RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: la exposición solar frecuente e indiscriminada ha determinado un incremento en las tasas de cáncer de piel a nivel global. En Venezuela, son limitados los reportes que evalúan las prácticas de exposición solar y el empleo de medidas de fotoprotección. Objetivo: determinar los hábitos de exposición solar, las prácticas de fotoprotección y su asociación con el nivel de conocimiento y actitudes, en individuos que se ejercitan al aire libre en la región andina venezolana, durante el año 2020. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. A través de un cuestionario de llenado digital, se evaluaron datos demográficos, fototipo cutáneo, antecedentes de quemaduras solares, hábitos de exposición solar, prácticas de fotoprotección, percepciones y conocimientos. Resultados: la muestra estuvo constituida por 94 participantes. Las mujeres emplean el protector solar con mayor frecuencia que los hombres, y hacen mejor uso de este. El 48,9 % ha sufrido en promedio entre 1 a 10 quemaduras por entrenamientos al aire libre. El 70,2 % realiza actividades físicas de 3 a 5 días por semana. El 59,2 % no emplea el protector solar en días nublados. Se determinó un alto riesgo (13,8 %) y muy alto riesgo (4,3 %) de desarrollar melanoma a futuro. Conclusiones: la población evaluada posee un grado aceptable de conocimiento sobre fotoprotección, hace uso frecuente pero inadecuado del protector solar, y posee hábitos de exposición solar que implican dosis considerables de radiación ultravioleta; por lo que es necesario profundizar en campañas de concienciación, que promuevan la adopción de hábitos de exposición solar saludables.
Abstract Background: Frequent and indiscriminate sun exposure has determined an increase in skin cancer rates globally. In Venezuela, reports evaluating sun exposure practices and the use of photoprotection measures are limited. Objective: To determine sun exposure habits, photoprotection practices and their association with the level of knowledge and attitudes, in individuals who perform outdoor exercises in the Venezuelan Andean region, throughout 2020. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Using a digital survey, demographic data, skin phototype, history of sunburn, sun exposure habits, photoprotection practices, perceptions and knowledge were evaluated. Results: The sample consisted of 94 participants. Women use sunscreen more often than men, and they make a better use of it. 48.9% have suffered on average about 1 to 10 burns due to outdoor exercises. 70.2% practice physical activities 3 to 5 days per week. 59.2% do not use sunscreen on cloudy days. There was a high risk (13.8%) and a very high risk (4.3%) of developing future melanoma. Conclusions: The population evaluated has an acceptable level of knowledge about photoprotection. They make frequent but inappropriate use of the sunscreen, and have sun exposure habits that imply considerable doses of ultraviolet radiation; therefore, it is necessary to implement awareness campaigns that promote the adoption of healthy sun exposure habits.
RESUMO
O extrato de Polypodium leucotomos foi inicialmente descrito na literatura internacional há 55 anos, demonstrando ação anti-inflamatória em dermatoses como vitiligo e psoríase. Atualmente, está disponível como fotoprotetor oral e tópico em mais de 26 países e é utilizado na prevenção e no tratamento de dermatoses decorrentes da radiação solar, como erupção polimorfa à luz, melasma, queratoses actínicas, câncer de pele, fotoenvelhecimento, entre outras. No Brasil, o extrato patenteado das folhas de Polypodium leucotomos foi registrado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) como medicamento em 2012. Decorridos 10 anos de sua introdução no Brasil, sua recomendação por dermatologistas brasileiros está consagrada e será apresentada neste artigo
Polypodium leucotomos extract was first described in the literature 55 years ago, demonstrating anti-inflammatory action in dermatoses such as vitiligo and psoriasis. It is currently available as an oral and topical photoprotection agent in more than 26 countries to prevent and treat dermatoses resulting from solar radiation, such as polymorphous light eruption, melasma, actinic keratoses, skin cancer, and photoaging, among others. In Brazil, ANVISA registered the patented Polypodium leucotomos extract in 2012. After 10 years of its launch, its recommendation by Braziliandermatologists is well established and is presented in this review paper
RESUMO
Abstract The skin is regularly exposed to several environmental aggressions, including solar radiation, whose biological effects can induce sunburn, dyschromia, skin aging and cancer. Among the photoprotection measures, sunscreens comprise a relevant part of the strategy aimed to prevent solar radiation damage and, for effective action, the patient must adhere to the product use and the latter, in turn, must follow technical parameters to promote adequate protection. This review article brings together the most current and relevant concepts about photoprotection for dermatological use, including the challenges for their formulation, the risks of certain photoprotective active substances for individual and environmental safety and the importance of stringency in determining the product efficacy, considering the regulatory aspects, highlighting relevant differences between Brazil and other countries. Thus, when assessing a sunscreen, not only the visual aspects and sensory perception will be immediately evaluated, but also the quality and suitability of the vehicle, the chemical composition of the formulation, the environmental risks, the photostability of the screening system, and the measurement of its protection spectrum. Technical knowledge of sunscreens can help dermatologists in this important role of educating patients about the best photoprotective strategies in each situation.
RESUMO
Abstract Background Several treatments are available for skin with advanced photodamage, which is characterized by the presence of actinic keratoses (AK). Objectives Evaluate the efficacy of using sunscreen with photolyase compared to regular sunscreen, as well as to compare the combination of a topical formulation of antioxidants versus placebo in the treatment of advanced photodamage. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, factorial clinical trial. Participants with AKs on their forearms were randomized to apply regular sunscreen (SC) or sunscreen with photolyase (SC+P) on both forearms during the day. One of the forearms in each group was randomized again to receive topical antioxidants (AOx), and the other forearm received a placebo cream (both for night application). The four groups were SC/AOx, SC/placebo, SC+P/AOx, and SC+P/placebo. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were total AK clearance, decrease in Forearm Photoaging Scale (FPS), and AK severity scores. Secondary outcomes were reduction in AK count, partial clearance rate, and safety. Results Forty participants (80 forearms) were included. All groups showed significant improvement in outcomes at week eight. There were no significant differences between SC and SC+P for either outcome. AOx led to a significant reduction in AK count (22%; p < 0.05). Partial clearance was obtained in 18 (47.4%) forearms treated with AOx and in 9 (23.7%) treated with placebo (p < 0.05). All groups reduced the FPS score, without significant differences among them. Conclusions There is no difference in the treatment of advanced photodamage skin when comparing the use of sunscreen with photolyase and regular sunscreen, and topical antioxidants were more efficient in reducing AK count than placebo. Study limitations Short interval of follow-up and absence of re-evaluation in the absence of treatment were limitations of the present study.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several treatments are available for skin with advanced photodamage, which is characterized by the presence of actinic keratoses (AK). OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the efficacy of using sunscreen with photolyase compared to regular sunscreen, as well as to compare the combination of a topical formulation of antioxidants versus placebo in the treatment of advanced photodamage. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, factorial clinical trial. Participants with AKs on their forearms were randomized to apply regular sunscreen (SC) or sunscreen with photolyase (SC+P) on both forearms during the day. One of the forearms in each group was randomized again to receive topical antioxidants (AOx), and the other forearm received a placebo cream (both for night application). The four groups were SC/AOx, SC/placebo, SC+P/AOx, and SC+P/placebo. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were total AK clearance, decrease in Forearm Photoaging Scale (FPS), and AK severity scores. Secondary outcomes were reduction in AK count, partial clearance rate, and safety. RESULTS: Forty participants (80 forearms) were included. All groups showed significant improvement in outcomes at week eight. There were no significant differences between SC and SC+P for either outcome. AOx led to a significant reduction in AK count (22%; pâ¯<â¯0.05). Partial clearance was obtained in 18 (47.4%) forearms treated with AOx and in 9 (23.7%) treated with placebo (pâ¯<â¯0.05). All groups reduced the FPS score, without significant differences among them. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in the treatment of advanced photodamage skin when comparing the use of sunscreen with photolyase and regular sunscreen, and topical antioxidants were more efficient in reducing AK count than placebo. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Short interval of follow-up and absence of re-evaluation in the absence of treatment were limitations of the present study.
Assuntos
Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase , Ceratose Actínica , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Ceratose Actínica/tratamento farmacológico , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The skin is regularly exposed to several environmental aggressions, including solar radiation, whose biological effects can induce sunburn, dyschromia, skin aging and cancer. Among the photoprotection measures, sunscreens comprise a relevant part of the strategy aimed to prevent solar radiation damage and, for effective action, the patient must adhere to the product use and the latter, in turn, must follow technical parameters to promote adequate protection. This review article brings together the most current and relevant concepts about photoprotection for dermatological use, including the challenges for their formulation, the risks of certain photoprotective active substances for individual and environmental safety and the importance of stringency in determining the product efficacy, considering the regulatory aspects, highlighting relevant differences between Brazil and other countries. Thus, when assessing a sunscreen, not only the visual aspects and sensory perception will be immediately evaluated, but also the quality and suitability of the vehicle, the chemical composition of the formulation, the environmental risks, the photostability of the screening system, and the measurement of its protection spectrum. Technical knowledge of sunscreens can help dermatologists in this important role of educating patients about the best photoprotective strategies in each situation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Cutâneas , Queimadura Solar , Humanos , Prescrições , Pele , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Queimadura Solar/prevenção & controle , Protetores Solares/química , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad fotoprotectora de una crema con extracto acuoso liofilizado de maca (ELM) frente a la irradiación ultravioleta (UV) en la piel de ratones. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental en 35ratones BALB/c. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados por vía tópica en el dorso de los animales y posteriormente irradiados con rayos ultravioleta B, para luego medir el grosor en micras (µm) de muestras histológicas de la piel de los ratones. Se asignaron siete grupos divididos en no irradiado: blanco (G1) e irradiados con luz UV: sin tratamiento (G2); con protector solar comercial con factor de protección solar (FPS) 30 (G3); crema (placebo) (G4); ELM al 15% en agua (G5); ELM al 5% en crema (G6); y ELM al 15% en crema (G7). Se determinó el FPS in vitro, mediante el método de Mansur. Se realizaron las lecturas de las absorbancias en un espectrofotómetro ultravioleta-visible (UV-VIS) y se determinaron los FPS para las siguientes formulaciones: ELM al 5% en crema, benzofenona-4 (BZF-4) y bloqueador solar comercial FPS 30. Resultados: El grosor de piel de ratón en micras (µm) fue de 27,28 en G2; 18,31 en G3; 27,33 en G4; 19,51 en G5 y 18,04 en G6; no hubo diferencia significativa entre el grupo no expuesto a la radiación (G1) y el grupo ELM al 15% en crema (G7), ambos presentaron los menores grosores (12,76 y 14,20 µm, respectivamente). El FPS de ELM al 15% en crema fue 5,480 ± 0,020. Conclusiones: La formulación con ELM en crema presentó actividad fotoprotectora frente a la irradiación UV, los alcaloides fueron los componentes fitoquímicos mayormente encontrados y la formulación fue compatible con el activo (ELM).
ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the photoprotective activity of a cream with lyophilized aqueous extract of maca (LEM) against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the skin of mice. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out on 35 BALB/c mice. Treatment was applied topically on the dorsum of the animals, which were subsequently irradiated with ultraviolet B rays, and then we measured the thickness in microns (μm) of histological samples of the skin of the mice. Seven groups were assigned, divided into non-irradiated: Blank (G1) and irradiated with UV light: no treatment (G2); with commercial sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) 30 (G3); cream (placebo) (G4); LEM at 15% in water (G5); LEM cream at 5% (G6); and LEM cream at 15% (G7). In vitro SPF was determined using the Mansur method. Absorbance readings were taken in an ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) and SPFs were determined for the following formulations: LEM cream at 5%, benzophenone-4 (BZF-4) and commercial sunscreen SPF 30. Results: Mouse skin thickness in microns (μm) was 27.28 in G2; 18.31 in G3; 27.33 in G4; 19.51 in G5 and 18.04 in G6. There was no significant difference between the group not exposed to radiation (G1) and the 15% LEM cream group (G7), both had the lowest thicknesses (12.76 and 14.20 μm, respectively). The SPF of LEM cream at 15% was 5.480 ± 0.020. Conclusions: The formulation with LEM cream showed photoprotective activity against UV irradiation, alkaloids were the phytochemical components mostly found and the formulation was compatible with the active principle (LEM).
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Pele , Raios Ultravioleta , Lepidium , Fator de Proteção Solar , Radiação , Efeitos da Radiação , Protetores Solares , FitoterapiaRESUMO
Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN : La radiación ultravioleta solar puede resultar perjudicial para la salud y provocar desde quemaduras hasta enfermedades como el cáncer, por ello, el cuidado frente a la alta radiación solar es importante. OBJETIVOS : El objetivo general del presente estudio fue determinar si existe asociación entre los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre foto protecciónen los bañistas peruanos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio trasversal analítico con 380 bañistas peruanos en ocho playas de Lima. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario donde se recopiló información de los conocimientos y las prácticas de foto protección. Los conocimientos se categorizaron en altos y bajos, y las prácticas en adecuadas e inadecuadas. Para el análisis se empleó la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y el modelo de regresión de Poisson ajustado por la edad, sexo, nivel educativo y estado civil. RESULTADOS : Se encontró que la práctica de protección adecuada más frecuente fue el uso de foto protector(63%) y la menos frecuente fue el uso adecuado de manga larga y pantalón largo (9,7%). También se evidenció una relación entre los conocimientos altos y tres prácticas fundamentales: uso de foto protector, sombrilla y lentes de sol. CONCLUSIONES : En la muestra de bañistas peruanos, los participantes reportaronde manera general prácticas de foto proteccióndeficientes; además, el poseer conocimientos acerca de la protección solar no aseguró una práctica adecuada de todas las medidas de foto protección.
Abstract INTRODUCTION : Ultraviolet rays can have damaging health effects and cause from sunburn all the way up to diseases such as cancer. Thus, precautionary measures against intense solar radiation are important. OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between photoprotection knowledge and practices in Peruvianbeach-goers. MATERIALS AND METHODS : An analytical cross-sectional study comparing survey and observational data obtained from 380 Peruvians at eight beaches in Lima was conducted. The participants answered a questionnaire where knowledge was categorized into high and low, and reported practices were dichotomized as appropriate and inappropriate. For variable analysis, Chi square test of Pearson and Poisson regression model adjusted for age, sex, education level and marital status were used. RESULTS : It was found that the most common reported appropriate practice of photoprotection was the use of sunscreen (63%) and the least frequent was the appropriate use of a long sleeve t-shirt and long pants (9.7%). It was also evident that there is a significant relationship between high knowledge and three core practices, including use of sunscreen, beach umbrellas and sunglasses. CONCLUSIONS : In this sample of Peruvian beach-goers, participants generally reported poor photoprotection practices; furthermore, knowledge about sun protection did not assure the practice of all photoprotection measures.
RESUMO
Introduction: sunscreen is a cosmetic used to protect human skin from the deleterious effects of UV radiation and thus minimize the risks of developing skin cancer. Extracts produced from fruits, such as Abiu, Guava, Rambutan and Grape, have significant concentrations of chromophores and phenolic substances that have the ability to absorb UV light and neutralize free radicals. The production of cosmetics from naturally occurring substances with such activities will be of great importance for Brazilian industry and could reduce the cost of production, given the large existing biodiversity in the country. Objectives: carry out a patent search for formulations and cosmetic products that contains phenolic rich fruit extracts as photoprotective and antioxidant bioactives. Methodology: a survey of patents was carried out in the database of the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI) and the European Patent Office (EPO), covering a time period between 2008 and 2018, using a combination of keywords related to herbal cosmetics and sunscreens. Results: this research identifies a significant number of patents related to plant extract in association with sunscreen product, however, no patent filings were identified for cosmetic products containing extracts of the evaluated fruits, either alone or in combination, for photoprotective and antioxidant purposes. Conclusion: the Brazilian and international market for sun care products moves millions to billions of dollars annually and have a significant annual growth prospect. Considering the great biodiversity existing in the country, the production of cosmetics from naturally occurring substances with such activities will be of great importance for the Brazilian industrial sector.
Introdução: os filtros solares são cosméticos usados para proteger a pele humana dos efeitos deletérios da radiação UV e assim, minimizar os riscos de desenvolvimento de câncer de pele. Extratos produzidos a partir de frutos, como Abiu, Goiaba, Rambutan e Uva, têm concentrações significativas de cromóforos e substâncias fenólicas que têm a capacidade de absorver a radiação UV e neutralizar os radicais livres. A produção de cosméticos a partir de substâncias naturais com essas atividades será de grande importância para a indústria brasileira e poderá reduzir o custo de produção, dada a grande biodiversidade existente no país. Objetivos: realizar uma busca de registros de patentes de formulações e produtos cosméticos que contêm extratos de frutos ricos em fenólicos como bioativos fotoprotetores e antioxidantes. Metodologia: foi realizado um levantamento de patentes no banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual (INPI) e do Escritório Europeu de Patentes (EPO), abrangendo um período de tempo entre 2008 e 2018, utilizando uma combinação de palavras-chave relacionadas a cosméticos à base de plantas e protetores solares. Resultados: esta pesquisa identificou um número significativo de patentes relacionadas ao extrato de plantas em associação ao produto protetor solar, no entanto, não foram identificados pedidos de patente para produtos cosméticos que contenham extratos das frutas avaliadas, isoladamente ou em combinação, para fins fotoprotetores e antioxidantes. Conclusão: o mercado brasileiro e internacional de produtos de proteção solar movimenta milhões a bilhões de dólares anualmente e tem a perspectiva de crescimento anual significativa. Considerando a grande biodiversidade existente no país, a produção de cosméticos a partir de substâncias naturais com essas atividades será de grande importância para o setor industrial brasileiro.
Assuntos
Plantas , Efeitos da Radiação , Protetores Solares , Cosméticos , Compostos Fenólicos , Fator de Proteção Solar , Base de DadosRESUMO
Introducción: El cáncer de piel es una afección donde se forma células cancerígenas en los tejidos de la piel. Estar expuestos a luz solar puede aumentar el riesgo de presentar cáncer de piel. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar características de riesgo y protección de los vendedores ambulantes en Cocha-bamba. Metodología: El trabajo presenta un diseño descriptivo, transversal, observacional y prospectivo, el cual fue realizado en los mercados populares y calles comerciales de Cochabamba. La población de estudio fueron 277 comerciantes ambulantes Resultados: 5,8% refieren tener familiares con antecedente de cáncer de piel, el 80,9% indica tener conocimiento que la exposición excesiva a rayos ultravioleta genera cáncer de piel. El 28,2% personas utilizan protector solar y 71,8% no. El tiempo de exposición a los rayos ultravioleta es; 7,2% indica menos de 4 horas, 38,3% 4 a 5 horas, 0,4% de 5 a 6 horas, 49,1% de 6 a 7 y el 5,1% mayor a 10 horas. El 84.1% usa indumentaria adecuada de protección contra los rayos ultravioleta y el 15.9% no. Discusión: Las radiaciones solares ejercen efectos perjudiciales sobre la piel, de modo que existe una clara relación entre la radiación ultravioleta y el cáncer de piel; se puede prevenir con educación dirigida a la población sobre dichos efectos y búsqueda activa que permita la detección temprana.
Summary Introduction: Skin cancer is a condition where cancer cells form in the skin tissues. Being exposed to sunlight can increase the risk in the skin cancer developing. The study objective is to determine the risk and protection characteristics of street sellers in Cochabamba. Methodology: The work presents a descriptive, transversal, obser-vational and prospective design, which was carried out in the popular markets and commercial streets from Cochabamba. The study population was 277 street sellers. Results: 5.8% report having relatives with skin cancer background, 80.9% indicate having knowledge about excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays generates skin cancer. 28.2% of people use sunscreen and 71.8% do not. The exposure time to ultraviolet rays is; 7.2% indicates less than 4 hours, 38.3% 4 to 5 hours, 0.4% 5 to 6 hours, 49.1 % 6 to 7 and 5.1 % greater than 10 hours. 84.1 % wear suitable protective clothing against ultraviolet rays and 15.9% do not. Discussion: Solar radiation exerts harmful effects on the skin, so that there is a clear relationship between ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer; It can be prevented with education directed at the population about these effects and an active search that allows early detection.
Introdução: O câncer de pele é uma doença em que as células cancerosas se for-mam nos tecidos da pele. Aexposição à luz solar pode aumentar o risco de desenvolver câncer de pele. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar as características de risco e proteção dos vendedores ambulantes em Cochabamba. Metodologia: O trabalho apresenta um desenho descritivo, transversal, observacional e prospectivo, realizado nas feiras populares e ruas comerciais de Cochabamba. A população do estudo foi de 277 vendedores ambulantes Resultados: 5,8% relatam ter familiares com histórico de câncer de pele, 80,9% indicam ter conhecimento que a exposição excessiva aos raios ultravioleta gera câncer de pele. 28,2% das pessoas usam protetor solar e 71,8% não. O tempo de exposição aos raios ultravioleta é: 7,2%, que indica menos de 4 horas; 38,3%, 4 a 5 horas; 0,4%, 5 a 6 horas; 49,1%, 6 a 7 e 5,1%, maiorque 10 horas. 84,1% usam roupas de proteção adequadas contra os raios ultravioleta e 15,9% não. Discussão: A radiação solar exerce efeitos nocivos sobre a pele, fazendo com que haja uma relação clara entre a radiação ultravioleta e o câncer de pele. Pode ser prevenida com educação direcionada à população sobre esses efeitos e uma busca ativa que permita a detecção precoce..
RESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos y hábitos de exposición solar en comerciantes ambulantes alrededor de un mercado de Chiclayo. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario a 291 comerciantes ambulantes ubicados alrededor del mercado Modelo de Chiclayo, que evaluaron los hábitos de exposición solar, medidas de foto protección, antecedentes de quemaduras solares y cáncer de piel, asi como conocimientos de radiación ultravioleta y fuentes de información. Resultados: Las edades fueron, 18-25 (42,3%), 36-54 (38,1%), 55 -78 (19,6%). En nivel de educación, el 13,1% tiene primaria completa, el 32,6% tiene secundaria completa y el 8,2% superior completa. Al momento del estudio el 71,9% llevaban más de 3 años trabajando como comerciantes ambulantes. Los fototipos de los participantes fueron fototipo I (0,3%), fototipo II (4,5%), fototipo III (24,7%), fototipo IV (48,8%), fototipo V (19,6%), fototipo VI (2,15). Un 90 ± 3,5% reconoce que causa cáncer de piel, un 53,6% reconoce que una característica del envejecimiento de la piel por radiación son las manchas y verrugas, un 56% respondió que la radiación solar causa cataratas, un 52,92% respondió que la gente de piel blanca es más sensible a los rayos del sol. Un 48,5% de ellos declararon exponerse más de 6 horas a los rayos solares, un 24,7% se expone de 3 6 horas al día, mientras que el 8,6% registraron el menor tiempo de exposición solar (0 2 horas). El 75,3% no utiliza bloqueador solar. Conclusión: Los conocimientos y hábitos de exposición solar en los comerciantes ambulantes son de regular a adecuado y los hábitos deficientes.
Objective: To determine the knowledge and habits of solar exposure in street vendors around a Chiclayo market. Methods: A questionnaire were applied to 291 street vendors located around the Chiclayo Model market, who evaluated the habits of sun exposure, photo protection measures, a history of sunburn and skin cancer, as well as knowledge of ultraviolet radiation and sources of information. Results: The ages were, 18-25 (42.3%), 36-54 (38.1%), 55 -78 (19.6%). At the educational level, 13.1% have a complete primary, 32.6% have a complete secondary and 8.2% have a complete superior. At the time of the study, 71.9% had been working as street vendors for more than 3 years. The phototypes of the participants were phototype I (0.3%), phototype II (4.5%), phototype III (24.7%), phototype IV (48.8%), phototype V (19.6%) , phototype VI (2.15). 90 ± 3.5% recognize that it causes skin cancer, 53.6% acknowledge that a characteristic of skin aging by radiation is spots and warts, 56% answered that solar radiation causes cataracts, 52.92% He replied that white-skinned people are more sensitive to the sun's rays. 48.5% of them declared that they were exposed to sunlight for more than 6 hours, 24.7% were exposed to 3-6 hours a day, while 8.6% had the shortest time of sun exposure (0 - 2 hours). 75.3% do not use sunscreen. Conclusion: The knowledge and habits of sun exposure in street traders are from fair to adequate and poor habits.
RESUMO
Introdução: Fotoproteção é indicada para reduzir a exposição ao dano actínico cutâneo, sendo relevante para a prevenção ao câncer da pele. A face é a área mais irradiada do corpo e é o local mais comum de ocorrência de tumores. Objetivo: Avaliar a quantidade aplicada de fotoprotetor tópico e a cobertura facial obtida por pacientes em seguimento por câncer da pele em uma instituição pública brasileira. Métodos: Estudo quasi-experimental envolvendo 40 pacientes oncológicos cutâneos. Foi solicitado que aplicassem filtro solar em suas faces (da forma como faziam habitualmente), e a quantidade (massa) utilizada foi aferida. Após, os participantes foram fotografados sob a luz de Wood para avaliar a homogeneidade da cobertura e as áreas faciais nas quais a cobertura falhou. Resultados: Quatorze participantes (35%) aplicaram uma quantidade menor do que a recomendada (2mg/cm2). As regiões com as menores coberturas foram as orelhas e a zona "H" da face. Conclusões: A aplicação insuficiente ou heterogênea de filtro solar em face, pescoço e orelhas promove falsa percepção de proteção, podendo acarretar uma exposição irresponsável. Conforme a idade da população e a incidência do câncer da pele aumentam, é essencial estimular a fotoproteção, por meio de informações apropriadas, especialmente entre indivíduos de alto risco.
Introduction: Photoprotection is indicated to reduce the exposure to cutaneous actinic damage and it is important to prevent skin cancer. The face is the most irradiated area of the body and is also where skin cancers most commonly occur. Objective: To evaluate the amount of sunscreen applied and its facial coverage in patients previously diagnosed with skin cancer, treated at a Brazilian public institution. Methods: Quasi-experimental study involving 40 patients undergoing skin cancer follow-up. Participants were asked to apply sunscreen on their face, as usual, and the mass used was measured. After, participants were photographed under Wood's light to evaluate the homogeneity of the sunscreen´s coverage, and facial sunscreen coverage failure. Results: Fourteen (35%) participants applied an estimated amount lower than recommended (2mg/cm2). The regions with smallest coverage were the ears and the "H" area of the face. Conclusions: The insufficient or heterogeneous sunscreen application on face, neck and ears may promote a false perception of protection, leading to irresponsible exposure. As the population ages and the incidence of skin cancers increases, it is essential to stimulate photoprotection, with appropriate information, especially among high-risk individuals
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The role of visible light (VL) in the process of skin pigmentation by solar radiation has been demonstrated. Sunscreens with the presence of pigments, particularly iron oxide (IO), have a greater protective effect against VL and are, therefore, highly recommended for prevention and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. This study aimed to evaluate 33 sunscreen formulations, and through spectrophotometric measurements, proposes new methods to evaluate the VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor. METHODS: 33 sunscreen formulations marketed in Brazil were evaluated, including 17 products containing pigments and 16 products with no pigments. Spectrophotometric measurements were taken to determine solar VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor, based on the absorption curve of the product, the pigmentation action spectrum and sun spectrum. RESULTS: Sunscreen with pigments presented a higher solar VL protection factor and pigmentation protection factor compared to products without pigment. The statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between the solar VL protection factor and the integral of the absorption curve in the VL range and the transmittance reduction (%) in the same range. The correlation between the VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor was also demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The VL protection factor and the pigmentation protection factor showed to be adequate metrics to estimate the effectiveness of sunscreens in the prevention of the pigmentary effect of solar VL and the pigmentary effect of the complete spectrum of immediate pigmentation.
RESUMO
Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the complete absence or decrease of melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes. Due to the reduction or absence of melanin, albinos are highly susceptible to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and are at increased risk of actinic damage and skin cancer. In Brazil, as in other parts of the world, albinism remains a little known disorder, both in relation to epidemiological data and to phenotypic and genotypic variation. In several regions of the country, individuals with albinism have no access to resources or specialized medical care, and are often neglected and deprived of social inclusion. Brazil is a tropical country, with a high incidence of solar radiation during the year nationwide. Consequently, actinic damage and skin cancer occur early and have a high incidence in this population, often leading to premature death. Skin monitoring of these patients and immediate therapeutic interventions have a positive impact in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Health education is important to inform albinos and their families, the general population, educators, medical professionals, and public agencies about the particularities of this genetic condition. The aim of this article is to present a review of the epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and psychosocial characteristics of albinism, with a focus in skin changes caused by this rare pigmentation disorder.
Assuntos
Albinismo/genética , Albinismo/patologia , Albinismo/complicações , Albinismo/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/etiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ceratose Actínica/etiologia , Ceratose Actínica/patologia , Masculino , Melaninas/deficiência , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/fisiopatologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: One of the main prevention methods against skin cancer is the use of sunscreen; however, incidence of this disease has not declined despite prevention campaigns. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the prevalence of non-use of sunscreen and its associated factors. METHOD: A population-based cross-sectional study with individuals aged 18 years or over living in the urban area. Conducted between April and July of 2016. Participants were interviewed about socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral questions. Non-use of sunscreen was considered as the outcome. For multivariate analysis, Poisson regression with robust adjustment for variance was used. RESULTS: Among the 1300 participants, prevalence of non-use of sunscreen was 38.2% (95% CI: 34.6-41.8). The variables independently associated with the outcome were male sex, older age, brown or black skin color, lower income, fewer years of education, no physical activity in leisure time, no medical consultations in the last year, and self-perception of health as regular or poor. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The prevalence may be underestimated by reports of more use of sunscreen than actually used, which could increase the figure in the outcome. CONCLUSION: It was estimated that about four out of ten adults and elderly do not use sunscreen in this sample. Prevention strategies are needed to advance health policy and ensure that sun protection options are easily accessible.
Assuntos
Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Feminino , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The knowledge of general practitioners about photoprotection is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate an instrument to evaluate the knowledge of general practitioners and pediatricians about photoprotection, gauging the knowledge of these professionals. METHODS: The study followed the steps: (1) Literature identification and item elaboration related to the theme; (2) Content validation; (3) Apparent validation; (4) Construct validation: internal consistency analysis and discriminatory analysis; (5) Reliability analysis. In Step 4, the instrument was applied to 217 general practitioners and pediatricians who worked in the host city of the study; the scores were compared with dermatologists scores. RESULTS: The final instrument had 41 items and showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.780), satisfactory reproducibility and good test-retest reliability (good-to-excellent kappa statistic in more than 60% of items). The discriminatory analysis registered a mean score of 54.1 points for dermatologists and 31.1 points for generalists and pediatricians, from a total of 82 possible points, representing a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Generalists and pediatricians demonstrated an understanding of the relationship between excessive sun exposure and skin cancer, but they revealed lack of technical information necessary for their professional practice. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The instrument evaluates only knowledge, without evaluating the conduct of the participants. CONCLUSION: The results show that the instrument has good internal consistency and good reproducibility. It could be useful in the identification of general practitioners and pediatricians knowledge gaps on the subject, for the subsequent development of training and educational strategies.
Assuntos
Clínicos Gerais/estatística & dados numéricos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pediatras/estatística & dados numéricos , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Energia Solar , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Protetores Solares/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Abstract Background One of the main prevention methods against skin cancer is the use of sunscreen; however, incidence of this disease has not declined despite prevention campaigns. Objective Investigate the prevalence of non-use of sunscreen and its associated factors. Method A population-based cross-sectional study with individuals aged 18 years or over living in the urban area. Conducted between April and July of 2016. Participants were interviewed about socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral questions. Non-use of sunscreen was considered as the outcome. For multivariate analysis, Poisson regression with robust adjustment for variance was used. Results Among the 1300 participants, prevalence of non-use of sunscreen was 38.2% (95% CI: 34.6-41.8). The variables independently associated with the outcome were male sex, older age, brown or black skin color, lower income, fewer years of education, no physical activity in leisure time, no medical consultations in the last year, and self-perception of health as regular or poor. Study limitations The prevalence may be underestimated by reports of more use of sunscreen than actually used, which could increase the figure in the outcome. Conclusion It was estimated that about four out of ten adults and elderly do not use sunscreen in this sample. Prevention strategies are needed to advance health policy and ensure that sun protection options are easily accessible.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Comportamentos de Risco à SaúdeRESUMO
Abstract Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the complete absence or decrease of melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes. Due to the reduction or absence of melanin, albinos are highly susceptible to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and are at increased risk of actinic damage and skin cancer. In Brazil, as in other parts of the world, albinism remains a little known disorder, both in relation to epidemiological data and to phenotypic and genotypic variation. In several regions of the country, individuals with albinism have no access to resources or specialized medical care, and are often neglected and deprived of social inclusion. Brazil is a tropical country, with a high incidence of solar radiation during the year nationwide. Consequently, actinic damage and skin cancer occur early and have a high incidence in this population, often leading to premature death. Skin monitoring of these patients and immediate therapeutic interventions have a positive impact in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Health education is important to inform albinos and their families, the general population, educators, medical professionals, and public agencies about the particularities of this genetic condition. The aim of this article is to present a review of the epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and psychosocial characteristics of albinism, with a focus in skin changes caused by this rare pigmentation disorder.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Albinismo/genética , Albinismo/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/fisiopatologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/etiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Albinismo/complicações , Albinismo/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Ceratose Actínica/etiologia , Ceratose Actínica/patologia , Melaninas/deficiênciaRESUMO
Abstract Background The knowledge of general practitioners about photoprotection is unknown. Objectives To develop and validate an instrument to evaluate the knowledge of general practitioners and pediatricians about photoprotection, gauging the knowledge of these professionals. Methods The study followed the steps: (1) Literature identification and item elaboration related to the theme; (2) Content validation; (3) Apparent validation; (4) Construct validation: internal consistency analysis and discriminatory analysis; (5) Reliability analysis. In Step 4, the instrument was applied to 217 general practitioners and pediatricians who worked in the host city of the study; the scores were compared with dermatologists scores. Results The final instrument had 41 items and showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.780), satisfactory reproducibility and good test-retest reliability (good-to-excellent kappa statistic in more than 60% of items). The discriminatory analysis registered a mean score of 54.1 points for dermatologists and 31.1 points for generalists and pediatricians, from a total of 82 possible points, representing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Generalists and pediatricians demonstrated an understanding of the relationship between excessive sun exposure and skin cancer, but they revealed lack of technical information necessary for their professional practice. Study limitations The instrument evaluates only knowledge, without evaluating the conduct of the participants. Conclusion The results show that the instrument has good internal consistency and good reproducibility. It could be useful in the identification of general practitioners and pediatricians knowledge gaps on the subject, for the subsequent development of training and educational strategies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Energia Solar , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Clínicos Gerais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pediatras/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Abstract BACKGROUND: Excessive sun exposure is the major risk factor for skin cancer. Thus, sun exposure behavior is the major focus for prevention of this disease, since it is potentially modifiable. Increasing the knowledge on sun related habits and other skin cancer risk factors is fundamental in the development of preventive programs, especially when directed to young people. OBJECTIVES: To assess the photoprotection habits and the knowledge about skin cancer in college students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study from Oct. 16 to Feb. 17, including 371 students from the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, through a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The level of knowledge about skin cancer and photoprotection was unsatisfactory in more than 10% of the students. The occurrence of sunburn was extremely high among students, and 25% reported at least one episode of second degree sunburn. Proper use of sunscreen was referred by only 34% of individuals. Students who reported having received photo education in college were associated with a more consistent use of sunscreen. STUDY LIMITATIONS: health area represented a large part of the sample; instrument validated outside Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Young people are unaware of basic information about sun protection and exposure. Even among those with proper knowledge, the use of photoprotective measures is very low. The sun exposure has shown to be excessive in most of the students, which makes this population an important target for photo-educational measures.