RESUMO
MAIN CONCLUSION: Inbred line 11-133 of popcorn showed the lowest apoplast Al and total Al concentrations and Al-lumogallion complex, associated with a more efficient antioxidant system, mainly due to glutathione metabolism. Popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) is largely intended for human consumption. About 40% of the world's arable soils are acidic. In soils acidic, aluminum (Al) ionizes producing the trivalent cation, which is highly toxic to plants. Hence, this work aimed to: (1) evaluate the Al toxicity sites and its effect on the structure of the root tips, (2) quantify Al concentrations in the apoplast and symplast of the roots, and (3) to elucidate the modulation on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in two popcorn inbred lines (ILs) 11-133 and 11-60, classified as tolerant and sensitive to this metal, respectively. Aluminum toxicity did not affect the shoot growth; however, there was a yellowing of the oldest leaf blade only in 11-60. The better performance of 11-133 is related to lower apoplastic and total Al concentrations and Al accumulation in the root associated with a lower fluorescence of Al-lumogallion complex at the root tip, indicating the presence of mechanisms of chelation with this metal. Consequently, this IL showed less change in root morphoanatomy and lower reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content, which are associated with a more efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic system, mainly due to the higher content of the glutathione metabolite and the higher activities of superoxide dismutase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. Thus, these findings illustrated above indicate how internal mechanisms of detoxification respond to Al in popcorn, which can be used as tolerance biomarkers.
Assuntos
Alumínio , Antioxidantes , Humanos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Alumínio/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Catalase/metabolismo , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Glutationa , Solo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
PREMISE: Pogoniopsis likely represents an independent photosynthesis loss in orchids. We use phylogenomic data to better identify the phylogenetic placement of this fully mycoheterotrophic taxon, and investigate its molecular evolution. METHODS: We performed likelihood analysis of plastid and mitochondrial phylogenomic data to localize the position of Pogoniopsis schenckii in orchid phylogeny, and investigated the evolution of its plastid genome. RESULTS: All analyses place Pogoniopsis in subfamily Epidendroideae, with strongest support from mitochondrial data, which also place it near tribe Sobralieae with moderately strong support. Extreme rate elevation in Pogoniopsis plastid genes broadly depresses branch support; in contrast, mitochondrial genes are only mildly rate elevated and display very modest and localized reductions in bootstrap support. Despite considerable genome reduction, including loss of photosynthesis genes and multiple translation apparatus genes, gene order in Pogoniopsis plastomes is identical to related autotrophs, apart from moderately shifted inverted repeat (IR) boundaries. All cis-spliced introns have been lost in retained genes. Two plastid genes (accD, rpl2) show significant strengthening of purifying selection. A retained plastid tRNA gene (trnE-UUC) of Pogoniopsis lacks an anticodon; we predict that it no longer functions in translation but retains a secondary role in heme biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Slowly evolving mitochondrial genes clarify the placement of Pogoniopsis in orchid phylogeny, a strong contrast with analysis of rate-elevated plastome data. We documented the effects of the novel loss of photosynthesis: for example, despite massive gene loss, its plastome is fully colinear with other orchids, and it displays only moderate shifts in selective pressure in retained genes.
Assuntos
Genomas de Plastídeos , Orchidaceae , Filogenia , Genomas de Plastídeos/genética , Orchidaceae/genética , Evolução Molecular , Plastídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Cooking is essential for preparing starch-based food, however thermal treatment promotes the complexation of biopolymers, impacting their final properties. Comprehensive Multiphase (CMP) NMR allows all phases (liquids, gels, and solids) to be differentiated and monitored within intact samples. This study acts as a proof-of-principle to introduce CMP-NMR to food research and demonstrate its application to monitor the various phases in spaghetti, black turtle beans, and white long-grain rice, and how they change during the cooking process. When uncooked, only a small fraction of lipids and structurally bound water show any molecular mobility. Once cooked, little "crystalline solid" material is left, and all components exhibit increased molecular dynamics. Upon cooking, the solid-like components in spaghetti contains signals consistent with cellulose that were buried beneath the starches in the uncooked product. Thus, CMP-NMR holds potential for the study of food and related processes involving phase changes such as growth, manufacturing, and composting.
Assuntos
Oryza , Amido , Culinária , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Oryza/química , Amido/química , Triticum/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thimerosal (TM) is an organic mercury compound used as a preservative in many pharmacological inputs. Mercury toxicity is related to structural and functional changes in macromolecules such as hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes (Ery). METHOD: Human Hb and Ery were used to evaluate O2 uptake based on the TM concentration, incubation time, and temperature. The influence of TM on the sulfhydryl content, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and membrane fragility was also evaluated. Raman spectra and atomic force microscopy (AFM) profiles for Ery in the presence and absence of TM were calculated, and docking studies were performed. RESULTS: At 37 °C, with 2.50 µM TM (higher concentration) and after 5 min of incubation in Hb and Ery, we observed a reduction in O2 uptake of up to 50 %, while HgCl2, which was used as a positive control, showed a reduction of at least 62 %. Total thiol assays in the presence of NEM (thiol blocker) quantified the preservation of almost 60 % of free SH in Ery. Based on the Raman spectrum profile from Ery-TM, structural differences in the porphyrinic ring and the membrane lipid content were confirmed. Finally, studies using AFM showed changes in the morphology and biomechanical properties of Ery. Theoretical studies confirmed these experimental results and showed that the cysteine (Cys) residues present in Hb are involved in the binding of TM. CONCLUSION: Our results show that TM binds to human Hb via free Cys residues, causing conformation changes and leading to harmful effects associated with O2 transport.
Assuntos
Compostos de Mercúrio , Mercúrio , Humanos , Timerosal/farmacologia , Timerosal/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Cisteína , Hemoglobinas , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismoRESUMO
A structural study about the changes induced by plasticization of native corn starch was carried out in this work. The influence of talc nanoparticles presence during starch thermal processing was also evaluated. Macroscopic observation of the granules appearance evolution during melt-mixing and thermo-compression was supported by a theoretical description related to these processing methods. Melt-mixing induced a polymorphic transformation from A- to Vh-type and a reduction in the degree of crystallinity. Homogenous appearance of the plasticized starch was in accordance to the disruption of granules integrity, evidenced by SEM. This observation agreed to the distinctive XRD pattern of plasticized starch from unprocessed granules. Talc incorporation did not require the adjustment of processing parameters in order to obtain a homogenous thermoplastic material, with an adequate particles distribution within the matrix. Regardless talc presence, plasticized starch presented a Vh-type crystalline structure. Thermo-compression led to particles alignment promoted by talc laminar morphology.
RESUMO
The study of [bis(Lalaninato) diaqua] nickel(II) dihydrate crystal using Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature is reported in this paper. Thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) complementary measurements were also performed in order to obtain information on structural changes and mass loss occurred in this material. It was identified that the crystal undergoes loss of water at two different temperatures: ~340 and 393â¯K. X-ray diffraction measurements showed two phase transformations related to these two water loss events. After heating up to 423â¯K, the sample was cooled down to 298â¯K and its diffraction pattern presented the same pattern at 423â¯K, evidencing an irreversible phase transformation. The diffraction results also showed that crystal goes to monohydrate and anhydrous phases. Furthermore, cell lattice parameters and space groups of both phases were determined by applying Rietveld refinement through Le Bail method, demonstrating that their structures belong to the P21 and C2/c space groups, both with monoclinic symmetry. In addition, assignments of Raman spectra vibrational bands (at 300â¯K) are provided. The high-temperature Raman spectra were obtained in the 100-3500â¯cm-1 range, where it was observed several abrupt changes in the intensity of low-wavenumber bands and the appearance/disappearance of some vibrational modes that have coupling with OHâ¯O hydrogen bonds. These spectral changes are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction and thermal analyses data. Finally, we obtained Raman measurements at low temperatures, from which we identified that the crystal structure is extremely stable throughout the temperature range of 293-10â¯K.
RESUMO
Among the seven tetraploid cotton species, little is known about transmission genetics and genome organization in Gossypium mustelinum, the species most distant from the source of most cultivated cotton, G. hirsutum In this research, an F2 population was developed from an interspecific cross between G. hirsutum and G. mustelinum (HM). A genetic linkage map was constructed mainly using simple sequence repeat (SSRs) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA markers. The arrangements of most genetic loci along the HM chromosomes were identical to those of other tetraploid cotton species. However, both major and minor structural rearrangements were also observed, for which we propose a parsimony-based model for structural divergence of tetraploid cottons from common ancestors. Sequences of mapped markers were used for alignment with the 26 scaffolds of the G. hirsutum draft genome, and showed high consistency. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of fiber elongation in advanced backcross populations derived from the same parents demonstrated the value of the HM map. The HM map will serve as a valuable resource for QTL mapping and introgression of G. mustelinum alleles into G. hirsutum, and help clarify evolutionary relationships between the tetraploid cotton genomes.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Genoma de Planta , Genômica , Gossypium/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Cromossomos de Plantas , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Estudos de Associação Genética , Ligação Genética , Genômica/métodos , Gossypium/classificação , Filogenia , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , TetraploidiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Canine visceral leishmaniasisis an important disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania infantum which affects several organs and systems, including the genital tract. The L. infantum tropism to the male genital system and correlation among parasite load, immunohistochemistry detection and structural changes in these organs is controversy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate this correlation in the genital organs of the male dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Samples from testicles, epididymis, prostate, glans penis, prepuce and scrotum were collected from 19 positive adult dogs. Structural changes were observed in the testicles (5.2%), epididymis (2.6%), prepuce (5.2%) and scrotum (5.2%) of the samples positive at immunohistochemistry examination. Conversely, similar structural changes were observed in all tissues negative at immunohistochemistry analysis. Moreover, L. infantum DNA was detected in all organs with the highest parasite load found in testicles, epididymis, and prostate gland. , Testicles had the highest parasite load but the lowest number of inflammatory lesions. These inflammatory lesions were observed in all organs of reproductive system of dogs; however, no correlation was observed between the parasite load and inflammatory lesions of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum.
RESUMO: A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina é uma importante enfermidade causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum que afeta diversos órgãos e sistemas, incluindo o trato genital. No entanto, o tropismo da L. infantum pelo sistema genital masculino e a correlação entre carga parasitária, detecção imunohistoquímica e alterações estruturais nesses órgãos ainda é uma questão controversa. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar essa correlação em órgãos genitais de cães naturalmente infectados por L. infantum. Para tal, amostras de testículos, epidídimos, próstata, glande, prepúcio e escroto foram coletadas de 19 cães adultos positivos. Lesões microscópicas associadas com imunomarcação de formas amastigotas do parasito foram observadas nos testículos (5,2%), epidídimos (2,6%), prepúcio (5,2%) e escroto (5,2%). Por outro lado, alterações estruturais sem imunomarcação foram observadas em todos os órgãos. Além disso, o DNA de L. infantum foi encontrado em todos os órgãos com maior carga parasitária nos testículos, epidídimos e próstata. Curiosamente, os testículos apresentaram a maior carga parasitária, porém apresentaram o menor grau de lesões inflamatórias. Essas lesões inflamatórias foram observadas em todos os órgãos do sistema reprodutor de cães com L. infantum. Entretanto, não houve correlação entre carga parasitária e lesões inflamatórias nestes órgãos.
RESUMO
Canine visceral leishmaniasisis an important disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania infantum which affects several organs and systems, including the genital tract. The L. infantum tropism to the male genital system and correlation among parasite load, immunohistochemistry detection and structural changes in these organs is controversy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate this correlation in the genital organs of the male dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Samples from testicles, epididymis, prostate, glans penis, prepuce and scrotum were collected from 19 positive adult dogs. Structural changes were observed in the testicles (5.2%), epididymis (2.6%), prepuce (5.2%) and scrotum (5.2%) of the samples positive at immunohistochemistry examination. Conversely, similar structural changes were observed in all tissues negative at immunohistochemistry analysis. Moreover, L. infantum DNA was detected in all organs with the highest parasite load found in testicles, epididymis, and prostate gland. , Testicles had the highest parasite load but the lowest number of inflammatory lesions. These inflammatory lesions were observed in all organs of reproductive system of dogs; however, no correlation was observed between the parasite load and inflammatory lesions of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum.(AU)
A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina é uma importante enfermidade causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum que afeta diversos órgãos e sistemas, incluindo o trato genital. No entanto, o tropismo da L. infantum pelo sistema genital masculino e a correlação entre carga parasitária, detecção imunohistoquímica e alterações estruturais nesses órgãos ainda é uma questão controversa. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar essa correlação em órgãos genitais de cães naturalmente infectados por L. infantum. Para tal, amostras de testículos, epidídimos, próstata, glande, prepúcio e escroto foram coletadas de 19 cães adultos positivos. Lesões microscópicas associadas com imunomarcação de formas amastigotas do parasito foram observadas nos testículos (5,2%), epidídimos (2,6%), prepúcio (5,2%) e escroto (5,2%). Por outro lado, alterações estruturais sem imunomarcação foram observadas em todos os órgãos. Além disso, o DNA de L. infantum foi encontrado em todos os órgãos com maior carga parasitária nos testículos, epidídimos e próstata. Curiosamente, os testículos apresentaram a maior carga parasitária, porém apresentaram o menor grau de lesões inflamatórias. Essas lesões inflamatórias foram observadas em todos os órgãos do sistema reprodutor de cães com L. infantum. Entretanto, não houve correlação entre carga parasitária e lesões inflamatórias nestes órgãos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Doenças do Cão , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/veterinária , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterináriaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training (AT) on the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and anti-inflammatory cytokines in an asthma model. BALB/c mice were divided into groups control (CT; nonsensitized/nontrained), aerobic training (AT; nonsensitized/trained), ovalbumin (OVA; sensitized/not trained), and OVA+AT (sensitized/trained). OVA groups received OVA by inhalation, and the AT groups completed 1, 3, or 7 days of exercise (60 min/session). Expression of GR, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1ra, NF-κB, TGF-ß, VEGF, ICAM-1, VCAM-1; eosinophils counting; and airway remodeling (AR) features [airway smooth muscle (ASM) and epithelial thickness and collagen fiber deposition] were quantified. OVA sensitization induced a decrease in the expression of GR and increases in the eosinophil, IL-4, IL-5, NF-κB, TGF-ß, VEGF, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and AR features (P < 0.05). After 3 days, AT reversed the OVA-induced reduction in the expression of GR, and subsequently induced increases in the expression of IL-10 and IL-1ra (seventh day). In contrast, the eosinophil migration, the expression of NF-κB, IL-4, IL-5, TGF-ß, RANTES, VEGF, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and the AR features (P < 0.05) were reduced. AT increases the expression of GR and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1ra) and reduces the expression of inflammatory mediators and airway inflammation in an animal model of asthma.
Assuntos
Remodelação das Vias Aéreas/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/imunologia , Remodelação das Vias Aéreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Asma/induzido quimicamente , Brasil , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Pulmão/química , Pulmão/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ovalbumina/administração & dosagem , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The parasite Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic for small ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural changes induced in adult H. contortus after in vitro contact with Acacia mearnsii extract (AE), using scanning electron microscopy. Adult nematodes were collected from a naturally infected lamb. In the in vitro assay the parasites were placed in contact with AE (100 mg ml-1), for two hours at 37oC. The nematodes used in the assays (exposed to AE and the negative controls) were analyzed using an electron scanning microscope (quadruplicate per treatment). In all replicates, similar morphological alterations were observed on the entire extension of the cuticle of the specimens that remained in contact with the EA in vitro assays, none significant lesion was observed in the negative control (not exposed to AE). These results indicate the direct action of EA on the cuticle of H. contortus in in vitro trials.(AU)
Haemonchus contortus é um dos parasitos mais patogênicos para pequenos ruminantes em regiões tropicais e subtropicais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar alterações ultraestruturais na cutícula de H. contortus após contato com extrato de Acacia mearnsii. Os parasitos expostos ao extrato de Acacia mearnsii (EA) e os controles negativos foram analisados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. No teste in vitro, adultos de H. contortus foram coletados de um ovino naturalmente infectado, e os parasitos foram colocados em contato com o EA (100 mg mL-1), durante duas horas à 37oC. Os nematódeos expostos ao EA apresentaram alterações morfológicas em toda a extensão da cutícula. As alterações morfológicas não foram observadas no controle negativo. Estes resultados indicam a ação direta do EA na cutícula de H. contortus.(AU)
Assuntos
Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Acacia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This review addressed the structural changes observed in salivary glands and pathogenic mechanisms resulting from oxidative stress caused by radiotherapy. The preventive and regenerative therapies for altered acinar morphology and glandular function were also reviewed. Among acute and late microscopic alterations in glandular tissue, there are particularly changes indicative of cell death, hypovascularization, formation of fibrous tissue and edema. A critical role was identified for the Akt-MDM2-p53 pathway in the suppression of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in acinar cells. Prophylactic treatment with pilocarpine, cevilemine, bethanechol and isoproterenol has shown a positive effect on salivary flow, but lasting results have not been observed. Growth factors, histamine and lidocaine, have also demonstrated radioprotective effects on the salivary glands. Stem cell preservation and transplantation may be an alternative to maintain tissue homeostasis and thus allow glandular regeneration. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the structural changes observed in the salivary glands contributes to proving the short- and long-term efficacy of the therapies investigated. It is important to know the mechanisms involved in radiation-induced damage, since the control of the pathogenic mechanisms can inhibit the initial process of tissue degeneration. The challenge for investigators is to protect normal cells selectively, without promoting tumor growth.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/etiologia , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/terapia , Glândulas Salivares/efeitos da radiação , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos da radiação , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Estresse Oxidativo , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Glândulas Salivares/efeitos dos fármacos , Transplante de Células-TroncoRESUMO
This paper reports the temperature-dependent measurements in the C form of stearic acid. Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed at low temperatures. The polarized Raman spectra were measured for temperatures ranging from 8 to 300 K over the spectral range of 30-3000 cm(-1). The spectral changes observed in both the lattice vibrational modes and the internal vibrational modes regions of the Raman spectrum, allowed to identify a phase transition undergone by the stearic acid crystal occurring between 210 and 170 K and a change in the structure continues to be observed down to 8 K. The anharmonicity of some vibrational modes and the possible space groups presented by the crystal at low temperatures were also discussed. Low-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements were performed from 290 to 80 K and the results showed slight changes in the lattice parameters at â¼200 K. Furthermore, the evidence of the phase transformation was provided by the differential scanning calorimetry measurements, which identified an enthalpic anomaly at about 160 K.
Assuntos
Transição de Fase , Ácidos Esteáricos/química , Temperatura Baixa , Modelos Moleculares , Difração de Pó , Análise Espectral Raman , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate if the aerobic training (AT) reverses airway remodeling (AR) in an asthma model. BALB/c were divided into four groups: control (unsensitized and untrained); ovalbumin (OVA: sensitized and untrained); AT (unsensitized and trained) and OVA + AT. Allergic inflammation was induced with intraperitoneal and OVA inhalation. AT (low intensity; 5×/week; 60 min/session) was performed at 7, 15, and 30 days. Leukocyte counting in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; the expression of IL-5, eotaxin, RANTES, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); AR features (airway smooth muscle, epithelium thickness, collagen and elastic fibers, mucus production); and AR inducers (transforming growing factor-beta, osteopontin, vascular endothelial growth factor). OVA induced an increase in leukocyte airway migration and increased AR features (P < 0.05). After 7 days, AT reversed the OVA-induced eosinophil and macrophage airway migration, the expression of IL-5, eotaxin, RANTES, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and all AR inducers. However, total reversion of the AR features and inducers and airway inflammation occurred only after 15 days of AT compared with the OVA groups (P < 0.05) and the effects were maintained until the 30th day. AT reverses AR after 15 days and this effect is preceded by the inhibition of leukocyte migration and occurs simultaneously with the reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators and AR inducers.
Assuntos
Remodelação das Vias Aéreas/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Brônquios/imunologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Remodelação das Vias Aéreas/fisiologia , Animais , Asma/induzido quimicamente , Asma/metabolismo , Asma/patologia , Brônquios/patologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Movimento Celular , Quimiocina CCL5/imunologia , Quimiocinas CC/imunologia , Doença Crônica , Colágeno/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Tecido Elástico/patologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/metabolismo , Interleucina-5/imunologia , Leucócitos , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Muco/metabolismo , Músculo Liso/patologia , Osteopontina/metabolismo , Ovalbumina/toxicidade , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
The parasite Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic for small ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural changes induced in adult H. contortus after in vitro contact with Acacia mearnsii extract (AE), using scanning electron microscopy. Adult nematodes were collected from a naturally infected lamb. In the in vitro assay the parasites were placed in contact with AE (100 mg ml-1), for two hours at 37oC. The nematodes used in the assays (exposed to AE and the negative controls) were analyzed using an electron scanning microscope (quadruplicate per treatment). In all replicates, similar morphological alterations were observed on the entire extension of the cuticle of the specimens that remained in contact with the EA in vitro assays, none significant lesion was observed in the negative control (not exposed to AE). These results indicate the direct action of EA on the cuticle of H. contortus in in vitro trials.
Haemonchus contortus é um dos parasitos mais patogênicos para pequenos ruminantes em regiões tropicais e subtropicais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar alterações ultraestruturais na cutícula de H. contortus após contato com extrato de Acacia mearnsii. Os parasitos expostos ao extrato de Acacia mearnsii (EA) e os controles negativos foram analisados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. No teste in vitro, adultos de H. contortus foram coletados de um ovino naturalmente infectado, e os parasitos foram colocados em contato com o EA (100 mg mL-1), durante duas horas à 37oC. Os nematódeos expostos ao EA apresentaram alterações morfológicas em toda a extensão da cutícula. As alterações morfológicas não foram observadas no controle negativo. Estes resultados indicam a ação direta do EA na cutícula de H. contortus.
Assuntos
Acacia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença parasitária crônica causada por protozoários pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania. No Brasil, a transmissão se dá, principalmente, pela ação hematófaga de insetos vetores pertencentes à subfamília Phlebotominae, particularmente, a espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. Todavia, a trasmissão vertical e venérea da LVC está presente. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais acometidos pela LVC são linfoadenomegalia, dermatopatias, hepatoesplenomegalia, onicogrifose e oftalmopatias, contudo quadros atípicos podem ser observados, inclusive com o envolvimento do sistema genital. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar revisão sobre as principais patologias genitais em cães machos e fêmeas com leishmaniose visceral (LV).
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the transmission occurs mainly by the action of blood-sucking insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, particularly the Lutzomyia longipalpis species. However, the venereal and vertical transmission of the CanL is present. The main clinical signs observed in animals affected by the CanL are lymphadenopathy, skin diseases, hepatosplenomegaly, onychogryphosis and ophthalmopathy, however atypical manifestations can be observed, including the involvement of the genital system. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review on the major pathologies in genital male and female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
RESUMO
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the transmission occurs mainly by the action of blood-sucking insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, particularly the Lutzomyia longipalpis species. However, the venereal and vertical transmission of the CanL is present. The main clinical signs observed in animals affected by the CanL are lymphadenopathy, skin diseases, hepatosplenomegaly, onychogryphosis and ophthalmopathy, however atypical manifestations can be observed, including the involvement of the genital system. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review on the major pathologies in genital male and female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença parasitária crônica causada por protozoários pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania. No Brasil, a transmissão se dá, principalmente, pela ação hematófaga de insetos vetores pertencentes à subfamília Phlebotominae, particularmente, a espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. Todavia, a trasmissão vertical e venérea da LVC está presente. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais acometidos pela LVC são linfoadenomegalia, dermatopatias, hepatoesplenomegalia, onicogrifose e oftalmopatias, contudo quadros atípicos podem ser observados, inclusive com o envolvimento do sistema genital. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar revisão sobre as principais patologias genitais em cães machos e fêmeas com leishmaniose visceral (LV).
RESUMO
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the transmission occurs mainly by the action of blood-sucking insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, particularly the Lutzomyia longipalpis species. However, the venereal and vertical transmission of the CanL is present. The main clinical signs observed in animals affected by the CanL are lymphadenopathy, skin diseases, hepatosplenomegaly, onychogryphosis and ophthalmopathy, however atypical manifestations can be observed, including the involvement of the genital system. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review on the major pathologies in genital male and female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença parasitária crônica causada por protozoários pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania. No Brasil, a transmissão se dá, principalmente, pela ação hematófaga de insetos vetores pertencentes à subfamília Phlebotominae, particularmente, a espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. Todavia, a trasmissão vertical e venérea da LVC está presente. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais acometidos pela LVC são linfoadenomegalia, dermatopatias, hepatoesplenomegalia, onicogrifose e oftalmopatias, contudo quadros atípicos podem ser observados, inclusive com o envolvimento do sistema genital. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar revisão sobre as principais patologias genitais em cães machos e fêmeas com leishmaniose visceral (LV).
RESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as mudanças na comunidade lenhosa em um período de quatro anos. Foram estabelecidas 50 parcelas permanentes de 10 × 10 m onde foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a 30 cm acima do solo (DAS 30 cm) > 5 cm em 2002 e em 2006. No inventário de janeiro de 2002, foram encontrados 945 indivíduos pertencentes a 77 espécies, 65 gêneros e 35 famílias ao passo que em janeiro de 2006 foram 1.106 indivíduos distribuídos em 80 espécies, 66 gêneros e 36 famílias. A diversidade de espécies e a estrutura diamétrica da comunidade não diferiram no período. As taxas de mortalidade (4,01 por cento ano-1) e de perda de área basal (0,68 por cento ano-1) foram compensadas pelas taxas de recrutamento (6,67 por cento ano-1) e de ganho de área basal (2,26 por cento ano-1), indicando a manutenção da comunidade como aparentemente estável. O incremento periódico anual (IPA) da comunidade foi de 0,31 cm ano-1, sendo superado pelo IPA de Euplassa inaequalis, Kielmeyera rubriflora e Byrsonima coccolobifolia (0,72, 0,49 e 0,47 cm ano-1, respectivamente), indicando o potencial de crescimento de tais espécies como importante para estratégias de recuperação de áreas degradadas. A ausência de fogo no período estudado pode ter sido o fator responsável pela dinâmica da vegetação do cerrado estudado, favorecendo o estabelecimento de algumas espécies lenhosas e proporcionando aumento em densidade e biomassa.
The objective of the study was to investigate changes in the woody plant community in a four-year period. It was established 50 permanent plots of 10 × 10 m and all individuals with diameter above ground 30 cm (DAG 30 cm) > 5 cm were sampled in 2002 and 2006. In the inventory of January 2002, were found 945 individuals belonging to 77 species, 65 genera and 35 families and in January 2006, were 1,106 individuals, 80 species, 66 genera and 36 families. Community species diversity and diameter structure did not change within the period. Mortality rates (4.01 percent year-1) and basal area losses (0.68 percent year-1) were offset by recruitment (6.67 percent year-1) and gain (2.26 percent year-1), indicating community maintenance as stable apparently. The periodic annual increment (PAI) of the community was 0.31 cm year-1, being overcome by the PAI of Euplassa inaequalis, Kielmeyera rubriflora and Byrsonima coccolobifolia (0.72, 0.49 and 0.47 cm year-1, respectively), indicating the growth potential of such species as important for recovery strategies on degraded areas. The absence of fire during the study period may have been the main factor behind the dynamics of the vegetation of the studied cerrado, favoring the establishment of some woody species and providing increase in density and biomass.
RESUMO
Many motor skills, once acquired, are stored over a long time period, probably sustained by permanent neuronal changes. Thus, in this paper we have investigated with quantitative stereology the generation and persistence of neuronal density changes in primary motor cortex (MI) following motor skill learning (skilled reaching task). Rats were trained a lateralised reaching task during an "early" (22-31 days old) or "late" (362-371 days old) postnatal period. The trained and corresponding control rats were sacrificed at day 372, immediately after the behavioural testing. The "early" trained group preserved the learned skilled reaching task when tested at day 372, without requiring any additional training. The "late" trained group showed a similar capacity to that of the "early" trained group for learning the skilled reaching task. All trained animals ("early" and "late" trained groups) showed a significant inter hemispheric decrease of neuronal density in the corresponding motor forelimb representation area of MI (cortical layers II-III).