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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent condition with multifactorial etiology involving genetic and environmental factors. The present study aims to summarize the correlates of stressful life events (SLEs) in OCD by reviewing studies comparing OCD associated or not with SLEs before its onset. To do so, a systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases for studies published between the database's inception and November 27, 2023. Studies including individuals whose OCD was precipitated or not by SLEs (SLEs OCD and NSLEs OCD, respectively) were assessed. Effect sizes or odds ratios were then calculated to identify the strength of association between SLEs and clinical characteristics, such as gender, age of onset, family history of OCD, severity of OCD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and mood comorbidities among patients with OCD. Out of the 4083 records initially identified, 5 studies met the inclusion criteria and 3 were comparable through a meta-analysis. Notably, the analyses were limited by the small number of studies available in the literature. The meta-analysis demonstrated SLEs OCD to be associated with female gender, later OCD onset, and increased comorbidity rates with mood disorders. Despite the cross-sectional nature of the reviewed studies, women may be more vulnerable to develop a later onset of OCD following SLEs, which may also lead to mood disorders. Caution is needed to avoid prematurely classifying this presentation as a distinct subtype of OCD.

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BACKGROUND: Stressful life events are associated with higher odds of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Furthermore, stressful life events can trigger specific symptoms, including the suicidal narrative and suicide crisis syndrome, resulting in an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This study examined the moderating role of suicide risk in the relationship between stressful life events, the suicidal narrative, and the suicide crisis syndrome. METHODS: 2,260 adults completed an online survey recruited through advertisements on social media. The level of emotional distress was assessed through the Suicide Narrative Inventory, Suicide Crisis Inventory-2, Stressful Life Events Questionnaire, and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The PROCESS macro (Hayes) was used to analyze the moderation models. RESULTS: Stressful life events were positively correlated with the suicidal narrative and suicide crisis syndrome. The effects of stressful life events on suicidal narrative and suicide crisis syndrome were strongest when suicide risk was low and weakest when suicide risk was high. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that including stressful life events as part of suicide risk assessment in general and clinical settings is critical to managing treatment for suicidal thoughts and developing adaptive coping.

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Background: Stressful life events (SLEs) in the development of early psychosis have been little studied in low-income countries. This study examines differences in the prevalence of SLEs in Mexican at clinical high risk (CHR) and those with familial high risk for psychosis who do not meet CHR criteria (non-CHR FHR). We also analyze the association between SLEs and CHR. Methods: Participants included 43 persons with CHR and 35 with non-CHR FHR. CHR criteria were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State. SLEs were assessed using the Questionnaire of Stressful Life Events. Results: Participants with CHR reported more SLEs associated with negative academic experiences than those in the non-CHR FHR group. Bullying (OR = 7.77, 95% CI [1.81, 33.32]) and low educational level (OR = 21.25, 95% CI [5.19, 46.90]) were the strongest predictors of CHR, while starting to live with a partner (OR = 0.26, 95% CI [0.10, 0.84]) was associated with a lower risk of CHR. Conclusion: Negative school experiences increase the risk of psychosis, particularly bullying, suggesting that schools may be ideal settings for implementing individual preventive strategies to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors to improve the prognosis of those at risk of developing psychosis. In Latin America, there are multiple barriers to early intervention in psychosis. It is thus crucial to identify risk and protective factors at the onset and in the course of psychosis in order to design effective preventive interventions.

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BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive symptom fluctuations may be contingent on the number of stressful pandemic-related events and the resilience characterizing different cultures. We investigated the influence of the pandemic on symptom changes in a sample of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients from Brazil and Italy, two countries that were highly affected by the outbreak. METHODS: Ninety-one OCD outpatients were evaluated at baseline and about one year later. Thirty of them were assessed in Brazil and 61 in Italy. Socio-demographic variables, symptoms' severity and the number of stressful pandemic-related events were collected. Comparisons between countries' samples were performed, and a linear regression examined whether the country of origin, demographic features and the number of stressful events were able to predict the symptoms' severity at the follow-up. RESULTS: Brazilian patients experienced more stressful pandemic-related events than Italian patients (p = 0.018). However, along with higher age (p < 0.01) and increased severity of symptoms at baseline (p < 0.01), lower number of events predicted increased symptoms' severity after one year (p < 0.01). Country of origin was not a significant predictor of severity. LIMITATIONS: Small number of subjects; lack of information regarding duration of illness; and potential sample differences between countries. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, the occurrence of more stressful pandemic-related events was associated with decreased severity of patients' OCD symptoms. Nevertheless, older patients and those with more severe symptoms seemed prone to exhibit increased OCD severity at follow-up.

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Nicaragua is one of the lowest income countries in Latin America, where there is a shortage of data on women living homeless. This paper analyses the types, timing and perceived causality of stressful life events (SLE) suffered both during childhood and adolescence and throughout life by women living homeless (n = 30). A structured interview was used to collect the data. Findings showed that women living homeless in Nicaragua suffered a very high number of SLEs, and that these were extremely severe and from very early ages. Most of the SLEs took place before the women became homeless. The SLEs suffered by the women interviewed in Nicaragua were largely similar to those seen in women living homeless in other cultural contexts with higher incomes, although it should be noted that those interviewed in Nicaragua had suffered a higher number of SLE during their childhood and adolescence. The women interviewed mainly attributed finding themselves homeless to having suffered SLEs in the family environment. The suffering of multiple and severe SLEs, largely leading to living in socioeconomically disadvantaged situations, seem to present a significant vulnerability factor both for becoming homeless and remaining homeless over time.

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BACKGROUND: Psychological stress may be a risk factor for dementia, but the association between exposure to stressful life events and the development of cognitive dysfunction has not been conclusively demonstrated. We hypothesize that if a stressful event has an impact on the subjects, its effects would be different in the three diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effects of stressful events in senior patients who later developed ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Together with demographic variables (age, sex, race, socioeconomic and cultural levels), five types of past stressful events, such as death or serious illness of close relatives, job dismissal, change of financial status, retirement, and change of residence, were recorded in 1024 patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic stroke. Time-todiagnosis (months from the event to the first symptoms: retrospective study) and evolution time (years of follow-up of each patient: prospective study) were recorded. The variance and nonparametric methods were analyzed to the variables time-to-diagnosis and evolution time to analyze differences between these diseases. RESULTS: The demographic variables, such as age, sex, race, economic and cultural levels, were found to be statistically non-significant; differences in the economic level were significant (P<0.05). Significant differences (P<0.001) were found in the mean time-to-diagnosis between diseases (Alzheimer's disease>Parkinson's disease >Stroke), and minor differences (P<0.05) in evolution time. CONCLUSION: Differences in time-to-diagnosis between the diseases indicate that the stressful effect of having experienced the death or serious illness of a close relative has an impact on their emergence. The measurement of time-to-diagnosis and evolution time proves useful in detecting differences between diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Living in a shelter is an adverse experience that generates toxic stress. This situation can cause the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and exert a negative impact on health.The aim of the present study was to determine the association between toxic stress and social, clinical and nutritional characteristics in children at welfare institutions in a city of northeastern of Brazil. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with male and female children up to 60 months of age who live in shelters. Hair cortisol was used for the assessment of stress (immunoassay). The anthropometric data collected were height for age, body mass index for age, arm circumference for age, and head circumference for age (expressed in z-scores). We also evaluated food intake using markers proposed by the Brazilian Dietary and Nutritional Vigilance Surveillance System as well as the occurrence of dental caries and anemia. RESULTS: Sixty-three children one to 60 months of age participated in the present study. Asthma was the most frequent disease (11.1%). The prevalence of short stature, anemia and dental caries in the sample was 22.2, 22.2 and 9.4%, respectively. Cortisol levels ranged from 0.93 pg/mg to 391.29 pg/mg (median: 6.17 pg/mg). Higher cortisol levels were found in children with illnesses (p = 0.012) and those who had been hospitalized after being admitted to the institutions (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children had unhealthy eating behavior. The cortisol concentrations found in the present study were suggestive of dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Hypercortisolism was associated with illness and hospitalization.

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BACKGROUND: In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), symptom content and severity appear to fluctuate over the course of the life cycle in accordance with stressful life events. The objective of this paper was to compare OCD patients with and without reported stressful life events (SLEs) in terms of the sociodemographics of patients and the clinical characteristics of OCD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 1001 patients with OCD. Data concerning SLEs were collected via the Yale OCD Natural History Questionnaire, while for OCD symptoms, the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was used. RESULTS: Of the 1001 OCD patients, 605 (60.5%) reported experiencing at least one SLE in their lifetime. Self-declared nonwhite skin color (odds ratio (OR) = 1.51), the presence of a sensory phenomenon (OR = 1.47), and comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (OR = 2.38) were some of the logistic regression variables related to the reported SLEs with relevant statistical significance and risk (i.e., OR) values. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that SLEs may make Brazilian OCD patients vulnerable to the onset or exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The positive association of the occurrence of SLEs and sensory phenomena in this population could corroborate that environmental influences impact the neurobiology associated with OCD, and likely with other psychiatric disorders as well.

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BACKGROUND: While stressful life events increase the risk of developing a range of psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), their ability to precipitate specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms' dimensions is unknown. Here we aimed to evaluate the potential role of three different types of stressful life events, herein termed losses (death of a loved one, termination of a romantic relationship and severe illness) in predicting the speed of progression from subclinical to clinical OCD and the severity of specific OCD dimensions in a large multicentre OCD sample. METHODS: Nine hundred and fifty-four OCD outpatients from the Brazilian OCD Research Consortium were included in this study. Several semi-structured and structured instruments were used, including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Yale OCD Natural History Questionnaire. Regression models investigated the interaction between types of loss and gender to predict speed of progression from subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms to OCD, and the severity of five symptom dimensions. RESULTS: While termination of a relationship was associated with a faster speed of progression from subthreshold to clinical OCD, the death of a loved one was associated with increased severity of hoarding symptoms. There was also an interaction between gender and experiences of death, which predicted a faster speed of progression to OCD in males. CONCLUSIONS: Stressful life events have the ability to accelerate the progression from subclinical to clinical OCD, as well as impact the severity of specific OCD dimensions. Gender also plays a role in both the progression and severity of symptoms. These findings suggest that stressful life events may represent a marker to identify individuals at risk of progressing to clinical OCD.

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Resumen La exposición a la violencia y las experiencias de abuso infantil son factores de riesgo para su reproducción en la siguiente generación. Muchos estudios han analizado la transmisión intergeneracional de la violencia, aunque en menor medida se ha investigado este fenómeno en Nicaragua. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la relación entre el historial de maltrato en madres nicaragüenses en situación de pobreza y la violencia en la siguiente generación. En el estudio de corte transversal participaron 124 mujeres que han sufrido diversas formas de polivictimización a lo largo de su vida. Los resultados indican que la presencia de violencia en los y las menores se relaciona con el historial de victimización de la madre, circunstancia que predice la violencia ejercida y padecida en la siguiente generación. Visibilizar el maltrato en la infancia constituye un objetivo prioritario, ya que crecer en contextos en los que se normaliza la violencia deriva en su reproducción.

Abstract Exposure to violence in childhood and experiences of child abuse are risk factors for a consequent repetition of them in the next generation. Many studies have analyzed the intergenerational transmission of violence, although this phenomenon has been investigated to a lesser extent in Nicaragua. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the history of abuse in Nicaraguan mothers in poverty and the violence in the next generation. The cross-sectional study involved 124 women who have undergone various forms of poly-victimization throughout their lives. The results indicate that the presence of violence in children is related to the mother's victimization history, circumstance that predicts the violence suffered in the next generation. Highlighting and identifying child abuse constitutes a priority objective, since growing up in contexts where violence is normalized leads to its reproduction.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in young children in a cross-sectional, multicenter study in Belgium, Italy, and The Netherlands. STUDY DESIGN: Children were enrolled if they were age 0-48 months, attending a general pediatrician (Belgium, Italy) or a well-baby clinic (The Netherlands) for routine follow-up. Separate questionnaires were developed for infants age 0-12 months and for toddlers age 13-48 months. Questionnaires evaluated the clinical history, symptoms, sociodemographic information on the family, and exposure to stressful life events. FGIDs were defined according to Rome IV criteria. RESULTS: In total 2751 children were included: 1698 infants age 0-12 months and 1053 children age 13-48 months. The prevalence of any FGID in infants age 0-12 months and 13-48 months was 24.7% and 11.3%, respectively. The most common disorders were infant regurgitation (13.8%) in infants and functional constipation (9.6%) in toddlers. Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that younger age (P = .030) and formula feeding (P = .045) were associated with the prevalence of any FGID among infants. Country (Italy) (P = .033) and parents subjected to domestic violence (P = .035) were associated with the prevalence of any FGID in toddlers age 13-48 months. CONCLUSIONS: FGIDs are common in a community sample of Western European infants and toddlers. Regurgitation is most prevalent in infants and functional constipation is most common in toddlers. Younger age, formula feeding, and domestic violence to parents are associated with the prevalence of FGIDs.

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Abstract Introduction Adolescents can present high levels of stress when faced with various biopsychosocial changes, affecting their daily activities and influencing the initiation and development of risk behaviours and/or a mental disorder. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors against stress, such as emotional intelligence, for adolescents. Objective Determine the effect of stressful life events (SLE) and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) on the stress level in adolescent high school students and identify differences by sex. Method Cross-sectional study, 1 417 adolescents (57% women and 43% men), with an average age of 15.90 (SD = .91), who were evaluated in levels of PEI, SLE, and stress perceived. Results The results show high rates of stressful events experienced. Attention to emotions increases the perception of stress in both sexes, while clarity and emotional repair have a stress-reducing effect on women. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that the PEI is determinant in the emotional self-control and the adaptive capacity of the adolescent to face stressful situations.

Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes pueden presentar altos niveles de estrés cuando se enfrentan a diversos cambios biopsicosociales, que afectan sus actividades diarias e influyen en el inicio y el desarrollo de conductas de riesgo y/o trastornos mentales. Por lo tanto, es importante identificar en los adolescentes los factores de protección contra el estrés, como el caso de la inteligencia emocional. Objetivo Determinar el efecto de los sucesos vitales estresantes (SVE) y de la inteligencia emocional percibida (IEP) sobre el nivel de estrés en los adolescentes estudiantes de bachillerato e identificar las diferencias por sexo. Método Estudio transversal, con una muestra de 1 417 adolescentes (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), con una edad media de 15.90 (SD = .91), a los que se evaluó en niveles de IEP, los SVE y el estrés percibido de dichos SVE experimentados. Resultados Los resultados muestran altos índices de eventos estresantes experimentados. La atención a las emociones incrementa la percepción de estrés en ambos sexos, mientras que la claridad y la reparación emocional tienen un efecto amortiguador del estrés en mujeres. Discusión y conclusión Estos resultados sugieren que la IEP resulta determinante en el autocontrol emocional y la capacidad adaptativa del adolescente para afrontar situaciones estresantes.

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Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las características psicométricas de una prueba para valorar eventos vitales estresantes (PEVE), así como comparar el constructo según sexo, edad y orientaciones sexuales no heterosexuales residentes en tres ciudades de Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Método: Se implementó un muestreo no probabilístico tipo bola de nieve mediante el cual 208 participantes con edades entre 18 y 67 años (ME= 26,16; DE=8,56) diligenciaron la PEVE, que medía diversos eventos estresantes (EE). Resultados: La consistencia interna obtenida a través de alfa de Cronbach fue 0,79 y el Omega de McDonald fue de 0,89. El 34,62% no experimentó EE durante el pasado año, el 56,25% experimentó bajos niveles y solo un 9,13% tuvo EE en alto grado. Análisis Paralelo y Test MAP sugieren un único factor que explicó el 54% de la varianza. Los EE en mujeres se asocian con mayor proporción de discusiones con la familia debido a su homosexualidad (p<0,05), mientras que EE en hombres se asocian con problemas con la policía y ser agredidos físicamente (p<0,05). Con relación a orientación sexual, EE se asocian con mayor proporción de homosexuales que reportan problemas con familiares en comparación de la proporción de bisexuales (p<.05). Con respecto a la edad, adultos jóvenes tienden a experimentar mayores niveles promedio de EE que adultos (p<.05). Conclusión: En población LGB colombiana, PEVE muestra adecuada validez de constructo y consistencia interna. La mayoría de participantes perciben un nivel bajo de EE y estos niveles cambian teniendo en cuenta variables como el sexo, orientación sexual y edad. Se requieren más investigaciones en contextos latinoamericanos.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to evaluate psychometric properties of the test stressful life events (SLE) and also to compare the construct according to sex, age and non-heterosexual sexual orientations in individuals who live in three different cities in Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Method: A non-probabilistic or snowball sampling was implemented. 208 participants between 18 and 67 years old (ME = 26.16, SD = 8.56) who completed the SLE test, being measured various stressful events (SE). 34.62% did not face SE during last year, 56.25% have experienced low levels of SE and only 9.13% faced a high degree of SE. Parallel Analysis and MAP Test suggested a single factor that showed 54% of the variance. In women, SE are associated with discussions with their family because of their homosexuality (p <.05), but in men SE are associated with problems with the police and being physically assaulted (p <.05). In relation with sexual orientation, SE are associated with homosexuals who report problems with relatives, comparing with bisexuals (p <.05). According to age, results show that young adults tend to experience higher levels of SE than adults (p <.05). Conclusion: In Colombian LGB population, PEVE shows adequate construct validity and internal consistency. Most participants faced low level of SE and these levels change taking into account variables such as sex, sexual orientation and age. More researches are required in Latin American contexts.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los hábitos en la depresión del estudiante de medicina de 7 departamentos de Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico de un análisis secundario de datos. El diagnóstico de depresión se obtuvo según el resultado del test de Zung, considerado positivo ante cualquier grado de esta condición. Además, se comparó esto con otras variables socioeducativas importantes según publicaciones previas. Resultados: De los 1.922 encuestados, el 54,5% (n = 1.047) eran mujeres; la mediana de edad era de 20 [intervalo intercuartílico, 18-22] arios. El 13,5% (n = 259) tenía algún grado de depresión según la escala de Zung. En el análisis multivariable, incrementaron la frecuencia de depresión la mayor cantidad de horas de estudio por día (razón de prevalencias ajustada [RPa] = 1,03; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 1,01-1,04; p < 0,001) y que el estudiante trabaje (RPa = 1,98; IC95%, 1,21-3,23; p = 0,006); en cambio, disminuyeron la frecuencia de depresión tener horarios similares para comer (RPa = 0,59; IC95%, 0,38-0,93; p = 0,022) y un lugar fijo donde conseguir sus alimentos (RPa = 0,66; IC95%, 0,46-0,96; p = 0,030), ajustado por el año de ingreso a la universidad. Conclusiones: Se encontró que algunos factores estresantes predisponen a la depresión (trabajar y estudiar más horas por día); en cambio, tener un orden en su rutina diaria disminuye esta condición (tener un lugar y horarios fijos para comer.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the influence of habits on depression in medical students from 7 Peruvian Regions. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study of a secondary data analysis. The diagnosis of depression was obtained according to the Zung test result, with any level of this condition being considered positive. This was also compared with other social and educational variables that were important according to previous literature. Results: Of the 1922 respondents, 54.5% (1047) were female. The median age was 20 [interquartile range, 18-22] years, and 13.5% (259) had some degree of depression according to the Zung scale. In the multivariate analysis, the frequency of depression increased with the hours of study per day (RPA= 1.03; 95%CI; 1.01-1.04; P<.001) and the student work (RPA = 1.98; 95%CI; 1.21-3.23; P=.006). On the other hand, decreased the frequency of depression decreased on having similar meal schedules (RPA = 0.59; 95%CI; 0.38-0.93; P=.022), and having a fixed place in which to get food (RPA = 0.66; 95%CI; 0.46-0.96; P=.030), adjusted for the year of college entrance. Conclusions: Some stressors predisposed to depression were found (the work and studying more hours a day). On the other hand, to have order in their daily routine decreased this condition (having a set place and times for meals).

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of habits on depression in medical students from 7 Peruvian Regions. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study of a secondary data analysis. The diagnosis of depression was obtained according to the Zung test result, with any level of this condition being considered positive. This was also compared with other social and educational variables that were important according to previous literature. RESULTS: Of the 1922 respondents, 54.5% (1047) were female. The median age was 20 [interquartile range, 18-22] years, and 13.5% (259) had some degree of depression according to the Zung scale. In the multivariate analysis, the frequency of depression increased with the hours of study per day (RPA=1.03; 95%CI; 1.01-1.04; P<.001) and the student work (RPA=1.98; 95%CI; 1.21-3.23; P=.006). On the other hand, decreased the frequency of depression decreased on having similar meal schedules (RPA=0.59; 95%CI; 0.38-0.93; P=.022), and having a fixed place in which to get food (RPA=0.66; 95%CI; 0.46-0.96; P=.030), adjusted for the year of college entrance. CONCLUSIONS: Some stressors predisposed to depression were found (the work and studying more hours a day). On the other hand, to have order in their daily routine decreased this condition (having a set place and times for meals).

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Abstract A number of studies have investigated the association between psychiatric disorders and alterations in cognitive development, academic performance, and learning ability. However, few studies have explored the relationship between stressful events and grade repetition. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to compare the frequency of exposure to stressful events, academic performance, executive functioning, and performance on working memory tasks between adolescents with and without a history of grade repetition. This was a cross-sectional study. The sample was composed of 83 adolescents divided into two groups: (1) individuals with a history of grade repetition (n = 39) and (2) participants who had never repeated a grade (n = 44). Participants were administered tests to assess executive functions, intelligence, exposure to stressful events, and academic performance. Results showed that individuals with a history of grade repetition reported to experiencing a higher number of stressful events in adolescence, had worse academic performance, and obtained lower scores on executive functioning and working memory tasks than non-repeaters.

Resumen Varios estudios han investigado la asociación entre trastornos psiquiátricos y alteraciones en el desarrollo cognitivo, el rendimiento académico y la capacidad de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han explorado la relación entre los eventos estresantes y la repetición escolar. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar la frecuencia de exposición a eventos estresantes, el rendimiento académico, el funcionamiento ejecutivo y el desempeño en tareas de memoria de trabajo en los adolescentes con y sin antecedentes de repetición escolar. Se trata de un estudio transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 83 adolescentes, divididos en dos grupos: (1) los individuos con antecedentes de repetición escolar (n = 39) y (2) los participantes que nunca repitieron un año escolar (n = 44). Los participantes fueron sometidos a pruebas para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas, la inteligencia, la exposición a eventos estresantes y el rendimiento académico. Los resultados mostraron que los individuos con historia de repetición escolar relataron la ocurrencia de un mayor número de eventos estresantes durante la adolescencia, tuvieron un peor rendimiento académico y obtuvieron puntuaciones más bajas en las tareas de funcionamiento ejecutivo y memoria de trabajo que los que no repitieron.

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BACKGROUND: Depression is one of the major contributors to the global burden of diseases; however, population-based data in South America are limited. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross sectional study with 7524 participants, aged 35-74 years old, recruited between February 2010 and December 2011 from randomly selected samples in 4 cities (Bariloche and Marcos Paz, Argentina; Temuco, Chile; and Pando-Barros Blancos, Uruguay). Major Depressive Episode (MDE) was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) - 9. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MDE was 14.6% (95% CI: 13.6, 15.6). However, there was a geographical variability of up to 3.7 folds between different cities being 5.6% (95% CI: 4.6, 6.7) in Marcos Paz, Argentina; 9.5% (95% CI: 8.2, 10.9) in Bariloche, Argentina; 18.1% (95% CI: 16.3, 20.0) in Temuco, Chile, and 18.2 (95% CI: 16.3, 20.2) in Pando-Barros Blancos, Uruguay. The multivariate model showed that, adjusted by location, being female, being between 35 and 44 years old, having experienced at least one stressful life event, currently smoking, and having a history of chronic medical diseases were independently associated with an increased risk of MDE, while having higher education and being married or living with a partner reduced the risk of MDE. LIMITATIONS: These results are representative of the selected cities included in the study. As such extrapolation to the general populations of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay should be done with caution CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence and variability of MDE in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

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OBJECTIVE: This study described herein explored the association of stressful life events with the utilization of substance use treatment-related services among substance users living in Puerto Rico. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was conducted using data collected by a research project entitled Puerto Rico Drug Abuse Research Development Program II (PRDARDP II). The study population consisted of 378 individuals from 18 to 35 years of age who were residents of the San Juan metropolitan area and who presented evidence of substance use in the 30 days prior to the interview. The analysis considered demographic data, information on patterns of substance use, substance use treatment history, stressful events, and depression and anxiety symptomatology. RESULTS: As the number of stressful life events increased, substance users were more likely to report having utilized substance use treatment-related services (OR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.06, 1.17], p < 0.001). Relapsing, the inability to afford drugs, and poor working conditions were statistically significant stressful life events associated with the utilization of substance use treatment-related services. CONCLUSION: Despite the structural limitations associated with access to and with the quality of the services in the substance use treatment-related system of Puerto Rico, findings suggest that stressful life events play a significant role in the utilization of those services. Researchers and clinicians should consider screening for stressful life events in outreach and engagement strategies. At the same time, the assessment of stressful life events should be integrated into the treatment planning stage to support the recovery process of people with substance use disorders.

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Resumo A qualidade de vida (QV) é um constructo subjetivo, que pode ser associado negativamente a fatores como os transtornos mentais e os eventos de vida produtores de estresse (EVPE). O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a associação entre variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, transtorno mental comum, sintomas sugestivos de ansiedade e depressão, EVPE com QV na Atenção Primária (AP). Estudo transversal realizado com 1.466 pacientes atendido na AP, nos munícipios de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, em 2009 e 2010. Realizou-se análise bivariada por meio do Teste-t e regressão linear múltipla para cada domínio de QV. Os escores de QV para os domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente foram, respectivamente de, 64,7, 64,2, 68,5 e 49,1. Pela análise multivariada foram encontradas associações do domínio físico com os problemas de saúde e discriminação, do psicológico com discriminação, das relações sociais com problemas financeiros/estruturais, causas externas e problemas de saúde, e do meio ambiente com problemas financeiros/estruturais, causas externas e discriminação. As variáveis de saúde mental, os problemas de saúde e os problemas/financeiros estruturais foram os que se associaram negativamente à QV.

Abstract Quality of life (QoL) is a subjective construct, which can be negatively associated with factors such as mental disorders and stressful life events (SLEs). This article seeks to identify the association between socioeconomic and demographic variables, common mental disorders, symptoms suggestive of depression and anxiety, SLEs with QoL in patients attended in Primary Care (PC). It is a transversal study, conducted with 1,466 patients attended in PC centers in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in 2009 and 2010. Bivariate analysis was performed using the T-test and four multiple linear regressions for each QoL domain. The scores for the physical, psychological, social relations and environment domains were, respectively, 64.7; 64.2; 68.5 and 49.1. By means of multivariate analysis, associations of the physical domain were found with health problems and discrimination; of the psychological domain with discrimination; of social relations with financial/structural problems; of external causes and health problems; and of the environment with financial/structural problems, external causes and discrimination. Mental health variables, health problems and financial/structural problems were the factors negatively associated with QoL.

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RESUMO

This article describes a study of 136 female intimate partner violence victims living in poverty in Nicaragua. The paper aimed to analyze the relationship between experiencing stressful life events (SLE) and perceived social support with suicide attempts, and to evaluate the differences in the SLE experienced by female suicide attempters versus non-attempters. The results showed the existence of a high level of SLE among the interviewees, and that women who have attempted suicide have experienced substantially more of these events. Experiences of violence and less social support were especially related to suicide attempts among the interviewees.

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