RESUMO
The Mecocephala group comprises about 50 species, restricted to the Neotropics and with the highest species richness in Neotropical South America. Several species use rice as host plants and their identification is facilitated by the presence of exaggerated head proportions and a unique male genitalic morphology. The taxonomy of the group has been extensively explored, but inferring its monophyly and especially its internal phylogenetic relationships has been challenging. Here, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships for the group assembling the most complete taxonomic sampling to date, analyzing discrete and continuous morphological characters through equal and implied weighted parsimony analyses. The monophyly of the group was recovered, but internal relationships varied slightly according to the dataset tested. Thus, we propose internal arrangements for the group and provide a formal description of the Mecocephala group, diagnoses for each genus, a dichotomous key to identify its genera, and illustrations of the morphological characters and type species.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Animais , Masculino , América do Sul , Heterópteros/anatomia & histologia , Heterópteros/classificação , Feminino , Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Hemípteros/classificaçãoRESUMO
The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.(AU)
O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cimicidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cimicidae/parasitologia , Himenópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Oryza/parasitologiaRESUMO
Abstract The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.
Resumo O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Oryza , Vespas , Heterópteros , Hemípteros , Himenópteros , Oviposição , Óvulo , BiologiaRESUMO
The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.
O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.
Assuntos
Animais , Cimicidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cimicidae/parasitologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Himenópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oryza/parasitologiaRESUMO
Abstract The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.
Resumo O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.
RESUMO
Background: Herbivorous insects are one of the main biological threats to crops. One such group of insects, stink bugs, do not eat large amounts of tissue when feeding on soybean, but are damaging to the quality of the seed yield as they feed on green developing seeds leading to poorly marketable harvests. In addition to causing physical damage during sucking-feeding activities, the insects can also transmit microbial pathogens, leading to even greater yield loss. Conducting surveys of the insect intestinal microbiome can help identify possible pathogens, as well as detail what healthy stink bug digestive systems have in common. Methods: We used the conserved V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial microbiome of the red-banded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii collected in Brazil and the United States, as well as the neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros collected in Brazil. Results: After quality filtering of the data, 192 samples were kept for analyses: 117 samples from P. guildinii covering three sites in Brazil and four sites in the United States, and 75 samples for E. heros covering 10 sites in Brazil. The most interesting observations were that the diversity and abundance of some bacterial families were different in the different ecoregions of Brazil and the United States. Conclusion: Some families, such as Acetobacteraceae, Bacillaceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Rhodocyclaceae, may be related to the better adaptation in some localities in providing nutrients, break down cellulose, detoxify phytochemicals, and degrade organic compounds, which makes it difficult to control these species.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Using plant-based extracts and their constituents has been suggested as an alternative tool to replace or integrate with the synthetic compounds used to manage insect pests. Here, we evaluated the potential of extracts obtained from Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae) branches and leaves against the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, one of the most prevalent insect pests in soybean fields. We further isolated and evaluated the toxicity of the extracts' major components against E. heros. Additionally, by using computational docking analysis and toxicological approaches, we assessed the physiological basis for the selectivity of these extracts against beneficial insects such as pollinator bees (i.e. Apis mellifera and the Neotropical stingless bee Partamona helleri), ladybeetles (Eriopis connexa and Coleomegilla maculata), and lacewings (Chrysoperla externa). RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that branch (LC50 = 5.9 [4.7-7.1] mg mL-1 ) and leaf (LC50 = 14.1 [12.5-15.4] mg mL-1 ) extracts exhibited similar toxicity against E. heros. Our phytochemical analysis revealed psoralen and bergapten furanocoumarins as the major components of the extract. Based on our computational predictions, these molecules' differential abilities to physically interact with the acetylcholinesterases of E. heros and beneficial insects play relevant roles in their selectivity actions. The estimated LC90 values of branch (30.0 mg mL-1 ) and leaf (30.0 mg mL-1 ) extracts killed less than 12% of the beneficial insects. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings revealed that furanocoumarin-rich extracts obtained from F. carica extracts have the potential to be used as alternative tools in the integrated management of stink bug pests. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Besouros , Ficus , Heterópteros , Animais , Abelhas , Extratos Vegetais , Glycine maxRESUMO
Several stink bugs in the subfamily Pentatominae are crop pests or have the potential to damage plants of economic importance. In the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, where agriculture plays a major role in the economy, the knowledge about pest stink bugs is fragmented and, in some instances, outdated. This work provides a summary of Pentatominae species recorded in Rio Grande do Sul feeding on the four most important grain crops for the state, i.e. soybean, rice, maize, and wheat, plus canola, an emerging crop. This survey is enhanced with new records from scientific collections, a short diagnosis for each species, distribution maps, an identification key, and carefully illustrated to allow for species recognition in the field. With this work, we aim to reunite the scattered knowledge of the group in one single revision, and provide a useful tool for identifying the pest stink bugs of Rio Grande do Sul.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Agricultura , Animais , Brasil , Produtos Agrícolas , Hemípteros/classificação , Heterópteros , Glycine maxRESUMO
The presumed lost type of Arma pallipes Dallas is found and Thomas's (1992) neotype is hereby set aside (ICZN 1999, Art. 75.8). A. pallipes is proposed as junior subjective synonym of Podisus ventralis (Dallas). A lectotype designation by inference of holotype (Gaedike 1971) is accepted for the female typical specimen of P. neniator deposited at Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI, Müncheberg, Germany) (ICZN 1999, Art. 74.6). Two new species of Podisus Herrich-Schäffer are described: Podisus graziae Brugnera, Roell Lemaître sp. nov. and Podisus thomasi Lemaître, Roell Brugnera sp. nov. Photographs of all types as well as of live specimens are provided.
Assuntos
Heterópteros , Animais , Feminino , Hemípteros , Heterópteros/classificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recently, in temperate and neotropical regions of South America the generalist stink bug Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) became a new pest of corn (Zea mays) seedlings. Implementation of no-tillage cultivation system left organic matter covering the soil, which shelters adults of stink bugs during winter. In spring, corn is sowed under soybean stubble and D. furcatus adults start to feed on seedlings. To determine corn-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract this stink bug species, we evaluated stink bug preferences from two corn hybrids with contrast germplasm backgrounds, a temperate and a tropical hybrid. RESULTS: Stink bugs preferred to feed on temperate seedlings rather than on the tropical ones. GC-MS and PCA analysis of VOCs suggested that hybrids emitted contrasting blends. Linalool represented 68% of total VOCs emitted from temperate corn, while in the tropical hybrid this compound represented 48%. Olfactometer experiments demonstrated that linalool was attractive to stink bugs. However, 2 h of D. furcatus attack induced emission of 14 additional VOCs in temperate seedlings, and olfactometer bioassay and blend of VOCs emission suggested that perceived volatiles by stink bugs induced feeding avoidance. The increment of VOCs emission was associated with the induction of JA, JA-Ile, ABA, and IAA, and decreasing of SA concentrations. CONCLUSION: This is the first time showing a complete profile of defensive phytohormones induced by stink bugs feeding on corn, and further demonstrating that a blend of corn seedling-associated VOCs, mainly composed by linalool, modulates D. furcatus adults' behavior and feeding preferences. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Heterópteros , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Animais , Plântula , Glycine max , Zea maysRESUMO
The systematics of the New World Asopinae genera is still not completely understood, thus hampering their study in many areas of biological science. Tylospilus Stål is one of the less known genera among New World predatory stink bugs, despite its common occurrence and potential as a biological control agent in crops. Here, we make a contribution to the knowledge of Tylospilus; the species Tylospilus nigrobinotatus (Berg, 1879) is redescribed, and based upon the examination of type specimens, T. armatus Thomas, 1992 is considered to be a junior synonym of the above species. Furthermore, a new species is herein described, and an updated identification key for the species of Tylospilus is provided.
Assuntos
Heterópteros , Animais , Produtos AgrícolasRESUMO
The ability of stink bugs to release high amounts of strong-smelling and irritating defensive compounds is related to their metathoracic gland (MTG), which is an exocrine gland with defensive, sexual, alarm and aggregation signal functions. Orsilochides leucoptera (Scutelleridae) is a widespread species in the Neotropical region that feeds on plants of the families Malvaceae, Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae. A series of compounds (ketones, alcohols and esters) have been identified in the MTGs among the three species of Scutelleridae whose MTG secretions have been investigated thus far; however, no sex pheromone compounds have been described for any scutellerid species. The aim of this work was to study sex pheromone communication within this family of stink bugs, and identify the compounds present in the MTG of O. leucoptera. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed two male specific compounds identified as (R)-camphor (1) and (R)-borneol (2), which were attractive to females in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Also, GC/MS analysis of secretions from MTG of males and females of O. leucoptera, identified eight additional compounds: 2-(E)-hexenal (3), (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal (4), (E)-hex-2-enyl acetate (5), (R)-linalool (6), (R)-α-terpineol (7), dodecane (8), 1-tridecene (9) and n-tridecane (10). From these, (R)-α-terpineol was detected only in the gland of males, and is probably a biosynthetic intermediate of the pheromone components. Most of the MTG compounds identified in O. leucoptera have been identified in other heteropteran species. Camphor is often a toxic and repellent compound for insects. However, we report it, for the first time, as a sex pheromone component of an insect.
Assuntos
Comunicação Animal , Heterópteros/fisiologia , Feromônios/metabolismo , Atrativos Sexuais/metabolismo , Animais , Glândulas Exócrinas/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Heterópteros/química , Masculino , Feromônios/química , Atrativos Sexuais/químicaRESUMO
Some species of Podisus Herrich-Schäffer have a confuse taxonomic history with several modifications and loss of information over time. The genus has been considered a taxonomic dumping ground in Asopinae, and its current species composition is doubtful. After examining the type specimens of Telepta distincta Stål, Arma submarginata Walker, Arma monospila Walker, Arma fuscescens Dallas, Arma caliginosa Walker, Arma turbida Walker and Podisus mellipes Bergroth, we redescribe and revalidate A. fuscescens as Podisus fuscescens rev. stat., previously considered a junior synonym of Podisus sagitta (Fabricius). The taxonomic status, morphology and distribution of P. fuscescens and P. distinctus are updated and illustrated. Arma caliginosa, A. turbida and Podisus mellipes become synonyms of P. fuscescens. Additionally, Arma submarginata Walker is removed from its synonymy with Podisus ventralis (Dallas) and treated as a synonym of P. distinctus. Podisus signoreti Fallou is removed from its synonymy with P. distinctus and treated as species inquirenda.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Heterópteros , AnimaisRESUMO
This study evaluates the effects of combinations of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids on the control of stink bugs at different stages of soybean crop development. The experiment was set up in a factorial randomized block design (4×6: 4 treatments and 6 stages) with 4 repetitions. The following treatments were tested during the V6/V7, R2, R4, R5.1, R5.5 and R 6 phenological stages: 1 control (no application), 2 thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, 3 acetamiprid + α-cypermethrin, and 4 dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin. Infestation, number of damaged seeds, number of pods, number of pods per plant, and yield (kg/ha) were evaluated. Stink bug infestations were smaller when applications commenced during the vegetative stages (V6-V8). Pod numbers and yields were highest in the dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin treatment with applications from V6/V8 to R4. The active ingredients dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin reduced stink bug populations and increased yields and could therefore be considered in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for soybean crops.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de combinações de piretroides com neonicotinoides no controle de percevejos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos randomizados, em esquema fatorial 4×6 (4 tratamentos e 6 estádios) com 4 repetições. Os produtos utilizados foram: 1 testemunha (sem aplicação), 2 tiametoxam + λ-cialotrina, 3 acetamiprida + α-cipermetrina, e 4 dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina, e as aplicações foram realizadas a partir dos estádios fenológicos V6/V7,R2, R4, R5.1, R5.5 e R6. Avaliaram-se a infestação, número de grãos danificados, número de vagens, número de vagens por planta e produtividade (kg/ha). A infestação de percevejo foi menor quando se iniciou a aplicação precocemente nos estádios vegetativos (V6-V8).O número de vagens e produtividade foi superior no tratamento dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina nos estádios V6/V8 até R4. Os ingredientes ativos dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina apresentaram resultados positivos na redução da população de percevejo e proporcionaram incremento no rendimento de grão, podendo ser utilizado como opção em programa de manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) na cultura da soja.(AU)
Assuntos
Glycine max , Controle de Pragas , Cimicidae , Piretrinas , Neonicotinoides , FungosRESUMO
This study evaluates the effects of combinations of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids on the control of stink bugs at different stages of soybean crop development. The experiment was set up in a factorial randomized block design (4×6: 4 treatments and 6 stages) with 4 repetitions. The following treatments were tested during the V6/V7, R2, R4, R5.1, R5.5 and R 6 phenological stages: 1 control (no application), 2 thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, 3 acetamiprid + α-cypermethrin, and 4 dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin. Infestation, number of damaged seeds, number of pods, number of pods per plant, and yield (kg/ha) were evaluated. Stink bug infestations were smaller when applications commenced during the vegetative stages (V6-V8). Pod numbers and yields were highest in the dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin treatment with applications from V6/V8 to R4. The active ingredients dinotefuran + α-cypermethrin reduced stink bug populations and increased yields and could therefore be considered in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for soybean crops.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de combinações de piretroides com neonicotinoides no controle de percevejos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos randomizados, em esquema fatorial 4×6 (4 tratamentos e 6 estádios) com 4 repetições. Os produtos utilizados foram: 1 testemunha (sem aplicação), 2 tiametoxam + λ-cialotrina, 3 acetamiprida + α-cipermetrina, e 4 dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina, e as aplicações foram realizadas a partir dos estádios fenológicos V6/V7,R2, R4, R5.1, R5.5 e R6. Avaliaram-se a infestação, número de grãos danificados, número de vagens, número de vagens por planta e produtividade (kg/ha). A infestação de percevejo foi menor quando se iniciou a aplicação precocemente nos estádios vegetativos (V6-V8).O número de vagens e produtividade foi superior no tratamento dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina nos estádios V6/V8 até R4. Os ingredientes ativos dinotefuran + α-cipermetrina apresentaram resultados positivos na redução da população de percevejo e proporcionaram incremento no rendimento de grão, podendo ser utilizado como opção em programa de manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) na cultura da soja.(AU)
Assuntos
Glycine max , Controle de Pragas , Cimicidae , Piretrinas , Neonicotinoides , FungosRESUMO
Here, Tynacantha Dallas is revised and two new species are described from Brazil: T. cuprea Brugnera Grazia sp. nov. and T. umeridenigrata Brugnera Grazia sp. nov. The type material is analyzed, figures, illustrations, a distributional map and a key to the species are provided. The color variation found in T. marginata is also discussed.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Heterópteros , Animais , Brasil , CorRESUMO
The predatory stink bugs are well known by their behavior, but the knowledge of the immature morphology and their natural history are scarce. Studies on predatory stink bugs are important to better understand their evolution and their use as biological controllers. Here, we describe the morphology of egg and the five nymphal instars of Oplomus catena (Drury, 1782), using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In general, O. catena immatures are very distinctive from other Asopinae species already studied. The egg is black, with short aero-micropylar processes and similar to those described for Stiretrus species. The nymphs can be diagnosed by the abdominal plates very large and bright blue. The color polymorphism of adults is fully illustrated, and four color patterns are proposed. The natural history of the species is described based on field and laboratory observations. The known prey of the species is reviewed and new preys are reported. The morphological and biological traits here described are discussed in order to better understand the biological role of predatory stink bugs.
Assuntos
Cor , Heterópteros/anatomia & histologia , Ninfa/anatomia & histologia , Óvulo/ultraestrutura , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Ninfa/ultraestrutura , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
The Neotropical Lincus Stål, 1867 includes 35 species, thirteen of which are known only from females. Several species are vectors of Phytomonas staheli McGhee & McGhee, 1979, a trypanosomatid parasitic in palm-trees in South America that causes hart-rot, sudden and slow wilt diseases. The hitherto unknown males of L. singularis Rolston, 1983 ("swollen head" species group found in the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), and L. incisus Rolston, 1983 ("hatchet-lobed" species group; found in the coconut tree Cocos nucifera L.), are described with emphasis on the morphology of the genitalia, and taxonomic remarks are provided. Males of L. singularis can be distinguished from other species included in "swollen head" group by their pronotal lobes with anterior and posterior margins subparallel and projected laterally from the eye margin, while males of L. incisus can be distinguished from the species of the "swollen head" group by an obtuse projection with a deepest incision and several additional diagnostic characters of the genitalia.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Hemípteros , América do Sul , Biodiversidade , InsetosRESUMO
The Neotropical Lincus Stål, 1867 includes 35 species, thirteen of which are known only from females. Several species are vectors of Phytomonas staheli McGhee & McGhee, 1979, a trypanosomatid parasitic in palm-trees in South America that causes hart-rot, sudden and slow wilt diseases. The hitherto unknown males of L. singularis Rolston, 1983 ("swollen head" species group found in the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), and L. incisus Rolston, 1983 ("hatchet-lobed" species group; found in the coconut tree Cocos nucifera L.), are described with emphasis on the morphology of the genitalia, and taxonomic remarks are provided. Males of L. singularis can be distinguished from other species included in "swollen head" group by their pronotal lobes with anterior and posterior margins subparallel and projected laterally from the eye margin, while males of L. incisus can be distinguished from the species of the "swollen head" group by an obtuse projection with a deepest incision and several additional diagnostic characters of the genitalia. (AU)