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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a malignant salivary gland neoplasm that presents as an indolent but aggressive neoplasm. AdCC histogenesis is linked to the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands, equally affecting the major and minor glands. AdCC is associated with distant metastasis, most commonly to the lungs, and a high recurrence rate. AdCC accounts for 4.2% of all tumors. About 55% of all reported cases affect the submandibular gland, and around 50% of AdCC cases occur in the minor salivary glands. The present review describes a case of AdCC which presented a single nodular swelling on the right side involving the floor of the mouth. It also consolidates the histopathological profile of a case of AdCC with all the relevant histopathological features.

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Introduction Submandibular gland fistula (SGF) is a rare subset of salivary gland fistulas. It is seldom tough to diagnose them prior to surgical exploration, and it is often clinically confused with close differentials. An early diagnosis based on pertinent clinical features and focused radiological findings can be pivotal in optimal management and help prevent recurrence and avoid unnecessary investigations/interventions. Objective To review articles that discuss SGF and provide vital etiological, clinical, and imaging features of this rare entity that can aid in early clinical diagnosis. Data Synthesis An extensive review involving PubMed and Google Scholar and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Conclusion Submandibular gland fistula is a rare entity. It can be confused with close differentials, including branchial fistulas, if not thoroughly examined. Discharge from fistulae along with submandibular pain/tenderness and/or swelling are important diagnostic clues. A history of trauma, nodule at the site of discharge, prior submandibular disease/calculi, or discharge aggravated with food further increases a clinical suspicion. Optimal radiological investigation looking for calculi/foreign body and delineating the fistula tract is vital to affirm a diagnosis. Gland with fistula excision is a commonly advocated treatment of choice with no reports of recurrence, although conservative management and gland preserving surgery have also reported a favorable prognosis.

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Background: Bevacizumab together with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin inhibit microvascular growth of tumor blood vessels and tumor proliferation. Few reports state the effect of these therapeutic schemes on salivary glands. Materials and Methods: Food consumption, body weight and salivary amylase activity were assessed in the submandibular gland of rats. Adult male Wistar rats, of three months old with 350/400 grams body weight, under 12-hour light/dark cycles respectively, were divided into the following experimental groups: G1) Control group, G2) 5-Fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group, G3) Bevacizumab treated group, G4) Oxaliplatin treated group, G5) Bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group and G6) Drug-free paired feeding treated group. Assessment of treatment effect was performed by one-way ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results: Salivary amylase activity in gland homogenate was G1: 137.9 ± 4.64, G2: 60.95±4.64, G3: 120.93 ± 4.96, G4: 26.17 ±4.64, G5: 10.77 ±4.64 and G6: 82.87 ±4.64 U/mg protein (mean ± S.D.) Amylase activity in the G1 group was higher relative to the other experimental groups p<0.0001. Conclusions: The drugs 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin altered salivary amylase activity by serous granules of the submandibular gland interpreted as a mechanism of impaired acinar function. Bevacizumab administered in isolation did not alter salivary amylase activity compared to the control group. While the lower intake of the matched feeding group affected salivary amylase activity compared to the control group, the effect was significantly greater in animals treated with the oncology drugs used in the present animal model.

Antecedentes: Bevacizumab, junto con 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino, inhiben el crecimiento microvascular de los vasos sanguíneos tumorales y la proliferación tumoral. Pocos reportes establecen el efecto de estos esquemas terapéuticos sobre las glándulas salivales. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron el consumo de alimentos, el peso corporal y la actividad de amilasa salival en la glándula submandibular de ratas Wistar macho adultas, de tres meses de edad con 350/400 gramos de peso corporal, bajo ciclos de luz/oscuridad de 12 horas respectivamente, se dividieron en los siguientes grupos experimentales: G1) Grupo control, G2) Grupo tratado con 5-Fluorouracilo y Leucovorina cálcica. , G3) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, G4) Grupo tratado con oxaliplatino, G5) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, oxaliplatino, 5-fluorouracilo y leucovorina cálcica y G6) Grupo tratado con alimentación emparejada sin fármacos. La evaluación del efecto del tratamiento se realizó mediante ANOVA unidireccional. Se estableció un valor de p<0,05 para significación estadística. Resultado: La actividad de amilasa salival en homogeneizado de glándula fue G1: 137,9 ± 4,64, G2: 60,95 ± 4,64, G3: 120,93 ± 4,96, G4: 26,17 ± 4,64, G5: 10,77 ± 4,64 y G6: 82,87 ± 4,64 U/mg de proteína (media ± S.E.). La actividad de amilasa en el grupo G1 fue mayor en relación con los otros grupos experimentales p<0,0001. Conclusión: Los fármacos 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino alteraron la actividad de la amilasa salival mediante gránulos serosos de la glándula submandibular interpretados como un mecanismo de deterioro de la función acinar. Bevacizumab administrado de forma aislada no alteró la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control. Mientras que la menor ingesta del grupo de alimentación combinada afectó la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control, el efecto fue significativamente mayor en los animales tratados con los medicamentos oncológicos utilizados en el grupo. modelo animal actual.

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The aim of this report was to describe a rare example of sporadic intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the major salivary glands and oral cavity. A 23-year-old female patient presented an asymptomatic, progressive-growing mass involving the floor of mouth and the left submandibular gland. Fine-needle aspiration cytology, imaging exams, and surgical specimen findings were consisted with the diagnosis of primary intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, despite its similar immunohistochemical results with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were performed, but the patient developed multiple metastatic lesions after one year of initial the intervention and deceased following 13 months of follow-up, despite several therapeutic efforts. We verified that sporadic cases of primary intestinal-type adenocarcinoma still lack information regarding etiology and tumorigenesis, especially in young and females. A complete diagnostic workflow is indispensable to rule out the presence of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma.

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ABSTRACT Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a malignant salivary gland neoplasm that presents as an indolent but aggressive neoplasm. AdCC histogenesis is linked to the intercalated ducts of the salivary glands, equally affecting the major and minor glands. AdCC is associated with distant metastasis, most commonly to the lungs, and a high recurrence rate. AdCC accounts for 4.2% of all tumors. About 55% of all reported cases affect the submandibular gland, and around 50% of AdCC cases occur in the minor salivary glands. The present review describes a case of AdCC which presented a single nodular swelling on the right side involving the floor of the mouth. It also consolidates the histopathological profile of a case of AdCC with all the relevant histopathological features.

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Os subtipos de linfomas não Hodgkin representam 2,8% de todos os novos casos de câncer no mundo, sendo o terceiro grupo mais comum de neoplasias malignas da região de cabeça e pescoço. As glândulas salivares maiores representam o terceiro sítio extranodal mais acometido pelo linfoma na região da cabeça e pescoço; entretanto, nas glândulas salivares maiores é muito raro, representando aproximadamente 1,7­3,1% de todas as neoplasias das glândulas salivares, acometendo a maioria dos casos as glândulas parótidas (79%), seguidas pelas glândulas submandibulares (18%) e sublinguais (1%). Os subtipos mais comuns são linfoma do tecido linfoide associado à mucosa (MALT), o linfoma folicular (FL) e o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (DLBCL), e a frequência destas neoplasias está associado com a ocorrência simultânea de condições sistêmicas que predispõem ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias linfoides como a Síndrome de Sjögren (SS). Entretanto, a literatura sobre linfomas em glândulas maiores permanece muito escassa e impede que conheçamos de forma apropriada as características destes pacientes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as manifestações clínicas e microscópicas dos linfomas em glândulas salivares maiores. Para isto, foram recuperados de forma retrospectiva dos arquivos de patologia de algumas instituições todos os casos diagnosticados como linfomas acometendo estes sítios anatômicos. Foram coletados os dados clínicos referentes ao sexo, idade, localização, apresentação clínica, tempo de evolução, status, estadiamento e ocorrência da SS, e as informações histopalógicas foram coletadas de blocos de parafina e lâminas em hematoxilina e eosina e imuno-histoquímicas acessíveis. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados de forma descritiva. As séries compreenderam de 7 casos de linfomas em glândula sublingual, 16 casos em glândula submandibular e 12 casos em glândula parótida. Clinicamente, os linfomas apresentam-se como aumento de volume assintomático, sendo os subtipos mais frequentes os de células B maduras de baixo grau (MALT, FL, MCL), mas subtipos de alto grau também foram observados (LDGCB, SOE). Dois pacientes, um de linfoma de células do manto (LCM) e outro de LDGCB,SOE em glândula sublingual apresentaram como doença disseminada, e apenas três casos de linfoma MALT em glândula parótida apresentam a SS. O tratamento dependeu do microscópico e estágio do tumor, variando de cirurgia, regimes quimioterápicos com R-CHOP e radioterapia. O prognóstico foi favorável principalmente para os casos de baixo grau (MALT,FL), e apenas dois pacientes de sublingual (LDGCB,SOE, MCL) e três de submandibular (LDGCB,SOE, linfoma plasmablastico e MALT) faleceram após o diagnóstico. Neste estudo concluímos que os linfomas em glândulas salivares maiores são afetados principalmente por neoplasias de células B maduras de baixo grau (MALT, FL, MCL) e esses pacientes devem passar por uma avaliação sistêmica criteriosa para determinar se a doença se trata de uma neoplasia primária ou disseminada.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas account for 2.8% of all new cancer cases worldwide and are the third most common group of malignant neoplasms in the head and neck region. The major salivary glands represent the third most common extranodal site affected by lymphoma in the head and neck region; however, in the major salivary glands it is very rare, representing approximately 1.7-3.1% of all salivary gland neoplasms, affecting most cases in the parotid glands (79%), followed by the submandibular glands (18%) and sublingual glands (1%). The most common subtypes are mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and the frequency of these neoplasms is associated with the simultaneous occurrence of systemic conditions that predispose to the development of lymphoid neoplasms such as Sjögren's Syndrome(SS). However, the literature on lymphomas in major glands remains very scarce and prevents us from properly understanding the characteristics of these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microscopic manifestations of lymphomas in the major salivary glands. To this end, all cases diagnosed as lymphomas affecting these anatomical sites were retrospectively retrieved from the pathology archives of a number of institutions. Clinical data was collected on gender, age, location, clinical presentation, time of evolution, status, staging and occurrence of SS, and histopathological information was collected from paraffin blocks and slides in hematoxylin and eosin and accessible immunohistochemistry. The results obtained were evaluated descriptively. The series comprised 7 cases of lymphomas in the sublingual gland, 16 cases in the submandibular gland and 12 cases in the parotid gland. Clinically, the lymphomas presented as asymptomatic enlargement, with the most frequent subtypes being low-grade mature B-cells (MALT, FL, MCL), but high- grade subtypes were also observed (LDGCB, SOE). Two patients, one with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and the other with LDGCB,SOE in the sublingual gland presented with disseminated disease, and only three cases of MALT lymphoma in the parotid gland presented with SS. Treatment depended on the microscopic subtype and stage of the tumor, ranging from surgery to chemotherapy regimens with R-CHOP and radiotherapy. Prognosis was mainly favorable for low-grade cases (MALT,FL), and only two sublingual patients (LDGCB,SOE, MCL) and three submandibular patients (LDGCB,SOE, plasmablastic lymphoma and MALT) died after diagnosis. In this study we conclude that lymphomas in the major salivary glands are mainly affected by low- grade mature B-cell neoplasms (MALT, FL, MCL) and these patients should undergo a careful systemic evaluation to determine whether the disease is a primary or disseminated neoplasm.

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Objetive: Cyclophosphamide (Cf) produces oxidative damage in rat submandibular gland (GSM). In the present work we evaluated the antioxidant protective effect of melatonin (MLT) in GSM of rats treated with Cf. Methods: 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (G): G1: control; G2: Control+Ethanol: treated with 1% ethanol for 10 consecutive days. On days 11 and 12 they received a dose of saline; G3: Cf: treated with 1% ethanol for 12 days, days 11 and 12 they received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of Cf 50 mg/Kg/kg of saline. ) of Cf 50 mg/kg bw; G4: Cf + MLT: MLT (5 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneal, dissolved in 1% ethanol) was administered daily, days 11 and 12 received Cf same as G3; G5: MLT: treated 12 consecutive days with MLT (same dose as G4). After 12 hours of fasting, animals were anesthetized to obtain both submandibular glands, then they were sacrificed. Uric acid (UA), lipid peroxides (LPs), aqueous peroxides (APs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in submandibular gland homogenate. Statistical analysis: we used ANOVA and Bonferroni test pos hoc, considering significant p<0.05. Results: Cf treatment decreased AU concentration and SOD activity (AU, mg/mg prot., G1: 2.50±0.68; G2: 2.18±0.13; G3: 0.54±0.09* G4: 1.95±0.24#, G5: 2.64±0.47, *p<0.01 G3 vs G1, G2, G4; #p<0.01 G4 vs G3 and G5; SOD, U/mg prot, G1: 4.57±0.95, G2: 4.79±0.94, G3: 2.18±0.53*, G4: 5.13±1.10, G5: 5.09±0.39, *p< 0.01 G3 vs G1, G2, G4 and G5). MLT treatment prevented these effects. In addition, Cf increased PL and PA formation. Conclusion: MLT improved the redox status in GSM of Cf-treated rats. MLT could prevent oxidative processes in GSM produced by Cf.

Objetivo: Ciclofosfamida (Cf) produce daño oxidativo en glándula submandibular (GSM) de ratas. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto protector antioxidante de melatonina (MLT) en GSM de ratas tratadas con Cf. Método: Se utilizaron 40 ratas Wistar machos adultas divididas en 5 grupos (G): G1: control; G2: Control+Etanol: tratados con etanol al 1% durante 10 días consecutivos. Los días 11 y 12 recibieron una dosis de solución salina; G3: Cf: tratados con etanol al 1% durante 12 días, días 11 y 12 recibieron una dosis intraperitoneal (i.p.) de Cf de 50 mg/Kg de pc; G4: Cf + MLT: se administró diariamente MLT (5 mg/Kg pc, intraperitoneal, disuelta en etanol al 1%), días 11 y 12 recibieron Cf igual que G3; G5: MLT: tratamiento 12 días consecutivos con MLT (igual dosis de G4). Los animales fueron anestesiados, extirpándose ambas GSM y sacrificados, previo ayuno 12 hs. Se midió la concentración de ácido úrico (AU), peróxidos lipídicos (PL) y acuosos (PA) y actividad de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) en homogenato de GSM. Análisis estadístico: ANOVA y test de bonferroni, considerando significativo p<0,05. Resultados: El tratamiento con Cf disminuyó la concentración de AU y la actividad de SOD (AU, mg/mg prot., G1: 2,50±0,68; G2: 2,18±0,13; G3: 0,54±0,09* G4: 1,95±0,24#, G5: 2,64±0,47, *p< 0,01 G3 vs G1, G2, G4; #p< 0,01 G4 vs G3 y G5; SOD, U/mg prot., G1: 4,57±0.95, G2: 4,79±0,94, G3: 2,18±0,53*, G4: 5,13±1,10, G5: 5,09±0,39, *p< 0,01 G3 vs G1, G2, G4 y G5). El tratamiento con MLT previno esos efectos. Además, Cf aumentó la formación PL y PA. Conclusión: MLT mejoró el estado redox en GSM de ratas tratadas con Cf. MLT podría prevenir los procesos oxidativos en GSM producidos por Cf.

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The present study evaluates submandibular skinfold (SMS) cutoff values to estimate excess weight for BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) among Chilean adolescents. The results show an optimal area under the cutoff curve value of 83% among girls and 91% in boys to estimate SMS concerning %BF and BMI. The SMS cutoff value estimating obesity by %BF was 10 mm among girls and 9 mm among boys, 10 mm among girls, and 7 mm among boys by BMI. Our results showed that SMS is significantly associated with anthropometric parameters for obesity.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) on salivary glands in male rat using biochemical, functional, histomorphometric, and redox state parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 8 per group): Control (0.9% saline solution), VPA100 (100 mg/kg), and VPA400 (400 mg/kg). After 21 consecutive days of treatment with by intragastric gavage. Pilocarpine-induced saliva was collected to determine salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and biochemical composition. Analyses of histomorphometric parameters and redox balance markers were performed on the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS: Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total protein, potassium, sodium, and chloride were similar between groups. However, phosphate and calcium were reduced in VPA400, while amylase was increased in both VPA100 and VPA400. We did not detect significant differences in the areas of acini, ducts, and connective tissue in the salivary glands between the groups. There were no significant changes in the redox status of the submandibular glands. In turn, in the parotid glands we detected reduced total oxidizing capacity and lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and higher uric acid concentration in both the VPA100 and VPA400 groups, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the VPA400 group. CONCLUSION: Chronic treatment with VPA modified the salivary biochemical composition and caused disruption in the redox state of the parotid gland in rats.

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Introducción: Las guías prácticas de atención al cáncer de cabeza y cuello abordan actualmente la preservación funcional de algunos órganos dentro del tratamiento oncoespecífico. Objetivos: Evaluar guías de práctica clínica y cómo abordan la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal, donde se evaluaron seis guías de atención al cáncer de cabeza y cuello, en cuanto a su calidad metodológica y la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello. Se utilizó el instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation y se conformó un equipo compuesto por cuatro evaluadores que dieron su consentimiento y fueron capacitados en su uso. Para el análisis de la información se empleó el Statistical Package for Social Sciences versión 21 y se calculó la puntuación de calidad para cada dominio y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Resultados: La mayor puntuación de calidad correspondió a los dominios 1, 4 y 6. La guía con mayor puntuación de calidad fue la de la Sociedad Europea de Oncología Médica, con una media de 94,3 por ciento, mientras que la de la Sociedad China de Oncología Clínica obtuvo el menor valor para un 71,5 por ciento. Tres guías obtuvieron la máxima puntuación de calidad (7) en la evaluación global. La mayor fuerza de concordancia entre los evaluadores correspondió a la guía de la Sociedad Americana de Oncología Clínica (1) y la menor a la del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (0,93). Conclusiones: Las guías de práctica clínica del cáncer de cabeza y cuello evaluadas presentaron una alta calidad metodológica y la preservación de la glándula submandibular en la disección del cuello no fue abordada en ninguna(AU)

Introduction: Practical guidelines for head and neck cancer care currently address the functional preservation of some organs within oncospecific treatment. Objectives: To evaluate clinical practice guidelines and how they address the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out to evaluate six guidelines for head and neck cancer care, in terms of their methodological quality and the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection. The Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation instrument was used, a team was composed by four evaluators who gave their consent and were trained to use such instrument. For the analysis of the information, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used and the quality score for each domain and the intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated. Results: The highest quality score corresponded to domains 1, 4 and 6. The guide with the highest quality score was that of the European Society of Medical Oncology reporting an average of 94.3 percent, while that of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology obtained the lowest value (71.5 percent). Three guidelines had the highest quality score (7) in the global evaluation. The highest strength of agreement between the evaluators corresponded to the guideline of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (1) and the lowest to that of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (0.93). Conclusions: The head and neck cancer clinical practice guidelines evaluated presented high methodological quality and the preservation of the submandibular gland in neck dissection was not addressed in any of them(AU)

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El desplazamiento de un tercer molar a un espacio anatómico adyacente, ya sea en su totalidad o un fragmento de este, se encuentra descrito como una complicación rara pero posible de las exodoncias de terceros molares. En este reporte se aborda específicamente el desplazamiento accidental de un tercer molar inferior hacia el espacio submandibular izquierdo, el cual fue resuelto quirúrgicamente mediante un abordaje intraoral bajo anestesia general por el equipo de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, Santiago, Chile. Se realizó una revisión de literatura en la plataforma PubMed con las palabras claves "third molar - submandibular - displacement" obteniendo un total de 17 artículos en los cuales se reportan 15 casos. El propósito del presente escrito fue presentar recomendaciones sobre el manejo actual de esta complicación en base a la literatura disponible.

The displacement of a third molar into an adjacent anatomical space, either in its entirety or a fragment of it, has been described as a rare but posible complication of third molar extractions. This report will specifically address the accidental displacement of a lower third molar into the left submandibular space, which was surgically removed through an intraoral approach under general anesthesia, by the maxillofacial surgeon team of "Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública", Santiago, Chile. An literature review was carried out on PubMed platform with the keywords ""third molar - submandibular - displacement"", obtaining a total of 17 articles where are reported 15 cases. The purpose of this paper is to present recommendations on the current management of this complication based on the available literature.

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La sialoadenitis crónica esclerosante puede extenderse desde una sialoadenitis focal hasta una cirrosis completa de la glándula. Aparece entre los 40 y 70 años de edad y afecta principalmente a la glándula submandibular. Se asocia con sialolitos y agentes infecciosos inespecíficos. La causa más frecuente de sialolitiasis es la formación de cálculos macroscópicamente visibles en una glándula salival o en su conducto excretor, de los cuales el 80 % al 90 % provienen de la glándula submandibular. Esta predilección probablemente se deba a que su conducto excretor es más largo, más ancho y tiene un ángulo casi vertical contra la gravedad, contribuyendo así a la estasis salival. Además, la secreción semimucosa de la misma es más viscosa. El sitio principal de ubicación de los litos en el conducto submandibular es la región hiliar con un 57 %. La sintomatología típica de la sialolitiasis es el cólico con tumefacción de la glándula y los dolores posprandiales. Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 55 años, quien ingresa al servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del Hospital General Balbuena de la Ciudad de México por presentar un aumento de volumen en la región submandibular izquierda de consistencia dura y dolorosa a la palpación de 15 días de evolución, acompañada de aumento de temperatura en la zona compatible con un absceso. Los estudios de imagen reportan un sialolito en la región hiliar del conducto submandibular de 2,0 x 1,7 x 1,0 cm. Debido a su localización y tamaño, el tratamiento ideal en estos casos es la escisión de la glándula junto con el lito previo drenaje del absceso e inicio de terapia antibiótica doble.

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis can range from focal sialadenitis to complete cirrhosis of the gland. It appears between 40 and 70 years of age and mainly affects the submandibular gland. It is associated with sialoliths and nonspecific infectious agents. The most common cause of sialolithiasis is the formation of macroscopically visible stones in a salivary gland or its excretory duct, of which 80 % to 90 % come from the submandibular gland. This predilection isprobably due to the fact that their excretory duct is longer, wider and has an almost vertical angle against gravity, thus contributing to salivary stasis. In addition, the semimucous secretion of it is more viscous. The main location of the stones in the submandibular duct is the hilar region with 57 %. The typical symptomatology of sialolithiasis is colic with swelling of the gland and postprandial pain. We report the case of a 55-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Hospital General Balbuena in Mexico City due to an increase in volumen in the left submandibular region that was hard and painful on palpation of 15 days of evolution, accompanied by increased temperature in the area compatible with an abscess. Imaging studies report a 2.0 x 1.7 x 1.0 cm sialolith in the submandibular duct hilar region. Due to its location and size, the ideal treatment in these cases is excision of the gland together with the stone previous drainage of the abscess and initiation of dual antibiotic therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of eugenol on histological, enzymatic, and oxidative parameters in the pancreas, parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands of healthy male rats. DESIGN: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n = 6/group). Control rats received 2% Tween-20 (eugenol vehicle), whereas the other animals received 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol through gavage daily for 60 d. Major salivary and pancreatic glands were weighed and preserved fixed for microscopic analysis and frozen for in vitro assays. RESULTS: Eugenol did not alter glands' weight and serum amylase activity regardless of the concentration. The highest dose of eugenol caused an increase in pancreatic amylase activity and a reduction of lipase activity from serum and pancreas. Eugenol at 40 mg kg-1 diminished the activity of SOD and FRAP in the submandibular gland and CAT and FRAP in the sublingual gland. However, it did not exert any effect on GST regardless of the gland. Additionally, 40 mg kg-1 eugenol increased MDA levels in pancreatic, parotid, and submandibular glands and NO levels in the sublingual. The concentrations of eugenol induced distinct responses in the glands regarding the activity of Na+/K+, Mg2+, and total ATPase activity. They also affected histomorphometrical and histochemistrical parameters in the submandibular gland only. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that 40 mg kg-1 eugenol altered most of the biochemical and oxidatived parameters of digestive glands. Only submandibular glands presented histological changes after eugenol exposure suggesting potential implications for its function.

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Agenesis of the salivary glands is an extremely uncommon finding, and in the majority of cases, it is associated with facial syndromes or malformations. Reports in the literature have, however, indicated that agenesis of the major salivary glands can occur in isolation, and this anomaly is believed to occur due to a failure in the developmental process. Herein, we present two cases of isolated unilateral agenesis of major salivary glands.

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The accumulation of body fat is an important cardiometabolic risk factor; however, there is no consensus about which measure is more reliable for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the present study was to primarily validate the submandibular skinfold as an anthropometric measurement of cardiometabolic risk in children, adolescents, and adults with intellectual disabilities, using a cross-sectional study made up of 131 people (67.2% men) with mild and moderate intellectual disability. The cardiometabolic risk indicators used were: body mass index (kg/m2), neck circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm), calf circumference (cm) and waist-to-height ratio. Moderate correlations were demonstrated between the submandibular skinfold measure and the anthropometric measurements analyzed in the three age categories, showing the highest correlation (r = 0.70) between the submandibular skinfold and BMI in the adolescent group and waist-to-height ratio in adults. The implementation of the submandibular skinfold measurement is suggested as an easy, fast, and minimally invasive anthropometric measurement as part of the physical and nutritional evaluation for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities.

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Este estudio tuvo como objetivo demostrar la existencia de variaciones morfológicas en el tejido conectivo de la glándula submandibular de ratas obesas expuestas a glutamato monosódico (GMS). Se utilizaron 12 ratas Sprague Dawley machos recién nacidas (6 ratas para el grupo 1, control; 6 ratas para el grupo 2 (GMS), 4 mg/g de glutamato monosódico de peso (5 dosis) mantenidas por 16 semanas respectivamente con una dieta y agua ad libitum. En el estudio se realizó un análisis estereológico e histológico, demostrándose una variación en el tejido conectivo presentando una disminución del volúmen glandular, mayor fibrosis, y disminución de adipocitos a nivel periférico siendo reemplazado por tejido rico en colágeno. Los vasos sanguíneos observados a nivel estereológico no presentan mayores cambios en cuanto a volumen, superficie y área.

SUMMARY: This study aims to demonstrate the existence of morphological variations in the connective tissue of the submandibular gland of obese rats exposed to MSG. Twelve male newborn Sprague Dawley rats were used (6 rats for group 1, control; 6 rats for group 2 (MSG), 4 mg/g of monosodium glutamate of weight (5 doses) maintained for 16 weeks respectively with a diet and water ad libitum. In the study, a stereological and histological analysis was carried out, demonstrating a variation in the connective tissue, presenting a decrease in the glandular volume, greater fibrosis, and a decrease in adipocytes at the peripheral level, being replaced by tissue rich in collagen. Blood cells observed at the stereological level do not present major changes in terms of volume, surface and area, but in the histological study greater vascularization is observed.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sialolithiasis is one of the most common pathologies of the major salivary glands and occurs more frequently in the submandibular glands. Between 80 and 95% of sialoliths develop in the submandibular glands, between 5 and 20% in the parotid gland, and only 1% in the sublingual gland. Sialoliths form within the parenchyma and associated duct systems. In Wharton's duct (80-90%) and only 15% in the gland. Sialolithiasis is the cause of pain and inflammation of the salivary gland by obstructing the duct and preventing salivary secretion, before, during and after food.The objective of this article was to review the different diagnostic imaging methods used for the study of calcifications of the submandibular gland, based on different studies reported in contemporary scientific literature, in order to establish the correct diagnosis. A search of the literature was carried out in the main information sources including Medline (via PubMed), SEVIER, SCIELO, and LILACS, using the search terms with a date limitation of the last 5 years on average. The selected articles included information regarding the calcifications of the salivary glands. Imaging studies of salivary gland calcifications can be obtained with conventional radiographs, Sialography, Ultrasonography (US), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR).

RESUMO

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on the differentiation of benign and malignant masses in the submandibular triangle. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 48 patients who underwent surgery for submandibular gland masses between January 2013 and February 2023. The patient's age, gender, preoperative complete blood count and imaging findings, postoperative histopathological diagnosis, and hemogram data were analysed. Patients were evaluated according to their postoperative histopathological diagnoses and categorised into four main groups: sialolithiasis, sialadenitis, benign tumours, and malignant tumours. Benign submandibular gland disease formations were evaluated under group B and malignant tumour formations under group M. RESULTS: A preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 19 patients due to sialadenitis, pleomorphic adenoma, and malignant diseases other than sialolithiasis. One patient died among the patients with malignant disease and the remaining 7 patients were compared with the benign group of 40 patients regarding preoperative and postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. In the benign group, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 2.64 preoperatively and decreased to 2.34 in the first postoperative year. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio decreased from 4.79 to 1.77 postoperatively in the malignant group. A statistically significant difference was observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio can be used as a biomarker in submandibular gland masses and has prognostic significance in malignant masses. In addition to fine needle aspiration biopsy results, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio can be used as a biomarker.

RESUMO

Some situations can lead to obstruction of Wharton's duct. Obstructions are usually due to endogenous causes, such as calculi, fibromucinous plugs, stenosis, and malformations of the duct system; however, in rare situations, obstructions can also have exogenous causes, such as foreign bodies. The tortuous anatomy of Wharton's duct hinders the retrograde migration of straight-shaped foreign bodies, as well as makes their spontaneous discharge virtually impossible. Here, we report the case of a 47-year-old woman with an asymptomatic foreign body in Wharton's duct that was spontaneously discharged.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the effects of mate tea [Ilex paraguariensis] on the redox state and biochemical parameters of salivary glands in diabetic male rats. DESIGN: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (3 months old) were randomly divided into groups (n = 8 per group): control rats that received water (C); diabetic rats that received water (D); diabetic rats treated with mate tea (DMT). The treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were given mate tea powder by intragastric gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Content of total protein, amylase, oxidative lipid damage, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), oxidative protein damage, measured as protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were examined by the spectrophotometric method in the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS: The D group showed lower total protein, amylase, TBARs, protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the C group in both salivary glands, as well as higher SOD and CAT activities. The DMT group showed higher total protein, amylase, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the D group in both salivary glands. Moreover, mate tea increased SOD in the parotid gland and CAT in the submandibular gland of diabetic rats but did not influence TBARs and protein carbonyl in either salivary gland compared to D group. CONCLUSION: Mate tea increased tissue protein synthesis and improved antioxidant defenses in the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

Assuntos