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Introducción: el artículo analiza los lineamientos en educación alimentaria y de fomento agrícola que circularon en la Revista Educador Sanitario, publicación oficial de la repartición nacional de educación sanitaria de Argentina durante la década de 1960. Desarrollo: el trabajo explora las adaptaciones discursivas de los sanitaristas argentinos a las directrices internacionales de desarrollo para promover la campaña mundial contra el "hambre oculta", definida como aquellos patrones culturales alimentarios de baja calidad nutricional. Luego, examina las prescripciones dietéticas para las familias populares que pretendían estimular como hábitos, calidad, variedad y austeridad. Por último, revisa las tensiones y las contradicciones inmanentes a las referencias eruditas en torno al fomento agrícola y a las reglas del libre comercio, al evidenciar las inequidades alimentarias y la falta de infraestructura federal para lograr la ansiada modernización agroalimentaria. Conclusiones: el discurso de los desarrollistas sobre alimentación nutritiva apropiadas por la revista fueron funcionales al clima de proscripción peronista. Los consejos dietéticos y en economía doméstica apuntaron a sustituir el consumo cárnico por otras fuentes proteicas, como legumbres y lácteos, y los hidratos de carbono simples, por complejos, como las hortalizas. No obstante, sus vinculaciones con el fomento a las agroeconomías de subsistencia refutaron la pre- valencia del "hambre oculta" como problema alimentario en Argentina, pues, en sintonía con los parámetros internacionales, de esta manera se propiciaría una dinámica de redistribución alimenticia, capaz de reponer las vacancias del mercado interno y de estimular las exportaciones netas al prevenir la erosión de los saldos exportables
Introduction: This article analyzes the guidelines on food education and agricultural promotion that circulated in the Revista Educador Sanitario, the official publication of the national health education department of Argentina during the 1960s. Development: The study explores the discursive adaptations by Argentinean sanitarians to the international development guidelines toward promoting the global campaign against "hidden hunger," which referred to the cultural eating patterns of low nutritional quality food. Then, the study examines the dietary prescriptions for popular families that were intended to stimulate quality, variety, and austerity as healthy habits. Finally, it reviews the tensions and contradictions immanent in the scholarly references to agricultural promotion and free trade rules, highlighting food inequities and the lack of infrastructure at the federal level to successfully achieve the desired agri-food modern- ization. Conclusions: The developmentalist disourse on nutritious food appropriated by the Revista were found to be functional to the climate of peronist prescription. Dietary and home economics suggestions attempted to substitute meat consumption for other protein sources such as legumes and dairy products and that of simple carbohydrates for complex ones such as vegetables. However, their links with the promotion of subsistence agro-economies refuted the prevalence of "hidden hunger" as a food problem in Argentina. In line with the international parameters, this approach would promote a dynamic of food redistribution to replenish the gaps in the domestic market and stimulate net exports by preventing the erosion of exportable balances.
Introdução: o artigo analisa as orientações sobre educação alimentar e promoção agrícola que circularam na Revista Educador Sanitário, publicação oficial do departamento nacional de educação sanitária da Argentina durante a década de 1960. Desenvolvimento: o trabalho explora as adaptações discursivas que foram feitas por sanitaristas argentinos às diretrizes de desenvolvimento internacional para promover a campanha global contra a "fome oculta", definida como aqueles padrões alimentares culturais de baixa qualidade nutricional. Em seguida, examina as prescrições alimentares para famílias populares que visavam estimular a qualidade, a variedade e a austeridade como hábitos. Por fim, revisa as tensões e contradições inerentes aos referenciais acadêmicos sobre desenvolvimento agrícola e regras de livre comércio, evidenciando as iniquidades alimentares e a falta de infraestrutura no nível federal para alcançar a tão esperada modernização agroalimentar. Conclusões: os discursos desenvolvimentistas sobre alimentação nutritiva apropriados pela Revista foram funcionais ao clima de proscrição pero- nista. Aconselhamento dietético e de economia doméstica visando a substituição do consumo de carne por outras fontes de proteína, como leguminosas e laticínios; e carboidratos simples para os complexos, como vegetais. No entanto, seus vínculos com a promoção de agroeconomias de subsistência refutaram a prevalência da "fome oculta" como problema alimentar na Argentina. Pois bem, em sintonia com os parâmetros internacionais, isso promoveria uma dinâmica de redistribuição de alimentos, capaz de repor as vagas no mercado interno e estimular as exportações líquidas ao evitar a erosão dos saldos exportáveis
Assuntos
HumanosRESUMO
In the Andes, the diversification of economic activities among the peasant population is common practice. However, it is not a uniform strategy: as new employment and economic possibilities have emerged, the disparity of pluriactive strategies has multiplied. Based on a particular case study (Amantaní Island, Lake Titicaca), where community-based tourism has developed strongly, we will compare the resilience of these strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic, which paralysed economic activities, highlighted that the least vulnerable pluriactive strategies were those that included subsistence agriculture. In fact, this is something that the peasant population itself perceives: although the role of this type of agriculture in the family economy is decreasing, most households still invest time and capital to increase their family's agricultural resources.
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Resumen Introducción. En el municipio de El Peñol, Antioquia, la incursión de pequeños y medianos productores al mercado agroexportador de la gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) es hoy una realidad reconocida, que, asumida como caso de estudio, permite aportar a la comprensión de un fenómeno particular: el tránsito de agricultores tradicionales-locales hacia la producción para el mercado internacional, asunto sobre del que versa el presente estudio. Objetivo. Identificar y analizar las causas y consecuencias de la incursión de pequeños y medianos productores de El Peñol, Antioquia, al mercado agroexportador de la gulupa. Materiales y métodos. La investigación, de índole cualitativa, se centró en analizar las múltiples narrativas expuestas por los propios actores localmente asociados al cultivo de gulupa sobre las causas y consecuencias del fenómeno estudiado. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas a profundidad, posteriormente analizadas en su contenido. Resultados. Entre las causas de la incursión al mercado global destacan las ventajas ofrecidas por el cultivo ante la inestabilidad de los precios de los productos tradicionales, el conocimiento previo de la especie y la oportunidad de tránsito hacia una agricultura más limpia. Entre las consecuencias, el mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas familiares, la reafirmación de la vocación agrícola de pequeños y medianos productores y la alta dependencia de la intermediación realizada por las empresas agroexportadoras. Conclusiones. Las causas y consecuencias del cambio productivo presentan un carácter multidimensional y ambivalente, situación que induce a explorar el fenómeno más allá de su dimensión económica, dando cuenta, simultáneamente, de sus bondades y riesgos.
Abstract Introduction. In the municipality of El Peñol, Antioquia, the incursion of small and medium producers to the agricultural export market of gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) is currently a recognized reality. Subject which, assumed as a case study, contributes to the understanding of a particular phenomenon: the movement of traditional-local farmers towards production for the international market, an issue addressed by this research. Objective. Identify and analyze the causes and consequences of the incursion of small and medium producers from El Peñol, Antioquia, to the agricultural export market of the gulupa. Materials and methods. The research was qualitative and focused on analyzing the multiple narratives presented by the local actors, associated with the gulupa crops about the causes and consequences of the phenomenon studied. The information was collected through in-depth interviews, subsequently analyzing its content. Results. Among the causes of the global market incursion, the advantages offered by the crop are highlighted due to the instability of the prices of traditional products, the prior knowledge of the gulupa and the opportunity to move towards a cleaner agriculture. Among the consequences are the improvement of family socioeconomic conditions, the reaffirmation of the agricultural vocation of small and medium producers and the high dependence on intermediation carried out by agro-exporting companies. Conclusions. The causes and consequences of productive change have a multidimensional and ambivalent character, a situation that leads to explore the phenomenon beyond its economic dimension, while simultaneously presenting simultaneously its benefits and risks.
Resumo Introdução. No município de El Peñol, Antioquia, a incursão de pequenos e médios produtores no mercado agrícola de exportação da gulupa (Passifflora edulis Sims) é uma realidade hoje reconhecida, que, assumida como estudo de caso, permite contribuir para a compreensão de um fenômeno particular: o trânsito de agricultores tradicionais locais para a produção para o mercado internacional, assunto sobre o qual o estudo trata. Objetivo. Identificar e analisar as causas e consequências da incursão de pequenos e médios produtores de El Peñol, Antioquia, no mercado de exportação agrícola da gulupa. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa, de ordem qualitativa, teve como objetivo analisar as múltiplas narrativas apresentadas pelos próprios atores associados ao cultivo da gulupa sobre as causas e consequências do fenômeno estudado. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, posteriormente analisadas em seu conteúdo. Resultados. Entre as causas da incursão no mercado global, destacam-se as vantagens oferecidas pela gulupa, dada a instabilidade dos preços dos produtos tradicionais, o conhecimento prévio da espécie e a oportunidade de avançar para uma agricultura mais limpa. Entre as consequências, estão a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da família, a reafirmação da vocação agrícola dos pequenos e médios produtores e a alta dependência de intermediação realizada pelas empresas agroexportadoras. Conclusões. As causas e consequências da mudança produtiva têm um caráter multidimensional e ambivalente, situação que leva a explorar o fenômeno além de sua dimensão econômica, percebido, ao mesmo tempo, seus benefícios e riscos.
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OBJECTIVES: To explore impacts of a demonstration garden-based agricultural intervention on agricultural knowledge, practices and production, food security and preschool child diet diversity of subsistence farming households. DESIGN: Observational study of households new to the intervention or participating for 1 or 5 years. Variables measured were agricultural techniques learned from the intervention and used, agricultural production, household food insecurity (FIS) and child diet diversity (DDS), over one agricultural cycle (during land preparation, growing and harvest months). SETTING: Fifteen rural subsistence farming communities in Panama. PARTICIPANTS: Households participating in intervention (n 237) with minimum one preschool child. RESULTS: After 1 year, participants had more learned and applied techniques, more staple crops produced and lower FIS and higher DDS during land preparation and growing months compared with those new to the intervention. After 5 years, participants grew more maize, chickens and types of crops and had higher DDS during growing months and, where demonstration gardens persisted, used more learned techniques and children ate more vitamin A-rich foods. Variables associated with DDS varied seasonally: during land preparation, higher DDS was associated with higher household durable asset-based wealth; during growing months, with greater diversity of vegetables planted and lower FIS; during harvest, with older caregivers, caregivers working less in agriculture, more diverse crops and receiving food from demonstration gardens. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention improved food production, food security and diets. Sustained demonstration gardens were important for continued use of new agricultural techniques and improved diets.
Assuntos
Segurança Alimentar , Jardins , Agricultura , Animais , Galinhas , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Humanos , População RuralRESUMO
In the context of climate change, a nutritional transition, and increased pressures to migrate internally and internationally, this study examined the relationship between seasonal food insecurity and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors among small-scale subsistence farmers in rural northern Honduras. Anchored by a partnership with the Fundación para la Investigación Participativa con Agricultores de Honduras (FIPAH) and the Yorito Municipal Health Centre, a cross-sectional household survey was administered in Yorito, Honduras, in July 2014. The study population included 1263 individuals from 248 households across 22 rural communities. A multivariate mixed effects negative binomial regression model was built to investigate the relationship between the self-reported number of months without food availability and access from subsistence agriculture in the previous year (August 2013-July 2014) and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production variables. This study found a lengthier 'lean season' among surveyed household than previously documented in Honduras. Overall, 62.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): [59.52, 64.87]) of individuals experienced at least four months of insufficient food in the previous year. Individuals from poorer and larger households were more likely to experience insufficient food compared to individuals from wealthier and smaller households. Additionally, individuals from households that produced both maize and beans were less likely to have insufficient food compared to individuals from households that did not grow these staple crops (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.83; 95% CI: [0.69, 0.99]). Receiving remittances from a migrant family member did not significantly reduce the prevalence of having insufficient food. As unpredictable crop yields linked to climate change and extreme weather events are projected to negatively influence the food security and nutrition outcomes of rural populations, it is important to understand how demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors may modify the ability of individuals and households engaged in small-scale subsistence agriculture to respond to adverse shocks.
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Agricultura , Abastecimento de Alimentos , População Rural , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Honduras , Humanos , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if constraints on agricultural production were a novel construct in the Panama Food Security Questionnaire (FSQ) and to characterize agricultural and economic determinants of food insecurity during the planting, growing and harvesting time periods in subsistence farming communities. DESIGN: This longitudinal study followed households during land preparation, growing and harvest periods in one agricultural cycle. Agricultural production and economic variables were recorded and the Panama FSQ was administered. Exploratory factor analysis was used to verify construct validity of the FSQ. A food insecurity score (FIS), ranging from 0 to 42, was derived. Multiple regression analyses of FIS were conducted for each agricultural period. SETTING: Fifteen rural villages in Panama. PARTICIPANTS: Subsistence farming households (n 237). RESULTS: The FSQ contained four constructs: (i) ability to buy food; (ii) decreased amount/number of meals; (iii) feeling hungry; and (iv) lower agricultural production because of weather or lack of resources. Although most households were mildly food insecure in all time periods, determinants of food insecurity differed in each. Higher FIS was associated during land preparation with less rice and legumes planted and lower asset-based wealth; during growing months with less rice, more maize and pigeon peas planted and not selling produce; and during harvest with less rice planted, fewer chickens and lower income. CONCLUSIONS: Constraints on agriculture was a novel construct of the Panama FSQ. Different income-related variables emerged in each agricultural period. Planting staple foods and raising chickens were associated with food security, but some crop choices were associated with food insecurity.
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Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Animais , Produtos Agrícolas , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Gado , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Panamá , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Fire is a key controlling factor in ecosystem dynamics worldwide, especially, in tropical areas under slash-and-burn agricultural systems. Farmers use fire as a tool to clean the land, and benefit from nutrient enrichment from ash-soil heating. However, fire can cause some detrimental effects on soil systems, such as organic carbon depletion, increased soil erodibility, and changes to aggregate stability. In this study, an experimental fire was applied to a plot of land following the local traditional practice of slash-and-burn. The fire temperature was monitored in the field, and its effect on soil aggregate stability was assessed. The fire temperature on soil surface was measured in four trenches, and it ranged from 355 to 660 ºC (average 484 ± 142 ºC). The fire temperature did not affect soil organic matter content. However, aggregate stability increased by 10 % in comparison to unburned soil. Moreover, the geometric mean diameter of burned soil was 20 % higher than that of unburned soil. In conclusion, high fire temperature changes soil aggregate stability in slash-and-burn agricultural systems.
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Condições do Solo , Incêndios , Tratamento do Solo , Erosão do SoloRESUMO
Fire is a key controlling factor in ecosystem dynamics worldwide, especially, in tropical areas under slash-and-burn agricultural systems. Farmers use fire as a tool to clean the land, and benefit from nutrient enrichment from ash-soil heating. However, fire can cause some detrimental effects on soil systems, such as organic carbon depletion, increased soil erodibility, and changes to aggregate stability. In this study, an experimental fire was applied to a plot of land following the local traditional practice of slash-and-burn. The fire temperature was monitored in the field, and its effect on soil aggregate stability was assessed. The fire temperature on soil surface was measured in four trenches, and it ranged from 355 to 660 ºC (average 484 ± 142 ºC). The fire temperature did not affect soil organic matter content. However, aggregate stability increased by 10 % in comparison to unburned soil. Moreover, the geometric mean diameter of burned soil was 20 % higher than that of unburned soil. In conclusion, high fire temperature changes soil aggregate stability in slash-and-burn agricultural systems.(AU)
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Condições do Solo , Incêndios , Tratamento do Solo , Erosão do SoloRESUMO
This longitudinal study explored whether aspects of subsistence agriculture were associated with presence and intensity of Ascaris and hookworm in preschool children in rural Panama. Questionnaires were used to collect data on household socio-demographics, child exposure to agriculture and household agricultural practices. Stool samples were collected from children (6 months-5 years) at 3 time points, with albendazole administered after each to clear infections, resulting in 1 baseline and 2 reinfection measures. A novel Agricultural Activity Index (AAI) was developed using principal components analysis to measure the intensity of household agricultural practices. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models revealed baseline hookworm egg counts were higher if children went to the agricultural plot and if the plot was smaller. Baseline and reinfection Ascaris egg counts were higher if children went to the plot and households had higher AAI, and higher at baseline if the plot was smaller. Caregiver time in the plot was negatively associated with baseline Ascaris egg counts, but positively associated with baseline hookworm and Ascaris reinfection egg counts. Children who spent more time playing around the home were less likely to be infected with Ascaris at baseline. We conclude that preschool child exposure to subsistence agriculture increased Ascaris and hookworm intensity.