otite média crônica.

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Abstract Introduction It is essential to determine the quality of life among individuals with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). However, there is limited literature on healthrelated quality of life measurements in Kannada-speaking individuals with CSOM. Objectives The present study attempted to translate and validate Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and Chronic Otitis Media Outcome Test- 15 (COMOT-15) in Kannada. Method The English questionnaires were translated and back-translated, and they were later verified for content validity. The developed questionnaires were then administered to 100 individuals with CSOM for further validation. Results The results of the study showed that the translated questionnaires have good internal consistency for measuring quality of life among individuals with CSOM. The study also showed that Kannada-speaking individuals with CSOM show significant impairment in their health-related quality of life measures. Conclusions The impairments weremore related to ear symptoms and psychological issues. However, test-retest reliability of the developed questionnaire and its further validation are essential. Thus, these questionnaires attempt to understand the problems of the individuals with CSOM from the patients' perspective and help clinicians provide the appropriate management.

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Las enfermedades del oído medio representan la causa más frecuente de otorrea en la infancia. En nuestro medio, la persistencia de la misma determina la consulta especializada al otorrinolaringólogo. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y las causas de otorrea en la infancia en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo durante 5 meses en un servicio de ORL de un hospital pediátrico durante los meses de septiembre 2015 a Febrero 2016. Se evaluaron 74 niños derivados por primera vez al otorrinolaringólogo por presentar otorrea. Se realizó otoaspiración, otomicroscopía y demás prácticas diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 72 niños en el estudio. El 41.7% niñas y el 58,3% varones. La edad media fue 36 meses (rango 3-179 meses). El motivo de consulta predominante fue la otorrea purulenta. El tiempo medio de otorrea fue 13 días (rango 1-180 días). El 61,1% de los pacientes estaba recibiendo tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico. El 78% de los casos presentaron catarro de vías aéreas superiores (CVAS) previo al episodio de otorrea. Se diagnosticó otitis media crónica simple (OMCS) en el 48,6%, otitis media aguda supurada (OMAS) en el 33,3%, otitis externa (OE) en el 9,7%; otitis media crónica colesteatomatosa (OMCC) en el 2,8%; miringitis bullosa (MB) en 2.8% y, en 2 casos (2,8%), histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. Conclusiones: La otomicroscopía y la otoaspiración son elementos fundamentales para el diagnóstico causal de la otorrea en la infancia. Considerar la edad mediana, los signos y síntomas asociados es importante para el diagnóstico presuntivo diferencial. La otitis media aguda supurada y la otitis media crónica simple reagudizada son las causas más comunes de otorrea en la infancia (AU)

Diseases of the middle ear are the most frequent cause of otorrhea in children. In our setting, persistent otorrhea requires consultation with the otolaryngologist. Objective: To determine the clinical features and causes of otorrhea in childhood in our setting. Patients and methods: A 5-month prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted at the Department of ENT of a pediatric hospital between September 2015 and February 2016. Seventy-four children were evaluated for the first time by an otolaryngologist because of otorrhea. Aspiration, otomicroscopy, and other diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were performed.Results: 72 children were included in the study; 41.7% were girls and 58.3% boys. Mean age was 36 months (range, 3-179 months). The main reason for consultation was purulent otorrhea. Mean duration of otorrhea was 13 days (range, 1-180 days). Of all patients, 61.1% was receiving empiric antimicrobial treatment. Overall, 78% of the cases had had an upper resprtaory tract infection (URTI) prior to the episode of otorrhea. Simple chronic otitis media (SCOM) was diagnosed in 48.6%, acute otitis media (AMO) in 33.3%, external otitis (EO) in 9.7%, chronic cholesteatomatous otitis media (CCOM) in 2.8%, myringitis bullosa (MB) in 2.8%, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis in 2 cases (2.8%). Conclusions: Otomicroscopy and aspiration are fundamental tools in the diagnosis of otorrhea in children. Median age and the associated signs and symptoms are important in the differential diagnosis. Acute suppurative otitis media and acute episodes of simple chronic otitis media are the most common causes of otorrhea in childhood (AU)

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Introduction It is essential to determine the quality of life among individuals with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). However, there is limited literature on health-related quality of life measurements in Kannada-speaking individuals with CSOM. Objectives The present study attempted to translate and validate Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and Chronic Otitis Media Outcome Test-15 (COMOT-15) in Kannada. Method The English questionnaires were translated and back-translated, and they were later verified for content validity. The developed questionnaires were then administered to 100 individuals with CSOM for further validation. Results The results of the study showed that the translated questionnaires have good internal consistency for measuring quality of life among individuals with CSOM. The study also showed that Kannada-speaking individuals with CSOM show significant impairment in their health-related quality of life measures. Conclusions The impairments were more related to ear symptoms and psychological issues. However, test-retest reliability of the developed questionnaire and its further validation are essential. Thus, these questionnaires attempt to understand the problems of the individuals with CSOM from the patients' perspective and help clinicians provide the appropriate management.

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INTRODUCTION: Measuring the impact on quality of life, especially after the beginning of the treatment, is becoming increasingly important in healthcare. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) into Portuguese language and validate this version in a group of patients with chronic otitis media. METHODS: The Portuguese version of COMQ-12 was obtained by translation and back translation. Portuguese speaking patients with a history of active chronic otitis media were asked to complete the COMQ-12 Portuguese version. Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated for an estimation of the internal consistency of the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included in the study; 49 women and 51 men, with a mean age of 39 years (range 12-77 years, median 40 years). The average COMQ-12 score was 29, out of a maximum score of 60. Cronbach's α result for the Portuguese version of the COMQ-12 was 0.85, indicating a high internal consistency. The participants presented with different forms of chronic otitis media, and almost all domains of the COMQ-12 questionnaire were able to differentiate between patients with healed chronic otitis media and patients with cholesteatoma or wet tympanic membrane perforation. Showing that patients with healed chronic otitis media have a better quality of life, measured by the COMQ-12, is a first step to guarantee the questionnaire's validity. The next step will consist on routinely using the questionnaire in patients undergoing surgery for chronic otitis media in order to evaluate their quality of life after treatment. CONCLUSION: The COMQ-12 Portuguese version showed high reliability, and may be used as an assessment of quality of life in patients with chronic otitis media.

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Abstract Introduction: Suppurative otitis media is a critical disease causing perforation of the tympanic membrane associated with changes of the mucoperiosteum of the middle ear cleft. Objective: To isolate causative bacteria from chronic suppurative ear discharges and to ascertain their antibiotic profiles, of patients attending outpatients department in 3 years. Methods: For isolation of bacteria, samples of ear discharges were grown in suitable media and bacteria were subjected to antibiotic profiling by the Kirby-Bauer's method with presently used antibiotics. Results: A total of 1043 bacteria were isolated, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, along with 121 fungal isolates. Among 371 P. aeruginosa isolates, tobramycin 30 had the highest susceptibility rate 93.2%, followed by ceftazidime 30, 91.5% and amikacin 10 µg/disk 64.4%. Of 359 S. aureus isolates, there were 236 coagulase negative S. aureus + methicillin sensitive S. aureus isolates, while 123 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus with 95.2% isolates susceptible to cloxacillin 15, 83.3% isolates to erythromycin 15 and 78.5% isolates to gentamicin 30 µg/disk. Of 1164, 49 patients presented post aural abscess, 12 patients had intracranial complications, 9 patients had facial palsy and 3 patients had labyrinthitis. More than 90% P. aeruginosa and 90% S. aureus isolates were sensitive to tobramycin 30 and cloxacillin 30 µg/disk, respectively. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were more prevalent than those of S. aureus in ear discharges. Tobramycin and cloxacillin may be included in the formulatory antibiotic regimen to overcome bacterial infections in chronic suppurative otitis media.

Resumo Introdução: Otite média supurativa é uma doença importante que causa perfuração da membrana timpânica, além de alterações do mucoperiósteo da orelha média. Objetivo: Isolar as bactérias causadoras a partir da secreção auricular crônica e verificar seus perfis de sensibilidade aos antibióticos em pacientes ambulatoriais durante três anos. Método: Para o isolamento das bactérias, as amostras de secreções auriculares foram cultivadas em meios adequados e as bactérias foram submetidas à detecção de perfis de sensibilidade aos antibióticos com o método de Kirby-Bauer para antibióticos usados na atualidade. Resultados: No total, 1.043 bactérias, incluindo Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente à meticilina e Staphylococcus aureus, e 121 fungos isolados foram identificados. Entre 371 isolados de P. aeruginosa, tobramicina 30 µg/disco apresentou a maior taxa de suscetibilidade (93,2%), seguida por ceftazidima 30 µg/disco (91,5%) e amicacina 10 µg/disco (64,4%). De 359 isolados de S. aureus, 236 eram S. aureus coagulase-negativos + S. aureus sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA), enquanto 123 eram MRSA com 95,2% de suscetibilidade à cloxacilina 15 µg/disco, 83,3% sensíveis à eritromicina 15 µg/disco e 78,5% à gentamicina 30 µg/disco. Entre 1.164 pacientes, 49 apresentaram abscesso aural, 12 complicações intracranianas, nove paralisia facial e três labirintite. Mais de 90% das P. aeruginosa isoladas e de 90% de S. aureus eram sensíveis à tobramicina 30 µg/disco e cloxacilina 30 µg/disco, respectivamente. Conclusão: Cepas multirresistentes de P. aeruginosa foram mais prevalentes do que as de S. aureus nas secreções auriculares. Tobramicina e cloxacilina podem ser consideradas na formulação de regime de antibióticos para tratar as infecções bacterianas na OMCS.

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INTRODUCTION: Suppurative otitis media is a critical disease causing perforation of the tympanic membrane associated with changes of the mucoperiosteum of the middle ear cleft. OBJECTIVE: To isolate causative bacteria from chronic suppurative ear discharges and to ascertain their antibiotic profiles, of patients attending outpatients department in 3 years. METHODS: For isolation of bacteria, samples of ear discharges were grown in suitable media and bacteria were subjected to antibiotic profiling by the Kirby-Bauer's method with presently used antibiotics. RESULTS: A total of 1043 bacteria were isolated, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, along with 121 fungal isolates. Among 371 P. aeruginosa isolates, tobramycin 30 had the highest susceptibility rate 93.2%, followed by ceftazidime 30, 91.5% and amikacin 10µg/disk 64.4%. Of 359 S. aureus isolates, there were 236 coagulase negative S. aureus+methicillin sensitive S. aureus isolates, while 123 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus with 95.2% isolates susceptible to cloxacillin 15, 83.3% isolates to erythromycin 15 and 78.5% isolates to gentamicin 30µg/disk. Of 1164, 49 patients presented post aural abscess, 12 patients had intracranial complications, 9 patients had facial palsy and 3 patients had labyrinthitis. More than 90% P. aeruginosa and 90% S. aureus isolates were sensitive to tobramycin 30 and cloxacillin 30µg/disk, respectively. CONCLUSION: Multidrug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were more prevalent than those of S. aureus in ear discharges. Tobramycin and cloxacillin may be included in the formulatory antibiotic regimen to overcome bacterial infections in chronic suppurative otitis media.

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Abstract Introduction: Tinnitus is a common disorder that occurs frequently across all strata of population and has an important health concern. Tinnitus is often associated with different forms of hearing loss of varying severity. Objective: The present study aimed to identify the association of tinnitus with hearing loss in various otological disorders of a South Indian population. Methods: A total of 3255 subjects referred to the MAA ENT Hospital, Hyderabad, from 2004 to 2014, affected with various otological diseases have been included in the present cross-sectional study. Diagnosis of the diseases was confirmed by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist using detailed medical and clinical examination. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ 2 test and binary logistic regression. Results: Tinnitus was observed in 29.3% (956) of the total study subjects that showed an increased prevalence in greater than 40 years of age. There was a significant increase in risk of tinnitus with middle (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.02-3.16) and inner (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.65-5.45) inner ear diseases. It was noted that 96.9% (n = 927) of the tinnitus subjects was associated with hearing loss. Otitis media (60.9%), presbycusis (16.6%) and otosclerosis (14.3%) are the very common otological disorders leading to tinnitus. Tinnitus was significantly associated with higher degree of hearing loss in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) subjects. Conclusion: The present study could identify the most prevalent otological risk factors leading to development of tinnitus with hearing loss in a South Indian population.

Resumo Introdução: O zumbido é um distúrbio comum que ocorre com frequência em todos os estratos da população, constituindo um problema importante de saúde. O zumbido é frequentemente associado a diferentes formas de perda auditiva e sua gravidade é variada. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a associação entre zumbido e perda auditiva em várias doenças otológicas na população do Sul da Índia. Método: No total, 3.255 indivíduos encaminhados ao Hospital MAA ENT em Hyderabad de 2004 a 2014, com diversas doenças otológicas, foram incluídos neste estudo transversal. O diagnóstico das doenças foi confirmado pelo otorrinolaringologista por meio de exames médico e clínico detalhados. A análise estatística foi realizada com o teste do χ2 e regressão logística binária. Resultados: Zumbido foi observado em 29,3% (956) do total de participantes do estudo, com maior prevalência em indivíduos com mais de 40 anos de idade. Houve um aumento significante do risco de zumbido em doenças da orelha média (OR = 1,79, IC 95% = 1,02-3,16) e interna (OR = 3,00, IC 95% = 1,65-5,45). Observamos que em 96,9% (n = 927) dos indivíduos com zumbido houve associação com perda auditiva. Conclusão: O presente estudo pôde identificar os fatores etiológicos mais prevalentes que levam ao desenvolvimento de zumbido associado à perda auditiva em uma população do Sul da Índia. Otite média (60,9%), presbiacusia (16,6%) e otosclerose (14,3%) são doenças otológicas frequentemente associadas ao zumbido. Em indivíduos com otite média crônica supurativa (OMCS), o zumbido foi significantemente associado ao maior grau de perda auditiva.

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INTRODUCTION: Tinnitus is a common disorder that occurs frequently across all strata of population and has an important health concern. Tinnitus is often associated with different forms of hearing loss of varying severity. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify the association of tinnitus with hearing loss in various otological disorders of a South Indian population. METHODS: A total of 3255 subjects referred to the MAA ENT Hospital, Hyderabad, from 2004 to 2014, affected with various otological diseases have been included in the present cross-sectional study. Diagnosis of the diseases was confirmed by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist using detailed medical and clinical examination. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2 test and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Tinnitus was observed in 29.3% (956) of the total study subjects that showed an increased prevalence in greater than 40 years of age. There was a significant increase in risk of tinnitus with middle (OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.02-3.16) and inner (OR=3.00, 95% CI=1.65-5.45) inner ear diseases. It was noted that 96.9% (n=927) of the tinnitus subjects was associated with hearing loss. Otitis media (60.9%), presbycusis (16.6%) and otosclerosis (14.3%) are the very common otological disorders leading to tinnitus. Tinnitus was significantly associated with higher degree of hearing loss in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) subjects. CONCLUSION: The present study could identify the most prevalent otological risk factors leading to development of tinnitus with hearing loss in a South Indian population.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Acquired middle ear cholesteatoma can be classified as primary or secondary. Although both can result in hearing loss, it is still controversial whether there is an association between the type of cholesteatoma and the degree of hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between hearing loss and the type of acquired cholesteatoma, and the status of the ossicular chain. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional historical cohort study involving patients diagnosed with acquired cholesteatoma who were surgically treated. Air and bone conduction thresholds, air-bone gaps and the status of the ossicular chain were analyzed for both types of cholesteatoma. RESULTS: Eighty patients aged 5-57 were included in the study. Fifty-one patients had primary cholesteatoma and 29 had secondary cholesteatoma. Both types of cholesteatoma determined greater air-bone gaps at 0.5 kHz. Secondary cholesteatoma determined greater hearing loss in all analyzed frequencies and higher air conduction and air-bone gap means. CONCLUSION: There was association between hearing loss and the type of cholesteatoma. Secondary cholesteatoma resulted in greater hearing impairment.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O colesteatoma adquirido de orelha média pode ser classificado como primário e secundário. Ambos podem ocasionar perda de audição, mas ainda há controvérsia quanto à relação dos tipos de colesteatoma com a perda auditiva. OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação dos tipos de colesteatoma e da erosão da cadeia ossicular com a perda auditiva. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte histórica com corte transversal, envolvendo pacientes que receberam o diagnóstico de colesteatoma adquirido e foram submetidos à cirurgia otológica. Foram analisados os limiares ósseos, aéreos e a diferença aéreo-óssea, e suas associações com os tipos de colesteatoma e com a presença de erosão na cadeia ossicular. RESULTADOS: No estudo foram incluídos oitenta pacientes, com idade entre 5 e 57 anos, sendo 51 com colesteatoma primário e 29 com colesteatoma secundário. Ambos os tipos de colesteatoma determinaram maior diferença aéreo-óssea na frequência de 0,5 kHz. O colesteatoma secundário determinou uma perda auditiva maior em todas as frequências analisadas, e maiores médias do limiar aéreo e da diferença aéreo-óssea. CONCLUSÃO: Houve associação entre o tipo de colesteatoma e a perda de audição. O colesteatoma secundário determinou maior comprometimento da audição.

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INTRODUCTION: Acquired middle ear cholesteatoma can be classified as primary or secondary. Although both can result in hearing loss, it is still controversial whether there is an association between the type of cholesteatoma and the degree of hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between hearing loss and the type of acquired cholesteatoma, and the status of the ossicular chain. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional historical cohort study involving patients diagnosed with acquired cholesteatoma who were surgically treated. Air and bone conduction thresholds, air-bone gaps and the status of the ossicular chain were analyzed for both types of cholesteatoma. RESULTS: Eighty patients aged 5-57 were included in the study. Fifty-one patients had primary cholesteatoma and 29 had secondary cholesteatoma. Both types of cholesteatoma determined greater air-bone gaps at 0.5kHz. Secondary cholesteatoma determined greater hearing loss in all analyzed frequencies and higher air conduction and air-bone gap means. CONCLUSION: There was association between hearing loss and the type of cholesteatoma. Secondary cholesteatoma resulted in greater hearing impairment.

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Introduction: Despite the advent of antibiotics and immunizations in the last century, complications of otitis media remain quite frequent, have high morbidity and mortality rates, and pose a challenge to the otorhinolaryngologist. Objective: To establish the annual incidence of intratemporal complications of otitis media and prospectively evaluate patients via an analysis of epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Methods: Prospective, observational study. Between February 2010 and January 2011, patients admitted to a tertiary care, university-based otology practice with diagnosis of otitis media and an associated intratemporal complication (ITC) were included in the study. The following data were evaluated: age, sex, type of ITC, treatment, imaging tests findings, type and degree of hearing loss, and clinical outcome. The overall incidence of all complications and of each complication individually was determined. Results A total of 1,816 patients were diagnosed with otitis media. For 592 (33%) individuals, the diagnosis was chronic otitis media; for 1,224 (67%), the diagnosis was acute otitis media. ITCs of otitis media were diagnosed in 15 patients; thus, the annual incidence of intratemporal complications was 0.8%. We identified 19 ITC diagnoses in 15 patients (3 patients had more than one diagnosis). Labyrinthine fistulae were diagnosed in 7 (36.8%) individuals, mastoiditis in 5 (26.3%), facial palsy in 4 (21.1%), and labyrinthitis in 3 (15.8%). Conclusion: The incidence of intratemporal complications in Brazil remains significant when compared with developed countries. Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma is the most frequent etiology of intratemporal complications. Labyrinthine fistula is the most common intratemporal complication...

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Introduction Despite the advent of antibiotics and immunizations in the last century, complications of otitis media remain quite frequent, have high morbidity and mortality rates, and pose a challenge to the otorhinolaryngologist. Objective To establish the annual incidence of intratemporal complications of otitis media and prospectively evaluate patients via an analysis of epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Methods Prospective, observational study. Between February 2010 and January 2011, patients admitted to a tertiary care, university-based otology practice with diagnosis of otitis media and an associated intratemporal complication (ITC) were included in the study. The following data were evaluated: age, sex, type of ITC, treatment, imaging tests findings, type and degree of hearing loss, and clinical outcome. The overall incidence of all complications and of each complication individually was determined. Results A total of 1,816 patients were diagnosed with otitis media. For 592 (33%) individuals, the diagnosis was chronic otitis media; for 1,224 (67%), the diagnosis was acute otitis media. ITCs of otitis media were diagnosed in 15 patients; thus, the annual incidence of intratemporal complications was 0.8%. We identified 19 ITC diagnoses in 15 patients (3 patients had more than one diagnosis). Labyrinthine fistulae were diagnosed in 7 (36.8%) individuals, mastoiditis in 5 (26.3%), facial palsy in 4 (21.1%), and labyrinthitis in 3 (15.8%). Conclusion The incidence of intratemporal complications in Brazil remains significant when compared with developed countries. Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma is the most frequent etiology of intratemporal complications. Labyrinthine fistula is the most common intratemporal complication.