RESUMO

The aims of the present study were to identify strongyles in the feces of Thoroughbred horses based on larval morphology; to detect Strongylus vulgaris using molecular diagnosis and compare results to those of feces culture; and to determine the association between the presence of S. vulgaris with corresponding animal information (age range, gender, and anthelmintic use). Feces of horses kept in six Training Centers in Rio de Janeiro State, that showed the presence of ≥500 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were subjected to strongyle identification. Of the 520 fecal samples collected, 35 had an EPG ≥ 500. After fecal culture for L3 larvae identification, DNA was extracted, subjected to PCR to amplify the ITS2 region DNA fragment of S. vulgaris, and sequenced. A total of 3500 larvae were analyzed. Most were classified as small strong (99.7%), with an emphasis on the type A subfamily of Cyathostominae. Forms of S. vulgaris only corresponded to 0.2%. In all, 25 samples showed amplified S. vulgaris DNA products and 11 showed nucleotide sequences with high sequence identity. Fecal culture and PCR results showed poor agreement (kappa = 0.105) for S. vulgaris diagnosis. Age, gender, anthelmintic use, and anthelmintic administration interval were not statistically significant. The present study showed the presence of S. vulgaris in the feces of horses kept in Rio de Janeiro Training Centers, mainly seen via PCR, which has emerged as the most effective tool for diagnosis. This study made it possible to identify strongyles that infect horses in the region, emphasizing upon the necessity for constant monitoring of the animals.

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The indiscriminate use of drugs to control gastrointestinal helminths in horses can lead to serious consequences for the animals, which represents a growing problem for health, animal welfare and productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infected horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo. From May 2021 to April 2022, 123 naturally infected adult horses in 12 equine breeding farms (7 to 14 animals per farm) were evaluated with the fecal egg count reduction test. The horses had not been treated with anthelmintic drugs for at least 60 days before the start of the study. The animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; Eqvalan®, Merial) administered orally according to recommended dosage by the manufacturer. Individual fecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla and used to determine the eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and perform coproculture for identification of larvae on the day of anthelmintic treatment (D0) and 14 days later (D14). The fecal egg count reduction (FECR) on each property was calculated using the program Shiny-egg Counts R version 3.6.1, and the presence of anthelmintic resistance was confirmed when the FECR percentage was less than 95%, and when the lower confidence limit [LCI] was less than 90%. The pre-treatment average EPG count in the 12 properties was 991. In five properties the FECR was lower than 90%; in three properties between 90% and 95%; and in four properties equal to or greater than 95% after treatment with ivermectin. The occurrence of cyathostomins with resistance to ivermectin was recorded in the majority of the farms.

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The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites with an emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris was investigated among the Brazilian Pony breed kept on farms in the municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples were collected in three stud farms: A (n= 22 animals), B (n= 3), and C (n= 2). Fecal samples were subjected to the quantitative Mini-FLOTAC technique, using three different solutions, and to qualitative techniques. The parasite prevalence was found to be 81.4%. Eggs from strongylids were identified in 74% of the ponies. Eggs of Parascaris spp. were detected in 22.7% of the animals, which were all females of farm A. At this locality, mares were kept with their foals in fenced paddocks all the time. The NaCl solution of d = 1.200 g/ml was generally the one that presented the highest frequency of diagnosis of nematode eggs and the highest mean of fecal eggs per gram. The fecal samples were also subjected to the polymerase chain reaction for amplification of DNA from the ITS2 region for Strongylus vulgaris. Twelve samples presented nucleotide sequences for S. vulgaris. In the end, this study revealed the high frequency (96.3%) of S. vulgaris among ponies on farms in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

A frequência de parasitos gastrointestinais, com ênfase na pesquisa de Strongylus vulgaris, foi investigada entre os Pôneis Brasileiros criados em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais foram coletadas em três haras: A (n=22 animais), B (n=3) e C (n=2). Amostras fecais foram submetidas à técnica quantitativa de Mini-FLOTAC utilizando três diferentes soluções e técnicas qualitativas. A prevalência de parasitos foi de 81,4%. Ovos de estrôngilos foram identificados em 74% dos pôneis. Ovos de Parascaris spp. foram detectados em 22,7% dos animais, sendo todos fêmeas do haras A. Nesta propriedade, as éguas eram mantidas com os pôneis em piquetes cercados durante todo o tempo. A solução de NaCl, com densidade de 1.200 g/ml, foi a que apresentou a maior frequência diagnóstica de ovos de nematoides e a maior contagem de ovos por grama de fezes. As amostras também foram submetidas à reação de polimerase em cadeia para amplificar DNA da região ITS2 de Strongylus vulgaris. Doze amostras fecais apresentaram sequências nucleotídicas de S. vulgaris. Ao final, este estudo demonstrou a alta frequência (96.3%) de S. vulgaris em pôneis mantidos em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

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RESUMO

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of three anthelmintic drugs, i.e. fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin; to determine the genera and species of the most abundant strongyles; and to investigate parasite control measures used in herds of horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was onducted between February and December 2013 on 10 farms in this region. Coprological evaluations were conducted for counting the numbers of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and coprocultures were made in order to identify third-stage larvae (L3) of strongyles. Parasite control measures were investigated by surveying each farm's management and characteristics. A fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the anthelmintic efficacy based on EPG count results before and after treatment. The FECRT showed that anthelmintic resistance to fenbendazole was present and that ivermectin and moxidectin had high effectiveness in the western region of the state of São Paulo. Identification of L3 revealed that there was high prevalence of cyathostomins among strongyle larvae. The highest prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris occurred on farms where the intervals between deworming were long. The questionnaire applied showed that ivermectin was the drug most used among these farmers.

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RESUMO

Se realizo un estudio coprológico por la técnica de flotación Mc Master (Willis-Molloy), realizando contaje de Huevos por gramo de Heces (HPG), a 100 equinos Pura Sangre de Carreras, durante el periodo de cuarentena Hipodromo “La Rinconada” Caracas Venezuela. Se procedió a la desparasitacióncon una terapéutica a base de Febantel, dosis 6mg/kg, presentación en pasta, vía oral (CALOXBANTEL) Febantel 88.7 mg; Excipientes c.s.p. 1g. A los 7 días post-desparasitación se realizo un estudio coprológico por la técnica de flotación Mc Master (Willis-Molloy), realizando contaje de Huevos por gramo de Heces (HPG). El estudio coprológico evidencio un 60% de infestación (60/100) en los caballos estudiados. El 40% (40/100) fue negativo al examen coprológico. Los resultados post-tratamientos fueron 1% de infestación persistente (01/100) y un 99% (99/100) negativos al examen coprológico. En todos los casos la infestación parasitaria fue por Strongylus sp. La presencia de Strongylus sp. se mantuvo por equino infestado entre un rango de 400-1200 HPG

We study 100 Thoroughbred horses, in the Racetrack “La Rinconada” Caracas, Venezuela, by McMaster flotation technique (Willis-Molloy), making counting of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) before deworming, each of the copies, then proceeded to the parasite with a Febantel based therapy, dose 6mg/kg, pasta presentation, oral (CALOXBANTEL) Febantel 88.7 mg, Excipients 1g. At 7 days post-parasite stool study was conducted by the McMaster flotation technique (Willis- Molloy), by counting eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). The coprology study showed 60% infestation (60/100) in horses studied. The 40% (40/100) was negative. The post-treatment were 1% infestation (01/100) and 99% (99/100) was negative. In all cases, parasite infestation was by Strongylus sp. within the range of 400-1200 HPG

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RESUMO

São descritos cinco casos de enterite granulomatosa associada a larvas de ciatostomíneos em eqüinos provenientes de três propriedades rurais do Rio Grande do Sul. Os casos ocorreram entre janeiro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007. A evolução clínica nos dois casos cujo seguimento clínico foi acompanhado foi de 10 e 14 dias. Os sinais clínicos apresentados por três eqüinos foram semelhantes e consistiam de diarréia (3/3), emagrecimento (2/3), pirexia (1/3), taquicardia (1/3) e taquipnéia (1/3). Os achados macroscópicos incluíram espessamento da parede do cólon maior e ceco por edema e ocorrência de numerosos pontos marrom-escuros com 1-4mm, levemente salientes, disseminados pela mucosa. A incisão desses pontos revelou pequenas larvas de nematódeos marrom-avermelhadas de 1-2mm. Numerosos parasitas, compatíveis morfologicamente com pequenos estrôngilos, foram observados na luz intestinal ou aderidos à mucosa do cólon maior e ceco. Histologicamente, na mucosa e submucosa do cólon maior e ceco, foram observados múltiplos granulomas constituídos por moderado ou acentuado infiltrado inflamatório, composto por macrófagos, macrófagos epitelióides e eosinófilos circundados por linfócitos e plasmócitos. No centro desses granulomas, observaram-se cortes transversais de parasitas com morfologia compatível com ciatostomíneos. Adicionalmente, havia edema e infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histioplasmocitário e eosinofílico, leve ou moderado na submucosa e mucosa do cólon maior e ceco; necrose e proliferação linfo-histiocítária em folículos linfóides na submucosa e hiperplasia de células caliciformes na mucosa. O diagnóstico de enterite granulomatosa associada a ciatostomíneos foi realizado com base nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e macroscópicos e confirmado pela histologia.

Five cases of granulomatous enteritis associated with cyathostomes are described in horses from three farms in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The cases occurred from January 1999 to December 2007. The clinical course in two cases in which clinical follow-up was available was 10-14 days. Clinical signs presented by two horses were similar and included diarrhea (3/3), weight loss (2/3), pyrexia (1/3), tachycardia (1/3), and tachypnea (1/3). Gross changes consisted of thickening of the wall of large colon and cecum by edema and the occurrence of numerous 1-4mm, dark-tan, slightly raised multifocal pinpoints disseminated throughout the mucosa. Up on the incision of these pinpoints, brown-reddish, small (1-2mm) nematode larvae emerged. Large numbers of parasites with morphology compatible with small strongyles were observed in the lumina of large colon and cecum or adhered to the mucosae of these organs. Histologically, multiple granulomas were seen in the mucosa and submucosa of large colon and cecum. These granulomas consisted of moderate to severe inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, and eosinophils surrounded by fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the center of these granulomas, transversal cut sections of parasites with morphology compatible with cyathostomes larvae were observed. Additionally, there was edema and moderate to marked lymphohistioplasmacytic and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate throughout the mucosa and submucosa of the large colon and cecum; necrosis and lymphohistiocytic proliferation in the submucosal lymphoid follicles, with hyperplasia of goblet cells in the epithelial lining of these organs were also observed. The diagnosis of granulomatous enteritis associated with larval cyathostomiasis was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and gross findings which were confirmed by histopathology.

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The objective of this study was to determinate the occurrence of hepatic lesions caused by migratory large Strongyle larvaes in horses slaughtered in city of Apucarana in state of Paraná. The lesions were diagnostic in post mortem exam by macro and microscopic analysis. From April 2003 to April 2004, 38,363 animals, coming from different regions of Brazil, were examined. The occurrence of granulomas in liver was observed in 14,443 (37.64%), with adhesions and spot in 6,645 (17,32%), and 17,275 (45.03%) without macroscopic lesions. Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of livers with calcified nodules, the presence of whitish spots, and adhesions in the format of lines over the hepatic capsule. No larvae were found in the livers. Hepatic fragments were histologically processed and revealed, by optical microscopy, inflammatory cells with predominance of eosinophils around the granulomas with a moderate amount of macrophages and the presence of fibroblasts.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de lesões hepáticas provocadas por larvas de estrongilídeos em eqüídeos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico no Paraná, diagnosticado durante o exame post mortem e estudo macro e microscópico destas lesões. Foram pesquisados nos meses de abril de 2003 a abril de 2004, 38.363 animais, procedentes de diversos estados do país. A ocorrência de granulomas no fígado foi observada em 14.443 (37,64%), com aderências e manchas em 6.645 (17,32%), e sem lesões macroscópicas em 17.275 (45.03%). Macroscopicamente, foram verificados fígados com nódulos calcificados, presença de manchas esbranquiçadas, aderências e em forma de linhas sob a cápsula hepática. Não foram encontradas as larvas nos fígados. Histologicamente, os fragmentos hepáticos revelaram na microscopia óptica, células inflamatórias com o predomínio de eosinófilos ao redor dos granulomas, com moderada quantidade de macrófagos e presença de fibroblastos.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to determinate the occurrence of hepatic lesions caused by migratory large Strongyle larvaes in horses slaughtered in city of Apucarana in state of Paraná. The lesions were diagnostic in post mortem exam by macro and microscopic analysis. From April 2003 to April 2004, 38,363 animals, coming from different regions of Brazil, were examined. The occurrence of granulomas in liver was observed in 14,443 (37.64%), with adhesions and spot in 6,645 (17,32%), and 17,275 (45.03%) without macroscopic lesions. Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of livers with calcified nodules, the presence of whitish spots, and adhesions in the format of lines over the hepatic capsule. No larvae were found in the livers. Hepatic fragments were histologically processed and revealed, by optical microscopy, inflammatory cells with predominance of eosinophils around the granulomas with a moderate amount of macrophages and the presence of fibroblasts.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de lesões hepáticas provocadas por larvas de estrongilídeos em eqüídeos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico no Paraná, diagnosticado durante o exame post mortem e estudo macro e microscópico destas lesões. Foram pesquisados nos meses de abril de 2003 a abril de 2004, 38.363 animais, procedentes de diversos estados do país. A ocorrência de granulomas no fígado foi observada em 14.443 (37,64%), com aderências e manchas em 6.645 (17,32%), e sem lesões macroscópicas em 17.275 (45.03%). Macroscopicamente, foram verificados fígados com nódulos calcificados, presença de manchas esbranquiçadas, aderências e em forma de linhas sob a cápsula hepática. Não foram encontradas as larvas nos fígados. Histologicamente, os fragmentos hepáticos revelaram na microscopia óptica, células inflamatórias com o predomínio de eosinófilos ao redor dos granulomas, com moderada quantidade de macrófagos e presença de fibroblastos.

RESUMO

The efficacy of Fenbendazole and Mebendazole against strongyle infections was evaluated in a controlled trial using 23 naturally infected mares. Such equines, aged from three to eighteen years, cross-bred and field-raised, were distributed in three groups, each with similar pre-treatment fecal egg counts. Group A: 8 received a single dose of granulated Fenbendazole at the level of 7,5 mg/kg, with the fodder. Group B: 8 received a single dose of granulated Mebendazole at the level of 2,000 mg/ animal, with the fodder and Group C: 7 being left as untreated controls. Worm differential larval counts were made on feces at: -12, - 8, - 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 18, 25, 31, 45 and 60 days of treatment. Fecal samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours posttreatment. Alfortia edentata, Delafondia vulgaris, Strongylus equinus and small strongyles were recovered from such fecal samples. A significant reduction in the mean output of strongyle eggs posttreatment occurred in the Groups A and B. This reduction was larger and more lasting in Group A than in Group B.

Utilizaram-se éguas mestiças Puro Sangue Inglês (PSD, com variados graus de mestiçagem, com três a 18 anos de idade, criadas a campo e distribuídas em três grupos: A - oito que receberam 7,5 mg/kg de Fenbendazol imetil-5-(fenil-tio)-benzimidazol-2- -carbamato), misturado à ração; B - oito, tratados com Mebendazol (metil-5(6)-benzol-2-benzimidazole carbamato) na dose de 2.000 mg/animal, também na ração e C - sete sem qualquer tratamento (grupo testemunha). As médias dos números de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), antes dos tratamentos, eram semelhantes nos três grupos. Foram feitas contagens de OPG, coproculturas e identificação de larvas nos dias 12, 8 , 4, 0 ,1 , 2, 3 ,1 1 ,1 8 , 25, 31 e 60 dos tratamentos, bem como colheitas de helmintos de amostras de fezes, retiradas do reto de cada animal às 24, 48 e 72 horas pós-tratamentos. Os helmintos identificados foram Alfortia edentata, Dela fondia vulgaris, Strongylus equinus e pequenos estrôngilos. As médias das contagens de OPG pós-tratamentos indicaram que nos grupos A e B ocorreram reduções significativas nas contagens e que em A foi maior e mais duradoura que em B.

RESUMO

The efficacy of Fenbendazole and Mebendazole against strongyle infections was evaluated in a controlled trial using 23 naturally infected mares. Such equines, aged from three to eighteen years, cross-bred and field-raised, were distributed in three groups, each with similar pre-treatment fecal egg counts. Group A: 8 received a single dose of granulated Fenbendazole at the level of 7,5 mg/kg, with the fodder. Group B: 8 received a single dose of granulated Mebendazole at the level of 2,000 mg/ animal, with the fodder and Group C: 7 being left as untreated controls. Worm differential larval counts were made on feces at: -12, - 8, - 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 18, 25, 31, 45 and 60 days of treatment. Fecal samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours posttreatment. Alfortia edentata, Delafondia vulgaris, Strongylus equinus and small strongyles were recovered from such fecal samples. A significant reduction in the mean output of strongyle eggs posttreatment occurred in the Groups A and B. This reduction was larger and more lasting in Group A than in Group B.  

Utilizaram-se éguas mestiças Puro Sangue Inglês (PSD, com variados graus de mestiçagem, com três a 18 anos de idade, criadas a campo e distribuídas em três grupos: A - oito que receberam 7,5 mg/kg de Fenbendazol imetil-5-(fenil-tio)-benzimidazol-2- -carbamato), misturado à ração; B - oito, tratados com Mebendazol (metil-5(6)-benzol-2-benzimidazole carbamato) na dose de 2.000 mg/animal, também na ração e C - sete sem qualquer tratamento (grupo testemunha). As médias dos números de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), antes dos tratamentos, eram semelhantes nos três grupos. Foram feitas contagens de OPG, coproculturas e identificação de larvas nos dias 12, 8 , 4, 0 ,1 , 2, 3 ,1 1 ,1 8 , 25, 31 e 60 dos tratamentos, bem como colheitas de helmintos de amostras de fezes, retiradas do reto de cada animal às 24, 48 e 72 horas pós-tratamentos. Os helmintos identificados foram Alfortia edentata, Dela fondia vulgaris, Strongylus equinus e pequenos estrôngilos. As médias das contagens de OPG pós-tratamentos indicaram que nos grupos A e B ocorreram reduções significativas nas contagens e que em A foi maior e mais duradoura que em B.