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The purpose of this article is to discuss the evolution of the University of New Mexico (UNM) Nurse-Midwifery Education Program, its impact on New Mexico communities, and the vision moving forward for the program in a rural and culturally diverse state. New Mexico has a rich history of community-based midwifery and the UNM Nurse-Midwifery Education Program, founded in 1991, is rooted in this tradition. Graduates are prepared to practice in rural and underserved communities, advance birth equity, and decrease perinatal health disparities. Faculty have advanced the program mission to improve the health and well-being of New Mexico families through diversifying the midwifery workforce, growing community collaboration, and engaging in research and scholarship activities aimed at promoting access to care. Program faculty recognize the critical need to address factors underpinning the rising maternal morbidity and mortality crisis, including rurality, poverty, and structural racism. These efforts have yielded positive results, with 60% of program graduates serving New Mexico communities and increasingly diverse midwifery student cohorts (70% of currently enrolled students). Efforts to support midwifery student success are bolstered through a recently awarded Health Resources and Services Administration Maternity Care Nursing Workforce Expansion grant. Through such endeavors, the program will continue to strive toward social justice and human dignity.

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OBJETIVO: Este trabalho apresenta aspectos de uma observação participante em um Hospital Universitário do nível terciário da rede SUS localizado em Vitória, capital da região sudeste do Brasil, durante o primeiro semestre de 2023. Logo, o relato a seguir pretende provocar e incitar a discussão sobre os desafios enfrentados pela psicologia em contexto hospitalar, dentre eles o racismo estrutural impregnado nos corpos e nos gestos que se atualizam naquele estabelecimento. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um relato de experiência, de caráter qualitativo, vivido através do acompanhamento da dinâmica hospitalar da clínica cirúrgica e da clínica médica do referido Hospital. O percurso metodológico foi realizado por meio da análise institucional de linhagem francesa, calcada em discussões de orientações do estágio, onde os diários de campo, observações e participações no campo eram semanalmente discutidas. RESULTADOS: Destaca a produção e reafirmação do racismo estrutural no país, que se expressa tanto no trato com pacientes quanto com funcionários e estudantes. A escuta da equipe profissional do hospital é marcada, muitas vezes, por práticas assistencialistas e por processos de exclusão preconceituosos, fazendo-nos indagar: "A psicologia hospitalar tem cor?" CONCLUSÃO: O objetivo da pesquisa foi cumprido e, além disso, relatar essa experiência suscitou ao campo diversas questões como: de que forma colocar em funcionamento uma gestão hospitalar que propicie uma política de compartilhamento de atenção ao paciente entre os equipamentos da atenção?

OBJECTIVE: This work presents aspects of participant observation in a University Hospital at the tertiary level of the SUS network located in Vitória, capital of the southeast region of Brazil, during the first half of 2023. Therefore, the following report intends to provoke and incite discussion about the challenges faced by psychology in a hospital context, among them the structural racism permeated in the bodies and gestures that are updated in that establishment. METHOD: This is an experience report, of a qualitative nature, experienced through monitoring the hospital dynamics of the surgical clinic and the medical clinic of the aforementioned Hospital. The methodological path was carried out through institutional data analysis, based on discussions of internship guidelines, where field diaries, observations and participation in the internship were discussed weekly. RESULTS: Highlights the production and reaffirmation of structural racism in the country, which is expressed both in dealings with patients, employees and students. Listening to the hospital's professional team is often marked by welfare practices and prejudiced exclusion processes, making us ask: "Does hospital psychology have color?" CONCLUSION: The objective of the research was fulfilled and, in addition, reporting this experience raised several questions in the field, such as: how to put into operation hospital management that provides a policy of sharing patients between care equipment?

OBJETIVO: Este trabajo presenta aspectos de la observación participante en un Hospital Universitario del nivel terciario de la red SUS ubicado en Vitória, capital de la región sureste de Brasil durante el primer semestre de 2023. Por lo tanto, el siguiente informe pretende provocar e incitar a la discusión sobre los desafíos que enfrenta la psicología en el contexto hospitalario, entre ellos el racismo estructural permeado en los cuerpos y gestos que se actualizan en ese establecimiento. MÉTODO: Se trata de un relato de experiencia, de carácter cualitativo, vivida a través del seguimiento de la dinámica hospitalaria de la clínica quirúrgica y de la clínica médica del mencionado Hospital. El recorrido metodológico se realizó a través del análisis de datos institucionales, a partir de discusiones sobre lineamientos de pasantía, donde semanalmente se discutieron diarios de campo, observaciones y participación en la pasantía. RESULTADOS: Destaca la producción y reafirmación del racismo estructural en el país, que se expresa tanto en el trato con pacientes, empleados y estudiantes. La escucha del equipo profesional del hospital muchas veces está marcada por prácticas asistencialistas y procesos de exclusión prejuiciosos, lo que nos lleva a preguntarnos: "¿Tiene color la psicología hospitalaria?". CONCLUSIÓN: El objetivo de la investigación fue cumplido y, además, relatar esta experiencia generó varias preguntas en el campo, tales como: ¿cómo poner en funcionamiento una gestión hospitalaria que prevea una política de reparto de pacientes entre equipos de atención?

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate racial inequities in the use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). STUDY DESIGN: We queried an administrative birth cohort of mother-baby pairs in California from 2010 through 2019 using International Classification of Diseases codes to evaluate the association between race and ethnicity and the application of TH in infants with HIE. We identified 4779 infants with HIE. Log-linear regression was used to calculate risk ratios (RR) for TH, adjusting for hospital transfer, rural location, gestational age between 35 and 37 weeks, and HIE severity. Risk of adverse infant outcome was calculated by race and ethnicity and stratified by TH. RESULTS: From our identified cohort, 1338 (28.0%) neonates underwent TH. White infants were used as the reference sample, and 410 (28.4%) received TH. Black infants were significantly less likely to receive TH with 74 (20.0%) with an adjusted risk ratio (aRR) of 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.9). Black infants with any HIE who did not receive TH were more likely to have a hospital readmission (aRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.10-1.68) and a tracheostomy (aRR 3.07, 95% CI 1.19-7.97). Black infants with moderate/severe HIE who did not receive TH were more likely to have cerebral palsy (aRR 2.72, 95% CI 1.07-6.91). CONCLUSIONS: In this study cohort, Black infants with HIE were significantly less likely to receive TH. Black infants also had significantly increased risk of some adverse outcomes of HIE. Possible reasons for this inequity include systemic barriers to care and systemic bias.

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OBJECTIVES: To describe relationships between parental incarceration and child health and flourishing-a measure of curiosity, resilience, and self-regulation-and to identify government programs that moderate this relationship. METHODS: Using the National Survey of Children's Health data from 2016 through 2019 for children 6-17 years old, we estimated associations with logistic regression between parental incarceration and overall health and flourishing, adjusting for child, caregiver, and household factors. We secondarily examined physical health (asthma, headaches), mental health (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression), developmental needs (learning disability, special educational plan use), and educational (missing ≥11 school days, repeated grade) outcomes. We performed interaction analyses to determine whether government program participation (eg, free/reduced lunch, cash assistance) moderated relationships between parental incarceration and child outcomes. RESULTS: Children with parental incarceration accounted for 9.3% of the sample (weighted n = 4 400 000). Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and multiracial children disproportionately experienced parental incarceration. Parental incarceration was associated with worse health (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) and higher odds of not flourishing (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.46-1.89). Physical health, mental health, developmental issues, and educational needs were also associated with parental incarceration. Participation in free and reduced lunch moderated the relationships between parental incarceration and general health and flourishing, and cash assistance moderated the association between parental incarceration and flourishing. For each, parental incarceration had an attenuated association with health among people who participated in government programs. CONCLUSIONS: Parental incarceration is disproportionately experienced by Black and Indigenous children and associated with worse child health and well-being. Government support program participation may mitigate negative associations between parental incarceration and child outcomes.

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Resumo A violência é um grave problema de saúde pública e constitui um fenômeno sócio-histórico, com causas e consequências diversas e múltiplas expressões. As principais vítimas seguem sendo as populações vulnerabilizadas e periféricas, nas quais se interseccionam dimensões como gênero, classe, raça e pertencimento social. Embora as questões étnico-raciais estejam presentes nos estudos que explicam o fenômeno da violência, estes tendem a não a considerar também fruto do racismo institucional. Este artigo pretende analisar dados de uma pesquisa quali-quanti que avaliou experiências de violência simbólica e estrutural vivenciadas por jovens negros/as de 15 a 29 anos de idade e moradores/as de bairros periféricos de duas capitais brasileiras - Recife e Fortaleza, a partir de grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram enfatizados os lugares de fala que situavam a interseccionalidade, sobretudo de raça/cor da pele, pertencimento territorial e classe, na própria definição identitária. Em ambas as capitais a juventude negra trouxe à tona uma realidade comum: um horizonte limitado na definição de projetos de vida, tanto por questões econômicas quanto da demarcação concreta ou simbólica de lugares sociais para os quais seu acesso é interditado.

Abstract Violence is a serious public health issue and constitutes a historical social phenomenon with diverse causes and consequences, and multiple manifestations. The main victims continue to be populations left vulnerable and marginalised, where dimensions including gender, class, race and social belonging intersect. Although studies to explain the phenomenon of violence do address ethnic and racial issues, they tend not to consider violence as stemming also from institutional racism. This paper examines data from a qualitative and quantitative study drawing on focus groups and semi-structured interviews to evaluate symbolic and structural violence experienced by young black people from 15 to 29 years old residing in peripheral neighbourhoods of two Brazilian state capitals - Recife and Fortaleza. The focus is on their standpoints that situate the intersectionality, especially among race/skin colour, territorial belonging and class, in the very definition of identity. In both capitals, the young black people revealed a common reality: life projects constrained by economic limitations and by the concrete or symbolic demarcation of social spaces to which they are denied access.

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We examine how juvenile justice-involved youth of Haitian descent in Miami-Dade County cope with structural racism and its impact on their mental health. Drawing on longitudinal ethnography, psychosocial assessment data, and a family-based clinical intervention funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, this article explores youth narratives of discrimination prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use critical race theory and theory of practice to understand youths' perceptions as racialized bodies and stigmatized selves, highlighting the experiences and perspectives of a particular black immigrant group, ethnic beings caught up in the everyday practices of racialization, sociocultural marginalization, and racism. We frame these experiences as a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism and racial domination in the US. These experiences have caused anger, fear, anxiety, chronic anticipatory distress, and hopelessness among youth of Haitian descent. We conclude with some recommendations for therapeutic support that encourages youth to process their experiences, promotes their development of a positive self-concept, and provides them with mind-body techniques to attenuate the physical impacts of discriminatory events. The clinical trial registration number for this study intervention is NCT03876171.

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Este artigo aborda o tema das trabalhadoras negras no serviço público municipal de Porto Alegre, evidenciando suas histórias de vida e trajetórias profissionais no contexto do racismo estrutural, no período pós-1990. Para fins de investigação, a problematização do estudo partiu das trajetórias profissionais das trabalhadoras negras do município, que atuam nas áreas de educação, saúde e assistência social. A metodologia utilizada teve como aporte teórico-metodológico o materialismo histórico-dialético, de modo que foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva analítica, com aplicação da técnica de triangulação das informações. Ademais, se utilizou a história oral para a escuta das histórias e trajetórias no contexto do racismo estrutural, que afeta diretamente as mulheres negras ao longo de suas vidas, com questões relacionadas à classe, ao gênero e à raça. Foram entrevistadas seis mulheres negras servidoras públicas de Porto Alegre, militantes da luta antirracista. Também foi usada a técnica da análise documental sobre servidores(as) públicos(as) negros(as) na Prefeitura de Porto Alegre. Como resultado, constatou-se que, do total de servidores(as) públicos(as), 6,11% são servidoras negras. E, dentre as servidoras mulheres, 10,29% são negras. Verifica-se que os fios e as tramas do racismo estrutural, tendo como protagonistas as mulheres negras servidoras públicas de Porto Alegre, apontam o entrelaçamento entre classe, raça e gênero, demonstrando as formas de luta e resistência das mulheres negras em seu tempo sócio-histórico. Os resultados evidenciam a histórica desigualdade que afeta as mulheres negras trabalhadoras na sociedade capitalista/racista e o acirramento desta pós-golpe de 2016.O racismo estrutural se particulariza no trabalho, na realidade e na vivência das mulheres negras servidoras públicas da Prefeitura, onde se constatou que todas as servidoras negras pesquisadas sofreram e sofrem racismo em seus locais de trabalho, de diversas maneiras. Conclui-se que as lutas sociais vividas pelas trabalhadoras negras servidoras do município, especialmente no que diz respeito às formas de organização e resistência contra o racismo estrutural e o racismo institucional no serviço público municipal, fortalecem a resistência como um aspecto central para a luta pela emancipação humana, sendo esta permanente, em um processo histórico contínuo e no leito da luta

This article addresses the issue of black female workers in the municipal public service of Porto Alegre, highlighting their life stories and professional trajectories, in the context of structural racism, in the post-1990s period of the 20th century. For research purposes, the study's problematization came from the professional trajectories of black workers in the municipality, who work in the areas of education, health and social assistance. The methodology used had the historical-dialectical materialism as a theoretical-methodological contribution, where an exploratory and analytical descriptive research was carried out, with the application of the information triangulation technique. As well, oral history was used to listen to stories and trajectories in the context of structural racism, which directly affects black women throughout their lives, with issues related to class, gender and race. Six black women public servants from Porto Alegre, activists of the antiracist struggle, were interviewed. The document analysis technique was also used on black public servants in the Porto Alegre City Hall. As a result, it was found that of the total public servants in Porto Alegre, 6.11% are black servants. And among female servants, 10.29% are black. It is verified that the threads and plots of structural racism, having as protagonists the black women public servants of Porto Alegre, point out the intertwining between class, race and gender, demonstrating the forms of struggle and resistance of black women in their socio-historical time. The results show the historical inequality of black women workers in capitalist/racist society and the intensification of this post-2016 coup.Structural racism is particularized in the work, in the reality and experience of black women public servants of the city hall, where it was found that all black female servants surveyed suffered and do suffer racism in their workplaces in different ways. It is concluded that the social struggles experienced by black workers who serve the municipality, especially with regard to the forms of organization and resistance against structural racism and institutional racism in the municipal public service, strengthen resistance as a central aspect of the struggle for human emancipation, which is permanent and in a continuous historical process, and in the bed of struggle

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Dados quantitativos revelam diferenças entre negros e não negros em relação à violência no Brasil, e esse fato abre espaço para discutir o racismo. Autores apontam que há necessidade de levar em consideração aspectos históricos, como o escravismo, para compreender a situação atual do fenômeno. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir a contribuição da Análise do Comportamento, por meio de seus estudos, para a construção de comportamentos não racistas. Realizou-se busca nos Periódicos Capes, e selecionaram-se estudos produzidos nos últimos 20 anos (2000-2020) que contivessem as palavras de busca racism, racial e Behavior Analysis. Os estudos discutiam sobre ferramentas para mensuração de viés racial implícito e também formas de intervenção. Conclui-se que a Análise do Comportamento, embora seja uma ciência eficaz para mudança de comportamento, ainda precisa aumentar sua produção sobre o racismo.

Quantitative data has been revealing differences between blacks and non-blacks regarding violence in Brazil. This fact opens space to discuss racism. Authors have been pointing out that there is a need to consider historical aspects, such as slavery, to understand the current stage of the phenomenon. This study aimed to discuss the contribution of Behavior Analysis, through its studies, to the construction of non-racist behaviors. Having the last 20 years as a time frame (2000-2020), a search and a selection of studies that contained the keywords Racism, Racial, and Behavior Analysis were carried out in the CAPES Journals database, from Brazil. The found studies discussed tools for measuring implicit racial bias as well as ways of intervention. It was concluded that Behavior Analysis, although an effective science for behavior change, still needs to increase its production on racism.

Datos cuantitativos han revelado diferencias entre negros y no negros con respecto a la violencia en Brasil. Esta realidad abre espacio para discutir el racismo. Autores vienen señalando que es necesario considerar aspectos históricos, como la esclavitud, para comprender el escenario actual del fenómeno. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la contribución del Análisis del Comportamiento, a través de sus pesquisas, a la construcción de conductas no racistas. Se realizaron una búsqueda y selección de estudios que contenían las palabras clave racism, racial y Behavior Analysis, en la base de datos Periódicos Capes, de Brasil, escritos en los últimos 20 años (2000-2020). Los estudios encontrados discutieron herramientas para medir el sesgo racial implícito, así como formas de intervención. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el Análisis del Comportamiento, aunque es una ciencia eficaz para el cambio de conductas, todavía necesita aumentar su producción sobre el racismo.

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For more than a century, substantial racial and ethnic inequities in perinatal health outcomes have persisted despite technical clinical advances and changes in public health practice that lowered the overall incidence of morbidity. Race is a social construct and not an inherent biologic or genetic reality; therefore, racial differences in health outcomes represent the consequences of structural racism or the inequitable distribution of opportunities for health along racialized lines. Clinicians and scientists in obstetrics and gynecology have a responsibility to work to eliminate health inequities for Black, Brown, and Indigenous birthing people, and fulfilling this responsibility requires actionable evidence from high-quality research. To generate this actionable evidence, the research community must realign paradigms, praxis, and infrastructure with an eye directed toward reproductive justice and antiracism. This special report offers a set of key recommendations as a roadmap to transform perinatal health research to achieve health equity. The recommendations are based on expert opinion and evidence presented at the State of the Science Research Symposium at the 41st Annual Pregnancy Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine in 2021. Recommendations fall into 3 broad categories-changing research paradigms, reforming research praxis, and transforming research infrastructure-and are grounded in a historic foundation of the advances and shortcomings of clinical, public health, and sociologic scholarship in health equity. Changing the research paradigm requires leveraging a multidisciplinary perspective on structural racism; promoting mechanistic research that identifies the biologic pathways perturbed by structural racism; and utilizing conceptual models that account for racism as a factor in adverse perinatal outcomes. Changing praxis approaches to promote and engage multidisciplinary teams and to develop standardized guidelines for data collection will ensure that paradigm shifts center the historically marginalized voices of Black, Brown, and Indigenous birthing people. Finally, infrastructure changes that embed community-centered approaches are required to make shifts in paradigm and praxis possible. Institutional policies that break down silos and support true community partnership, and also the alignment of institutional, funding, and academic publishing objectives with strategic priorities for perinatal health equity, are paramount. Achieving health equity requires shifting the structures that support the ecosystem of racism that Black, Brown, and Indigenous birthing people must navigate before, during, and after childbearing. These structures extend beyond the healthcare system in which clinicians operate day-to-day, but they cannot be excluded from research endeavors to create the actionable evidence needed to achieve perinatal health equity.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize associations between living in primary care shortage areas and graft failure/death for children after liver transplantation. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational study of all pediatric patients (aged <19 years) who received a liver transplant between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015 in the US, with follow-up through January 2019 (N = 5964). One hundred ninety-five patients whose home ZIP code could not be matched to primary care shortage area status were excluded. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of graft failure or death. We used Cox proportional hazards to model the associations between health professional shortage area (HPSA) and graft failure/death. RESULTS: Children living in HPSAs had lower estimated graft survival rates at 10 years compared with those not in HPSAs (76% vs 80%; P < .001). In univariable analysis, residence in an HPSA was associated with a 22% higher hazard of graft failure/death than non-residence in an HPSA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.09-1.36; P < .001). Black children from HPSAs had a 67% higher hazard of graft failure/death compared with those not in HPSAs (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.16; P = .006); the effect of HPSA status was less pronounced for White children (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.98-1.27; P = .10). CONCLUSIONS: Children living in primary care shortage areas are at increased risk of graft failure and death after liver transplant, and this risk is particularly salient for Black children. Future work to understand how living in these regions contributes to adverse outcomes may enable teams to mitigate this risk for all children with chronic illness.

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Objective: This article examines how Haitian families with youth interfacing with the juvenile justice system cope with structural racism and socioethnic discrimination (RSD). Background: Haitian families' experiences of discrimination based on their histories, immigrant status, and positionality illustrates the need for more scientific scrutiny of the experiences of RSD among Black immigrant groups. This National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded study details the narratives of and responses to RSD experienced by Haitian families interfacing with the juvenile justice system. Method: Data are drawn from psychosocial assessment tools, therapeutic sessions, and ethnographic interviews conducted with Haitian families participating in a family-based therapeutic intervention. Using critical race theory, we foreground the voices of those negatively impacted and use Bourdieu's theory of practice to examine the intersectionality of race and ethnicity in this population's experiences of RSD. Results: The different experiences of and responses to RSD among youth and caregivers of Haitian descent are both a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism in the United States and unique to their immigrant experience of marginalization and cultural invalidation by public institutions, community members, and peers. Conclusion: Professionals working with this population must be sensitive to the ways these experiences impact young people's identity development processes, their health, and well-being. Haitian caregivers should be encouraged to protect their children by engaging in racial and socioethnic socialization that validates their RSD experiences. Implications: Understanding the intergenerational experiences of RSD among Black, immigrant groups and encouraging family dialogue and adolescent support will strengthen family cohesion during this period of racial reckoning.

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O feminicídio é um crime de gênero que pode ocorrer tanto no âmbito privado como no público, em diversos contextos societários, e a motivação se dá pelo desprezo à mulher, ou seja, é um crime misógino. Os autores do crime, em sua maioria, são do gênero masculino e possuem algum tipo de laço afetivo, consanguíneo ou não com a vítima. Tanto no Brasil como no México, há uma tendência de morrerem/serem assassinadas um tipo específico de raça/etnia/cor de pele por feminicídio. No Brasil, conforme o Atlas da Violência de 2020, 68% das que são assassinadas por feminicídio são mulheres negras e, no México, 59% das mulheres que sofrem de feminicídio são indígenas (INEGI, 2015). Nesse sentido, o artigo trata da falta de atenção do Estado em ambos os países para essas mulheres que padecem mais, pois as instituições públicas são omissas em protegê-las, ou seja, há a ausência de políticas públicas específicas, configurando-se como uma ação necropolítica em que o Estado autoriza quais corpos podem ser assassinados: os corpos das mulheres negras e das mulheres indígenas. Deste modo, o método utilizado é o materialismo-histórico dialético a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica para fazer as leituras da conformação sócio-histórica dos países e através da perspectiva de colonialidade, neocolonialidade, decolonialidade, associando-as a outros elementos fundantes, como a interseccionalidade, a fim de correlacionar a incidência de feminicídio de mulheres negras e a sua negligência no Brasil, e, no México, em relação às mulheres indígenas, buscando as causas de tal ausência de políticas públicas na formação histórica de cada país, bem como tratando aqui daquelas que não se encontram nos dados estatísticos em ambos os países, em que, neste trabalho, tal situação foi chamada de ponto cego

Femicide is a gender crime that can occur both in the private and public spheres, in different societal contexts, and the motivation is given by contempt for women, that is, it is a misogynistic crime. The perpetrators of the crime, for the most part, are male and have some kind of affective bond, consanguineous or not. In both Brazil and Mexico, there is a tendency for a specific type of race/ethnicity/skin color to be killed/murdered by femicide. In Brazil, according to the 2020 Atlas of Violence, 68% of those killed by femicide are black women, and in Mexico, 59% of women who suffer femicide are indigenous (INEGI, 2015). In this sense, the article deals with the lack of State attention in both countries for these women who suffer the most, as they fail to protect them, that is, there is a lack of specific public policies, configuring itself as a necropolitical action in that the State authorizes which bodies can be murdered: the bodies of black women and indigenous women. In this sense, the method used is the dialectical historical-materialism from a bibliographic review to make the readings of the socio-historical conformation of the countries and through the perspective of coloniality, neocoloniality, decoloniality, associating them with other founding elements such as intersectionality in order to correlate the incidence of femicide of black women and its negligence in Brazil, and, in Mexico, in relation to indigenous women, seeking the causes of such absence of public policies in the historical formation of each country, as well as dealing here with those that do not are found in the statistical data in both countries, where, in this work, this situation was called a "blind spot"

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O artigo objetiva suscitar reflexões críticas sobre o racismo estrutural e institucional no contexto das instituições psicanalíticas, uma vez que verificamos a ausência quase absoluta da população negra nestes ambientes, apesar do número expressivo de afrodescendentes no território brasileiro. Pretende igualmente interrogar como essas instituições têm se mobilizado a respeito desse tema e do debate, cada vez mais necessários, considerando a urgência dessa discussão e de ações que garantam o acesso deste grupo social população negra à formação psicanalítica. O texto visa sobretudo estimular os psicanalistas a repararem a desigualdade que vem se perpetuando, ao longo do processo histórico dessas instituições, ocasionado pelo apagamento e silenciamento sobre o tema.

The article aims to raise critical reflections on structural and institutional racism in the context of psychoanalytic institutions, since we verified the almost absolute absence of the black population in these environments, despite the expressive number of Afro-descendants in the Brazilian territory. It also intends to question how these institutions have mobilized about this theme and the debate, which are increasingly necessary, considering the urgency of this discussion and actions that guarantee the access of this social group of black population to psychoanalytic training. The text aims above all to encourage psychoanalysts to repair the inequality that has been perpetuated throughout the historical process of these institutions, caused by the erasure and silence on the subject.

El artículo tiene como objetivo plantear reflexiones críticas sobre el racismo estructural e institucional en el contexto de las instituciones psicoanalíticas, ya que constatamos la ausencia casi absoluta de la población negra en estos entornos, a pesar del expresivo número de afrodescendientes en el territorio brasileño. También se pretende cuestionar cómo estas instituciones se han movilizado sobre este tema y el debate, que son cada vez más necesarios, considerando la urgencia de esta discusión y acciones que garanticen el acceso de este grupo social de población negra a la formación psicoanalítica. El texto pretende sobre todo animar a los psicoanalistas a reparar la desigualdad que se ha perpetuado a lo largo del proceso histórico de estas instituciones, provocada por el borrado y silencio sobre el tema.

L'article vise à soulever des réflexions critiques sur le racisme structurel et institutionnel dans le contexte des institutions psychanalytiques, puisque nous avons vérifié l'absence presque absolue de la population noire dans ces environnements, malgré le nombre expressif d'afro-descendants sur le territoire brésilien. Il entend également interroger comment ces institutions se sont mobilisées autour de cette thématique et du débat, de plus en plus nécessaires, compte tenu de l'urgence de cette réflexion et des actions qui garantissent l'accès de ce groupe social de population noire à la formation psychanalytique. Le texte vise avant tout à inciter les psychanalystes à réparer l'inégalité qui s'est perpétuée tout au long du processus historique de ces institutions, causée par l'effacement et le silence sur le sujet.

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A ausência de estudos sobre o lazer e a negritude é a situação que nos chamou a atenção por reforçar, no âmbito da academia, o racismo que invisibiliza produções científicas sobre essa temática. Essa ponderação denuncia a existência do epistemicídio que reforça o apagamento cultural da negritude e reafirma a construção de uma única história em que a branquitude se coloca como centro. Dessa maneira, o objetivo desse estudo é analisar a vivência do lazer de negros e negras a partir dos dados coletados na pesquisa 'Lazer no Brasil'. A coleta de dados dessa pesquisa foi realizada através de entrevistas individuais, por levantamento amostral, utilizando um questionário estruturado com perguntas abertas e fechadas. O tamanho da amostra foi de 2.400 entrevistas no Brasil. Percebemos a necessidade de produção de pesquisas sobre o lazer da população negra, sobretudo, estudos que deem conta de questionar os saberes hegemônicos circulantes, constituídos como história única. Ainda que as pessoas possam construir desejos semelhantes sobre o lazer, as vivências e as barreiras impostas às pessoas negras, sobretudo às mulheres negras, constituem particularidades que precisam ser tensionadas.

The lack of studies on leisure and blackness is the situation that attracted our attention because it reinforces, within the academy, the racism that makes scientific productions on this subject invisible. This consideration denounces the existence of the epistemicide that reinforces the cultural erasure of blackness and reaffirms the construction of a single story in which whiteness is at the center. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the leisure experience of black men and women from the data collected in the 'Leisure in Brazil' survey. Data collection for this study was carried out by means of individual interviews, through a sample survey, using a structured questionnaire with open and closed-ended questions. The sample size was 2,400 interviews in Brazil. We realized the need to produce studies about the leisure of the black population, above all, studies that can interrogate the circulating hegemonic knowledge, constituted as a single story. Even though people can create similar desires about leisure, the experiences and barriers imposed on black people, especially black women, constitute features that need to be discussed.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of racial and economic residential segregation of home or hospital neighborhood on very preterm birth morbidity and mortality in neonates born very preterm. STUDY DESIGN: We constructed a retrospective cohort of n = 6461 infants born <32 weeks using 2010-2014 New York City vital statistics-hospital data. We calculated racial and economic Index of Concentration at the Extremes for home and hospital neighborhoods. Neonatal mortality and morbidity was defined as death and/or severe neonatal morbidity. We estimated relative risks for Index of Concentration at the Extremes measures and neonatal mortality and morbidity using log binomial regression and the risk-adjusted contribution of delivery hospital using Fairlie decomposition. RESULTS: Infants whose mothers live in neighborhoods with the greatest relative concentration of Black residents had a 1.6 times greater risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity than those with the greatest relative concentration of White residents (95% CI 1.2-2.1). Delivery hospital explained more than one-half of neighborhood differences. Infants with both home and hospital in high-concentration Black neighborhoods had a 38% adjusted risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity compared with 25% of those with both home and hospital high-concentration White neighborhoods (P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: Structural racism influences very preterm birth neonatal mortality and morbidity through both the home and hospital neighborhood. Quality improvement interventions should incorporate a framework that includes neighborhood context.

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PURPOSE: The purpose was to use Twitter to conduct online surveillance of negative sentiment towards Mexicans and Hispanics during the 2016 United States presidential election, and to examine its relationship with mental well-being in this targeted group at the population level. METHODS: Tweets containing the terms Mexican(s) and Hispanic(s) were collected within a 20-week period of the 2016 United States presidential election (November 9th 2016). Sentiment analysis was used to capture percent negative tweets. A time series lag regression model was used to examine the association between percent count of negative tweets mentioning Mexicans and Hispanics and percent count of worry among Hispanic Gallup poll respondents. RESULTS: Of 2,809,641 tweets containing terms Mexican(s) and Hispanic(s), 687,291 tweets were negative. Among 8,314 Hispanic Gallup respondents, a mean of 33.5% responded to be worried on a daily basis. A significant lead time of 1 week was observed, showing that negative tweets mentioning Mexicans and Hispanics appeared to forecast daily worry among Hispanics by 1 week. CONCLUSION: Surveillance of online negative sentiment towards racially vulnerable population groups can be captured using social media. This has potential to identify early warning signals for symptoms of mental well-being among targeted groups at the population level.

RESUMO

Resumo: Este artigo aborda como o racismo se estrutura na sociabilidade brasileira e seus efeitos revelados nos índices de desigualdades sociais e raciais. Para tornar inteligíveis as relações das classes sociais em sua intersecção com a questão racial, apresentamos subsídios para repensar a edificação desta nação que se fundamenta em um conceito abstrato de democracia racial. A partir desse entendimento, destacamos as diferentes formas de resistências que têm sido constituídas pela população negra.

Abstract: This article discusses how racism is structured in Brazilian sociability and its effects revealed in the indices of social and racial inequalities. To make the relations of social classes intelligible at their intersection with the racial question, we present subsidies to rethink the edification of this nation based on an abstract concept of racial democracy. From this understanding, we highlight the different forms of resistance that have been constituted by the black population.

RESUMO

Resumen La antropología visual, como metodología de investigación, es válida en las ciencias sociales. Se destaca así, en este método, el proceso participativo y colaborativo devenido de la experiencia de trabajo etnográfico colectivo y audiovisual. Se desarrolla esta propuesta metodológica en el estudio de un caso concreto: los "pileros" afrodescendientes; obreros que trabajan en la construcción de pilas de cimentación, un oficio racia lizado, realizado por afrodescendientes de la ciudad de Medellín.

Abstract Visual anthropology, as a research methodology, is valid in the social sciences. In this method, which became the experience of the collective and audiovisual ethnographic work, the participatory and collaborative process is highlighted. This methodological proposal is developed in a concrete case study: the Afro-descendant "pileros;" who are workers who work in the construction of caissons. It is a racialized trade, carried out by people of African descent in the city of Medellín.