RESUMO

A biodegradable polymer packaging system for 'Benitaka' table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) was developed to inhibit the development of gray mold during refrigerated storage. The system consisted of packages and sachets containing Na2S2O5 to release sulfur dioxide (SO2), both produced with biodegradable films of starch, glycerol, and poly (adipate co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) produced via blown extrusion. The films were characterized in terms of thickness, density, mass loss in water, water vapor permeability, sorption isotherms, and mechanical properties. The table grapes were packed with biodegradable plastic bags containing SO2-releasing sachets inside. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four repetitions and five treatments: (a) control, without sachet containing Na2S2O5 and SiO2; (b) 2 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; (c) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 1 g of SiO2; (d) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; and (e) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 4 g of SiO2. The bunches were stored in a refrigerated chamber at 1 ± 1 °C and relative humidity above 90%. The treatments were evaluated 30 and 45 days after the beginning of refrigerated storage and 3 days at room temperature. The grapes were evaluated based on the incidence of gray mold, mass loss, stem browning, shattered berries, and berry bleaching. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Tukey's test at 5%. The biodegradable films had good processability during the production via blown extrusion, with good physical properties to be used in the packaging of grapes and the production of SO2-releasing sachets. The biodegradable polymer packaging system (biodegradable plastic bags + SO2-releasing sachets) inhibited the development of gray mold on 'Benitaka' table grapes for 45 days at 1 °C, preserving their quality, with low mass loss, few shattered berries, and rachis freshness.

RESUMO

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), despite its ubiquitousness, there is relatively less epidemiological evidence regarding the health risks associated with SO2 compared to other pollutants, especially in low-income countries where there are high levels of SO2 emissions. In this study, we estimated the association between ambient SO2 exposure and daily mortality in Brazil over a period of 15 years (2003-2017). We used an extension of the two-stage time-series design in a time-series analytic approach with a distributed lag model. The study population consisted of 2,872,084 death records, with a higher proportion of male deaths observed across all-cause mortality (58%). The majority of the individuals were aged above 65 years. The mean SO2 concentration across the study period was 1.5 µg/m³ (range: 0.0 to 71.0). The national meta-analysis for the whole dataset (without stratification by sex and age) showed an uncertain association, in which a 10 µg/m3 increase in daily SO2 was associated with an RR of mortality of 1.015 (95%CI: 0.992; 1.037). Robust associations were observed only for the subgroup analysis of people 46-65 years old [RR = 1.050 (95%CI: 1.004; 1.096)] and men 46-65 years old [RR = 1.064 (95%CI: 1.005; 1.122)]. We found moderate heterogeneity in the national analysis, with an I2 of 21% for the subgroup of people 46-65 years old. Excess mortality fraction for people between 46 and 65 years old attributable to per 10 µg/m3 increase in SO2 was 2.93% (95% eCI: 0.29%-6.78%). These results highlight the need for targeted air pollution control policies to reduce the health burden of SO2 exposure in Brazil. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the age-specific and regional effects of SO2 on mortality.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study analyzes the effect of lockdown due to COVID-19 on the spatiotemporal variability of ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in different provinces of continental Ecuador using satellite information from Sentinel - 5P. The statistical analysis includes data from 2018 to March 2021 and was performed based on three periods defined a priori: before, during, and after lockdown due to COVID-19, focusing on the provinces with the highest concentrations of the studied gases (hotspots). The results showed a significant decrease in NO2 concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown period in all the study areas: the Metropolitan District of Quito (DMQ) and the provinces of Guayas and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. In the period after lockdown, NO2 concentrations increased by over 20% when compared to the pre-lockdown period, which may be attributable to a shift towards private transportation due to health concerns. On the other hand, SO2 concentrations during the lockdown period showed irregular, non-significant variations; however, increases were observed in the provinces of Chimborazo, Guayas, Santa Elena, and Morona Santiago, which could be partly attributed to the eruptive activity of the Sangay volcano during 2019-2020. Conversely, O3 concentrations increased by 2-3% in the study areas; this anomalous behavior could be attributed to decreased levels of NOx, which react with ozone, reducing its concentration. Finally, satellite data validation using the corresponding data from monitoring stations in the DMQ showed correlation values of 0.9 for O3 data and 0.7 for NO2 data, while no significant correlation was found for SO2.

RESUMO

La Oroya is a city in the Peruvian Andes that has suffered a serious deterioration in its air quality, especially due to the high rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, which underlines the importance of knowing its sources of contamination and variation over the years. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the immission levels and determine the sources of SO2 contamination in La Oroya. This analysis was performed using the hourly concentration data of SO2, and meteorological variables (wind speed and direction), which were analyzed for a period of three years (2018-2020). Graphs of time series, wind and pollutant roses, bivariate polar graphs, clustering k-means, nonparametric statistical tests, and the application of the conditional bivariate probability function were performed to analyze the data and identify the emission sources. The mean concentration of SO2 was 264.2 µg m-3 for the study period, where 55.66 and 2.37% of the evaluated days exceeded the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standard for air for 24 h, respectively. The results showed a defined pattern for the daily and monthly variations, with peaks in the morning hours (0900-1000 h LT) and at the end of the year (December), respectively. The main sources of SO2 emissions identified were light and heavy vehicles that travel through the Central Highway, the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex, the transit of vehicles within the city, and the diesel-electric locomotives that provide cargo transportation services and tourism passenger transportation. The article attempts to contribute to the development of adequate air quality management policies.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have related sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure to asthma exacerbations. We utilized the University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry to study associations of asthma exacerbations between 2 geographically distinct populations of adults with asthma. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine whether asthma symptoms worsened following a significant fire event that destroyed pollution control equipment at the largest coke works in the United States. METHODS: Two groups of patients with asthma, namely, those residing within 10 miles of the coke works fire (the proximal group [n = 39]) and those residing beyond that range (the control group [n = 44]), were geocoded by residential address. Concentrations of ambient air SO2 were generated by using local University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute registry air monitoring data. Factory emissions were also evaluated. Data from a patient historical acute exposure survey and in-person follow-up data were evaluated. Inferential statistics were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: In the immediate postfire period (6-8 weeks), the level of emissions of SO2 from the factory emissions increased to 25 times more than the typical level. Following the pollution control breach, the proximal cohort self-reported an increase in medication use (risk ratio = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.1-2.8; P < .01) and more exacerbations. In a small subset of the follow-up cohort of those who completed the acute exposure survey only, asthma control metrics improved. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world exposure to a marked increase in ambient levels of SO2 from a pollution control breach was associated with worsened asthma control in patients proximal to the event, with the worsened control improving following repair of the controls. Improved spatial resolution of air pollutant measurements would enable better examination of exposures and subsequent health impacts.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Indoor environments contribute significantly to total human exposure to air pollutants, as people spend most of their time indoors. Household air pollution (HAP) resulting from cooking with polluting ("dirty") fuels, which include coal, kerosene, and biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and animal manure) is a global environmental health problem. Indoor pollutants are gases, particulates, toxins, and microorganisms among others, that can have an impact especially on the health of children and adults through a combination of different mechanisms on oxidative stress and gene activation, epigenetic, cellular, and immunological systems. Air pollution is a major risk factor and contributor to morbidity and mortality from major chronic diseases. Children are significantly affected by the impact of the environment due to biological immaturity, prenatal and postnatal lung development. Poor air quality has been related to an increased prevalence of clinical manifestations of allergic asthma and rhinitis. Health professionals should increase their role in managing the exposure of children and adults to air pollution with better methods of care, prevention, and collective action. Interventions to reduce household pollutants may promote health and can be achieved with education, community, and health professional involvement.

RESUMO

The demand for high-quality nutritional products has increased fruit consumption, as grapes, for this reason postharvest techniques are required to prevent losses, to preserve quality, to extend shelf life, and to attend to consumer needs. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate strategies to control gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in 'BRS Nubia' grapes during cold storage and shelf life periods. Grape bunches were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Marialva, Parana, Brazil. Grapes were subjected to the following treatments: cold storage at 2 ºC (control), cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads, cold storage at 2 ºC and inoculated with B. cinere a suspension, and cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads and inoculated with B. cinerea suspension. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five replications per treatment using four bunches per experiment al unit. A factorial arrangement (absence/presence of SO2 pads × absence/presence of Botrytis inoculation) was applied. At the end of 30 days of cold storage and 7 days of shelf life (22 ºC), gray mold incidence, shattered berries, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated. The gray mold incidence on 'BRS Nubia' grapes decreased when SO2-generating pads were used during cold storage. Berry weight loss was greater in the treatments without SO2-generating pads after 30 days of cold storage followed by 7 days of shelf life. Berry firmness, soluble solids content (SS), total acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and anthocyanins concentration were not negatively affected by SO2-generating pad treatments. However, a slight increase in the shattered berries percentage was recorded for the SO2-generating pad treatments. No significant quality loss of 'BRS Nubia' grape was evident after 30 days of cold storage [...].

A demanda por produtos de alta qualidade nutricional tem aumentado o consumo de frutas, como as uvas, por esse motivo, são necessárias a adoção de técnicas pós-colheita para evitar perdas, preservara qualidade e prolongar a vida útil, além de atender às necessidades do consumidor. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar estratégias para o controle do mofo cinzento causado por Botrytis cinerea em uvas 'BRS Nubia' durante o armazenamento refrigerado e a vida de prateleira. Cachos da uva 'BRS Nubia' foram colhidos em um vinhedo comercial localizado em Marialva, Paraná, Brasil. As uvas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC (controle);armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC com folha geradora de SO2; armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC, inoculado com suspensão de B. cinerea; e armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC com folha geradora deSO2, inoculado com suspensão de B. cinerea; empregando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial (ausência / presença de SO2 x ausência / presença de Botrytis), com cinco repetições e quatro cachos por repetição. Após 30 dias de armazenamento refrigerado e sete dias sob temperatura ambiente (22 ºC), avaliou-se a incidência de mofo cinzento, degrana e características físico-química das bagas. A incidência de mofo cinzento em uvas ‘BRS Nubia’ diminuiu com o uso de folhas geradoras de SO2 durante o armazenamento refrigerado. A perda de massa das bagas foi maior nos tratamentos sem folhas geradoras de SO2 após 30 dias de armazenamento refrigerado e 7 dias de prateleira. A firmeza das bagas, a concentração de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez total (TA), SS/TA e antocianinas totais não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos com folhas geradoras de SO2. No entanto, houve aumento na porcentagem de degrana das bagas nesses tratamentos. Não foi observada perda significativa de qualidade [...].

Assuntos

RESUMO

The demand for high-quality nutritional products has increased fruit consumption, as grapes, for this reason postharvest techniques are required to prevent losses, to preserve quality, to extend shelf life, and to attend to consumer needs. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate strategies to control gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in 'BRS Nubia' grapes during cold storage and shelf life periods. Grape bunches were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Marialva, Parana, Brazil. Grapes were subjected to the following treatments: cold storage at 2 ºC (control), cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads, cold storage at 2 ºC and inoculated with B. cinere a suspension, and cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads and inoculated with B. cinerea suspension. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five replications per treatment using four bunches per experiment al unit. A factorial arrangement (absence/presence of SO2 pads × absence/presence of Botrytis inoculation) was applied. At the end of 30 days of cold storage and 7 days of shelf life (22 ºC), gray mold incidence, shattered berries, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated. The gray mold incidence on 'BRS Nubia' grapes decreased when SO2-generating pads were used during cold storage. Berry weight loss was greater in the treatments without SO2-generating pads after 30 days of cold storage followed by 7 days of shelf life. Berry firmness, soluble solids content (SS), total acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and anthocyanins concentration were not negatively affected by SO2-generating pad treatments. However, a slight increase in the shattered berries percentage was recorded for the SO2-generating pad treatments. No significant quality loss of 'BRS Nubia' grape was evident after 30 days of cold storage [...].(AU)

A demanda por produtos de alta qualidade nutricional tem aumentado o consumo de frutas, como as uvas, por esse motivo, são necessárias a adoção de técnicas pós-colheita para evitar perdas, preservara qualidade e prolongar a vida útil, além de atender às necessidades do consumidor. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar estratégias para o controle do mofo cinzento causado por Botrytis cinerea em uvas 'BRS Nubia' durante o armazenamento refrigerado e a vida de prateleira. Cachos da uva 'BRS Nubia' foram colhidos em um vinhedo comercial localizado em Marialva, Paraná, Brasil. As uvas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC (controle);armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC com folha geradora de SO2; armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC, inoculado com suspensão de B. cinerea; e armazenamento refrigerado à 2 ºC com folha geradora deSO2, inoculado com suspensão de B. cinerea; empregando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial (ausência / presença de SO2 x ausência / presença de Botrytis), com cinco repetições e quatro cachos por repetição. Após 30 dias de armazenamento refrigerado e sete dias sob temperatura ambiente (22 ºC), avaliou-se a incidência de mofo cinzento, degrana e características físico-química das bagas. A incidência de mofo cinzento em uvas ‘BRS Nubia diminuiu com o uso de folhas geradoras de SO2 durante o armazenamento refrigerado. A perda de massa das bagas foi maior nos tratamentos sem folhas geradoras de SO2 após 30 dias de armazenamento refrigerado e 7 dias de prateleira. A firmeza das bagas, a concentração de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez total (TA), SS/TA e antocianinas totais não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos com folhas geradoras de SO2. No entanto, houve aumento na porcentagem de degrana das bagas nesses tratamentos. Não foi observada perda significativa de qualidade [...].(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Birth weight is an important indicator of several conditions that manifest earlier (as fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development) and later in life such as chronic diseases. Air pollution has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: Retrospective cohort study investigated the association between low birth weight (LBW) and maternal exposure to air pollutants in Volta Redonda city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2003 to 2006. Methods: Birth data was obtained from Brazilian Information System. Exposure information (O3, PM10, temperature and humidity) was provided by Governmental Air Quality Monitoring System. Linear and Logistic models, adjusted for sex, type of pregnancy, prenatal care, place of birth, maternal age, parity, education, congenital anomalies and weather variables were employed. Results: Low birth weight (LBW) represented 9.1% of all newborns (13,660). For an interquartile range increase in PM10 it was found OR2 ndTrimester = 1.06 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.10), OR3 rdTrimester = 1.06 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.10) and, in O3 it was found OR2 ndTrimester = 1.03 (95%CI 1.01 - 1.04), OR3 rdTrimester = 1.03 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.04). The dose-response relationship and a reduction in birth weight of 31.11 g (95%CI -56.64 - -5.58) was observed in the third trimester of pregnancy due to an interquartile increase of O3. Conclusion: This study suggests that exposures to PM10 and O3, even being below the Brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight.

RESUMO: Introdução: O peso de nascimento é considerado como um indicador importante de várias condições que se manifestam mais cedo (como mortalidade fetal e neonatal e morbidade, inibição do crescimento e desenvolvimento cognitivo) e mais tarde na vida, tais como as doenças crônicas. A poluição atmosférica tem sido associada a efeitos adversos da gestação. Objetivo: Estudo de coorte histórica que associa o baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) e a exposição materna aos poluentes do ar em Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 2003 e 2006. Metodologia: Dados sobre nascidos vivos foram obtidos no sistema de informação Brasileiro, e os de exposição (O3, PM10, temperatura e umidade) na rede pública de monitoramento do ar. Foram utilizados modelos lineares e logísticos, ajustados por sexo, tipo de gravidez, assistência pré-natal, local de nascimento, idade materna, paridade, educação, anomalias congênitas e variáveis meteorológicas. Resultados: A prevalência de BPN foi de 9,1% sobre 13.660 nascimentos. Para o aumento de um interquartil no nível de PM10 (OR2 ºtrimestre = 1,06; IC95% 1,02 - 1,10; OR3 ºtrimestre = 1,06; IC95% 1,02 - 1,10) e no nível de O3 (OR2 ºtrimestre = 1,03; IC95% 1,01 - 1,04; OR3 ºtrimestre = 1,03; IC95% 1,02 - 1,04). Observou-se uma relação dose-resposta e uma redução do peso ao nascer de 31,11 g (95%IC -56,64 - -5,58) no terceiro trimestre da gravidez devido ao aumento de um interquartil de O3. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que exposições ao PM10 e O3, mesmo abaixo de padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para os riscos de BPN.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The distinct thermochromism observed in solutions containing N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and N,N-diethylaniline (DEA) and SO2 was investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy in a wide range of temperatures. The results indicate in addition to the charge transfer (CT) complexes DMA-SO2 and DEA-SO2, the presence of collision complexes involving the CT complexes and excess DMA and DEA molecules. The latter in fact is the chromophore responsible for the long wavelength absorption originating the color. The Raman signature of the collision complex was attributed to the distinct enhancement of a band at 1140cm-1 assigned to νs(SO2), in contrast to the same mode in the 1:1 complex at 1115cm-1. The intensity of such band, assigned to the collision complex is favored at high temperatures and depends on the steric hindrance associated to amines, as well as the SO2 molar fraction. Quantum chemical calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) support the proposed interpretation.

RESUMO

Abstract Background: There is evidence of the effects of air pollution on hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Objective: To estimate the association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admissions due to myocardial infarction according to gender, between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2013, in São Jose dos Campos-SP. Methods: An ecological time series study was carried out with daily data of admissions due to AMI, pollutants CO, O3, PM10, SO2, and NO2, according to gender. We used the Poisson regression generalized linear model to estimate the relative risks of hospital admissions with lags of 0-5 days, adjusted for temperature, humidity, seasonality and days of the week. Results: There were 1837 admissions for ischemic heart diseases, with 636 women and 1201 men. For females, the risks were significant for CO in lag 0 (RR = 1,09), lag1 (RR = 1,08) and lag 5 (RR = 1,10) and SO2 in lag 0 (RR = 1,10) and 3 (RR = 1,09). For men there was significance of the CO in, lag 3 and lag 5 (RR = 1,05). There was significance, regardless of gender, for CO at lag 1 (RR = 1,05) and lag 5 (RR = 1,07) and lag 0 for SO2 (RR = 1,06). Conclusion: The data presented show the important role of CO and SO2 in the genesis of myocardial infarction admissions, and responses to pollutant exposure are different if analyzed by gender and together - hence the importance of a stratified analyses.

Resumo Fundamento: Existem evidências sobre os efeitos da poluição do ar nas internações por doenças cardiovasculares, entre elas o infarto do miocárdio. Objetivo: Estimar a associação entre exposição a poluentes do ar e internações por infarto segundo gêneros, entre 01 de Janeiro de 2012 e 31 de Dezembro de 2013, em São José dos Campos - SP. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal com dados diários de internações por IAM dos poluentes CO, O3, PM10, SO2, NO2, segundo gêneros. Utilizou-se modelo linear generalizado da Regressão de Poisson para estimar os riscos relativos para internações com defasagens de 0 a 5 dias, ajustados por temperatura, umidade, sazonalidade e dias da semana. Resultados: Foram 1837 internações por doenças isquêmicas do coração, sendo 636 mulheres e 1201 homens. Para o gênero feminino, os riscos foram significativos para o CO nos lag 0 (RR = 1,09), lag1 (RR = 1,08) e lag 5 (RR = 1,10) e para o SO2 no lag 0 (RR = 1,10) e 3 (RR = 1,09). Para o gênero masculino houve significância para o CO no lag 3 e lag 5 (RR = 1,05). Sem distinção de gênero houve significância para o CO no lag 1 (RR = 1,05) e lag 5 (RR = 1,07) e no lag 0 para o SO2 (RR = 1,06). Conclusão: Os dados apresentados mostram o importante papel do CO e do SO2 na gênese das internações por infarto e que as respostas à exposição aos poluentes são diferentes se analisadas por sexo e em conjunto, daí a importância de se estratificarem as análises.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Beer is an extremely complex mixture of more than 3,000 different compounds in an aqueous environment. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that the maintenance of beer quality throughout its lifetime has been a considerable challenge for brewers. Whilst it is inevitable that chemical changes will occur in beer with the passage of time, it is the formation of flavor-active components which is of immediate concern to an overview of beer shelf life stability. Sulfur dioxide has long been recognized by brewers as the most important factor in delaying flavor staling, and prolonging the shelf life of beer. However, nowadays, sulfur dioxide and sulfites are considered allergens and concerns about the safety of their use as food additives have been on the increase. The present review is structured into three main parts. Firstly, the chemical properties of sulfur dioxide are presented, along with the toxic effects and maximum legal levels permitted according to U.S. and EU legislation. As the accurate determination of the free, bound and total sulfur dioxide in beer is essential to ensuring regulatory compliance, several methods have been developed for analyzing sulfur dioxide in beer. Thus, secondly, various types of methods are reported and compared with the officially recommended ones. Finally, the crucial role of sulfite in the control of flavor instability of beer is discussed in light of the current data. Two courses of action have been proposed, which are elucidated in detail relating firstly to the fact that sulfite inhibits beer oxidation during storage by acting as an antioxidant and, secondly, sulfite reacts with the carbonyl staling compounds in beer, and thereby masks stale flavors.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Beer is an extremely complex mixture of more than 3,000 different compounds in an aqueous environment. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that the maintenance of beer quality throughout its lifetime has been a considerable challenge for brewers. Whilst it is inevitable that chemical changes will occur in beer with the passage of time, it is the formation of flavor-active components which is of immediate concern to an overview of beer shelf life stability. Sulfur dioxide has long been recognized by brewers as the most important factor in delaying flavor staling, and prolonging the shelf life of beer. However, nowadays, sulfur dioxide and sulfites are considered allergens and concerns about the safety of their use as food additives have been on the increase. The present review is structured into three main parts. Firstly, the chemical properties of sulfur dioxide are presented, along with the toxic effects and maximum legal levels permitted according to U.S. and EU legislation. As the accurate determination of the free, bound and total sulfur dioxide in beer is essential to ensuring regulatory compliance, several methods have been developed for analyzing sulfur dioxide in beer. Thus, secondly, various types of methods are reported and compared with the officially recommended ones. Finally, the crucial role of sulfite in the control of flavor instability of beer is discussed in light of the current data. Two courses of action have been proposed, which are elucidated in detail relating firstly to the fact that sulfite inhibits beer oxidation during storage by acting as an antioxidant and, secondly, sulfite reacts with the carbonyl staling compounds in beer, and thereby masks stale flavors.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Para prever o tempo médio de internações por doenças cardiovasculares relacionadas à exposição de poluentes do ar em São José dos Campos (SP), em 2009, foi construído um modelo linguístico fuzzy, baseado no método de Mamdani, com variáveis de entrada: material particulado, dióxido de enxofre, temperatura e vento, obtidos da CETESB, com duas funções de pertinência cada. A variável de saída é o tempo médio de internações, obtido do Datasus, com seis funções de pertinência. O tempo médio fornecido pelo modelo foi comparado aos dados reais segundo defasagens de 0 a 4 dias. Este modelo foi construído no toolbox fuzzy do Matlab v. 7.5. Sua acurácia foi avaliada pela curva ROC. Foram registradas 1119 internações com o tempo médio de 7,9 dias (dp = 4,9). Os dados fornecidos mostraram significativa correlação com os dados reais, segundo as defasagens de 0 a 4 dias. O poluente que mostrou melhor acurácia foi o dióxido de enxofre. Este modelo pode ser utilizado como base de sistema especialista, que pode auxiliar o gestor municipal na avaliação do risco de internações em função dos poluentes do ar.

Abstract A fuzzy linguistic model based on the Mamdani method with input variables, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, temperature and wind obtained from CETESB with two membership functions each was built to predict the average hospitalization time due to cardiovascular diseases related to exposure to air pollutants in São José dos Campos in the State of São Paulo in 2009. The output variable is the average length of hospitalization obtained from DATASUS with six membership functions. The average time given by the model was compared to actual data using lags of 0 to 4 days. This model was built using the Matlab v. 7.5 fuzzy toolbox. Its accuracy was assessed with the ROC curve. Hospitalizations with a mean time of 7.9 days (SD = 4.9) were recorded in 1119 cases. The data provided revealed a significant correlation with the actual data according to the lags of 0 to 4 days. The pollutant that showed the greatest accuracy was sulfur dioxide. This model can be used as the basis of a specialized system to assist the city health authority in assessing the risk of hospitalizations due to air pollutants.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sodium metabisulfite is the main additive used in the prevention of melanosis in shrimp; however, it has currently been employed with great variation in concentration by producers. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between the concentration of the sodium metabisulfite solution and immersion time of the whole shrimp to obtain the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in accordance with the limit established by law. For this, solutions of sodium metabisulfite at different concentrations (1%, 2 %, 3 %, 4% and 5%) were prepared and samples of L. vannamei shrimp (100g) were immersed during 10, 20 or 30 minutes at temperature of 7°C. For all treatment assayed the concentration of SO2 was determined in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (L. vannamei). The results show that for the conditions used in this study, the correlations were linear, with significant increase (P<0.05) in the SO2 concentration in the edible muscle of shrimps both increasing sodium metabisulfite concentration as increasing immersion times, suggesting the immersion of shrimps in a 3% solution for a time of 13 minutes in order to obtain SO2 concentration of 100ppm in its edible muscle in accordance with Brazilian legislation.

O metabissulfito de sódio é o principal aditivo usado na prevenção da melanose em camarão, porém, atualmente, é empregado com grande variação de suas concentrações pelos produtores. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a correlação entre a concentração da solução de metabissulfito de sódio e do tempo de imersão do camarão inteiro para obter a concentração final de dióxido de enxofre (SO2) no músculo comestível de camarão cultivado (Litopenaeus vannamei), de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Para isso, foram preparadas soluções de metabissulfito de sódio em diferentes concentrações (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% e 5%); e amostras de camarão L. vannamei (100g) foram imersas durante 10, 20 e 30 minutos à temperatura de 7ºC. Para todos os tratamentos, foram realizadas análises da concentração de SO2 no músculo comestível do camarão cultivado (L. vannamei). Os resultados demonstraram que, para as condições empregadas nesta pesquisa, as correlações encontradas foram lineares, ocorrendo um aumento significativo (P<0,05) nos teores de SO2 no músculo comestível do camarão, tanto com o aumento da concentração das soluções de metabissulfito de sódio, quanto com o aumento no tempo de imersão, sendo possível sugerir a imersão dos camarões em solução a 3% por um tempo de 13 minutos, de forma a se obter, em seu músculo comestível, a concentração de 100ppm de SO2, de acordo com o recomendado pela legislação brasileira.

RESUMO

Sodium metabisulfite is the main additive used in the prevention of melanosis in shrimp; however, it has currently been employed with great variation in concentration by producers. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between the concentration of the sodium metabisulfite solution and immersion time of the whole shrimp to obtain the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in accordance with the limit established by law. For this, solutions of sodium metabisulfite at different concentrations (1%, 2 %, 3 %, 4% and 5%) were prepared and samples of L. vannamei shrimp (100g) were immersed during 10, 20 or 30 minutes at temperature of 7°C. For all treatment assayed the concentration of SO2 was determined in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (L. vannamei). The results show that for the conditions used in this study, the correlations were linear, with significant increase (P<0.05) in the SO2 concentration in the edible muscle of shrimps both increasing sodium metabisulfite concentration as increasing immersion times, suggesting the immersion of shrimps in a 3% solution for a time of 13 minutes in order to obtain SO2 concentration of 100ppm in its edible muscle in accordance with Brazilian legislation.(AU)

O metabissulfito de sódio é o principal aditivo usado na prevenção da melanose em camarão, porém, atualmente, é empregado com grande variação de suas concentrações pelos produtores. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a correlação entre a concentração da solução de metabissulfito de sódio e do tempo de imersão do camarão inteiro para obter a concentração final de dióxido de enxofre (SO2) no músculo comestível de camarão cultivado (Litopenaeus vannamei), de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Para isso, foram preparadas soluções de metabissulfito de sódio em diferentes concentrações (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% e 5%); e amostras de camarão L. vannamei (100g) foram imersas durante 10, 20 e 30 minutos à temperatura de 7ºC. Para todos os tratamentos, foram realizadas análises da concentração de SO2 no músculo comestível do camarão cultivado (L. vannamei). Os resultados demonstraram que, para as condições empregadas nesta pesquisa, as correlações encontradas foram lineares, ocorrendo um aumento significativo (P<0,05) nos teores de SO2 no músculo comestível do camarão, tanto com o aumento da concentração das soluções de metabissulfito de sódio, quanto com o aumento no tempo de imersão, sendo possível sugerir a imersão dos camarões em solução a 3% por um tempo de 13 minutos, de forma a se obter, em seu músculo comestível, a concentração de 100ppm de SO2, de acordo com o recomendado pela legislação brasileira.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sodium metabisulfite is the main additive used in the prevention of melanosis in shrimp; however, it has currently been employed with great variation in concentration by producers. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between the concentration of the sodium metabisulfite solution and immersion time of the whole shrimp to obtain the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in accordance with the limit established by law. For this, solutions of sodium metabisulfite at different concentrations (1%, 2 %, 3 %, 4% and 5%) were prepared and samples of L. vannamei shrimp (100g) were immersed during 10, 20 or 30 minutes at temperature of 7;C. For all treatment assayed the concentration of SO2 was determined in the edible muscle of farmed shrimp (L. vannamei). The results show that for the conditions used in this study, the correlations were linear, with significant increase (P 0.05) in the SO2 concentration in the edible muscle of shrimps both increasing sodium metabisulfite concentration as increasing immersion times, suggesting the immersion of shrimps in a 3% solution for a time of 13 minutes in order to obtain SO2 concentration of 100ppm in its edible muscle in accordance with Brazilian legislation

O metabissulfito de s;dio ; o principal aditivo usado na preven;;o da melanose em camar;o, por;m, atualmente, ; empregado com grande varia;;o de suas concentra;;es pelos produtores. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a correla;;o entre a concentra;;o da solu;;o de metabissulfito de s;dio e do tempo de imers;o do camar;o inteiro para obter a concentra;;o final de di;xido de enxofre (SO2) no m;sculo comest;vel de camar;o cultivado (Litopenaeus vannamei), de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela legisla;;o. Para isso, foram preparadas solu;;es de metabissulfito de s;dio em diferentes concentra;;es (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% e 5%); e amostras de camar;o L. vannamei (100g) foram imersas durante 10, 20 e 30 minutos ; temperatura de 7;C. Para todos os tratamentos, foram realizadas an;lises da concentra;;o de SO2 no m;sculo comest;vel do camar;o cultivado (L. vannamei). Os resultados demonstraram que, para as condi;;es empregadas nesta pesquisa, as correla;;es encontradas foram lineares, ocorrendo um aumento significativo (P 0,05) nos teores de SO2 no m;sculo comest;vel do camar;o, tanto com o aumento da concentra;;o das solu;;es de metabissulfito de s;dio, quanto com o aumento no tempo de imers;o, sendo poss;vel sugerir a imers;o dos camar;es em solu;;o a 3% por um tempo de 13 minutos, de forma a se obter, em seu m;sculo comest;vel, a concentra;;o de 100ppm de SO2, de acordo com

RESUMO

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Little has been discussed about the increased risk of stroke after exposure to air pollutants, particularly in Brazil. The mechanisms through which air pollution can influence occurrences of vascular events such as stroke are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between exposure to some air pollutants and risk of death due to stroke. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time series study with data from São José dos Campos, Brazil. METHODS: Data on deaths due to stroke among individuals of all ages living in São José dos Campos and on particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and ozone were used. Statistical analysis was performed using a generalized additive model of Poisson regression with the Statistica software, in unipollutant and multipollutant models. The percentage increase in the risk of increased interquartile difference was calculated. RESULTS: There were 1,032 deaths due to stroke, ranging from 0 to 5 per day. The statistical significance of the exposure to particulate matter was ascertained in the unipollutant model and the importance of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, in the multipollutant model. The increases in risk were 10% and 7%, for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, respectively. CONCLUSION: It was possible to identify exposure to air pollutants as a risk factor for death due to stroke, even in a city with low levels of air pollution. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Pouco se tem discutido sobre o aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral após exposição a poluentes do ar, principalmente no Brasil. Os mecanismos pelos quais a poluição pode influenciar a ocorrência de eventos vasculares, tais como acidente vascular cerebral, ainda são pouco compreendidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação entre exposição a alguns poluentes do ar e risco de morte por acidente vascular cerebral. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de São José dos Campos, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Dados sobre mortes por acidente vascular cerebral em indivíduos de todas as idades que vivem em São José dos Campos e sobre material particulado, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio foram utilizados. A análise estatística utilizou modelo aditivo generalizado de regressão de Poisson com o software Statistica, em modelos "unipollutant" e "multipollutant". Foi calculado o percentual de aumento no risco para o aumento da diferença interquartil. RESULTADOS: Houve 1.032 mortes por acidente vascular cerebral, que variou de 0 a 5 por dia. A significância estatística da exposição ao material particulado em modelo "unipoluente" e a importância do material particulado e dióxido de enxofre no modelo "multipoluente" foram verificadas. O aumento do risco foi de 10% e 7%, respectivamente para material particulado e dióxido de enxofre. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível identificar exposição a poluentes do ar como um fator de risco para morte por acidente vascular cerebral, mesmo em uma cidade com baixos níveis de poluição do ar. .

Assuntos

RESUMO

Exposure to air pollutants is associated with hospitalizations due to pneumonia in children. We hypothesized the length of hospitalization due to pneumonia may be dependent on air pollutant concentrations. Therefore, we built a computational model using fuzzy logic tools to predict the mean time of hospitalization due to pneumonia in children living in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. The model was built with four inputs related to pollutant concentrations and effective temperature, and the output was related to the mean length of hospitalization. Each input had two membership functions and the output had four membership functions, generating 16 rules. The model was validated against real data, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate model performance. The values predicted by the model were significantly correlated with real data. Sulfur dioxide and particulate matter significantly predicted the mean length of hospitalization in lags 0, 1, and 2. This model can contribute to the care provided to children with pneumonia.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sulfites [Formula: see text] or sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a preservative widely used in fruits and fruit-derived products. This study aims to propose a membrane contactor process for the selective removal and recovery of SO2 from wines in order to obtain its reliable quantification. Currently, the aspiration and Ripper methods offer a difficult quantification of the sulfite content in red wines because they involve evaporation steps of diluted compounds and a colorimetric assay, respectively. Therefore, an inexpensive and accurate methodology is not currently available for continuous monitoring of SO2 in the liquids food industry. Red wine initially acidified at pH < 1 was treated by membrane extraction at 25 ℃. This operation is based on a hydrophobic Hollow Fiber Contactor, which separates the acidified red wine in the shell side and a diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide solution as receiving solution into the lumenside in countercurrent. Sulfite and bisulfite in the acidified red wine become molecular SO2, which is evaporated through the membrane pores filled with gas. Thus, SO2 is trapped in a colorless solution and the membrane contactor controls its transfer, decreasing experimental error induced in classical methods. Experimental results using model solutions with known concentration values of [Formula: see text] show an average extraction percentage of 98.91 after 4 min. On the other hand, two types of Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon wines were analyzed with the same system to quantify the content of free and total sulfites. Results show a good agreement between these methods and the proposed technique, which shows a lower experimental variability.

Assuntos