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Epigenetic mechanisms are important modulators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring of animals challenged during pregnancy. Pregnant sows living in a confined environment are challenged with stress and lack of stimulation which may result in the expression of stereotypies (repetitive behaviours without an apparent function). Little attention has been devoted to the postnatal effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring. We investigated how the environment and stereotypies of pregnant sows affected the neuro-epigenome of their piglets. We focused on the amygdala, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, brain regions related to emotionality, learning, memory, and stress response. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were investigated in these brain regions of male piglets born from sows kept in an enriched vs a barren environment. Within the latter group of piglets, we compared the brain methylomes of piglets born from sows expressing stereotypies vs sows not expressing stereotypies. DMRs emerged in each comparison. While the epigenome of the hippocampus and frontal cortex of piglets is mainly affected by the maternal environment, the epigenome of the amygdala is mainly affected by maternal stereotypies. The molecular pathways and mechanisms triggered in the brains of piglets by maternal environment or stereotypies are different, which is reflected on the differential gene function associated to the DMRs found in each piglets' brain region . The present study is the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal enrichment in pigs' offspring and the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring of a mammal.

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This study aims to review the current available literature regarding circus animals from the perspective of the five domains proposed for evaluating animal welfare to identify the critical points in the use of these animals and understand how circus spectacles affect their mental state and health. Exhibiting animals in circuses continues to be a popular practice today in some countries such as Germany, Spain, or Australia. However, animals' biological needs are not always prioritized due to the inadequate diets, reduced housing spaces, deficient social interaction, and handling that predisposes them to develop stereotypies and alter mental states due to chronic stress. Animal circuses are considered a controversial practice that can decrease the welfare of animals. Understanding the possible negative consequences on animal welfare (mental state and physical health) could contribute to planning strategies to improve the quality of life of wildlife animals exhibited in circuses worldwide.

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Background and Aim: The current stable housing of Colombian Creole Horses severely restricts the animals' locomotion and natural behaviors. In addition, their feed consists of a combination of high-energy concentrates with considerably little forage which potentially leads to locomotor or oral stereotypies. This study aimed to report the frequency of locomotor and oral stereotypies in Colombian Creole Horses in Girardota (Antioquia, Colombia) and associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2020, in which 102 stabled horses aged 28 months and older participated. A questionnaire was developed to collect information on the horses' daily barn routines. The horses were observed twice a day for 2 h for 3 consecutive days to record information related to stereotypy behaviors. The Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test were utilized for data analyses. Associations were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the horses evaluated, 32.35% presented at least one stereotyped behavior. The most common was crib-biting (i.e., cribbing), with 17.65% exhibiting this behavior. Age, weight, gender, type of feeding, visual contact between horses, and natural lighting were all associated with oral stereotypies. Crib-biting was most common in young horses (U=1.36, p≤0.05), wind-sucking was more common in lighter weight animals (U=1.45, p=0.01), and lip-smacking was more common in stallions (χ2=9.10, p≤0.01). It is noteworthy that their feeding diet included bran, molasses, and gopher. Horses that did not have visual contact with other horses and those that did not have natural lighting were associated with pica (χ2=9.52, p≤0.02; χ2=3.72, p≤0.05; and χ2=3.72, p≤0.05, respectively). Of locomotor stereotypies, kicking the wall was significant in young animals (U=1.54, p=0.03) and walking in circles in lactating mares (χ2=13.20, p≤0.02). Conclusion: Housing conditions in this study were found to have several risk factors affecting horses that exhibit stereotypic behaviors, and all these factors resulted in a higher frequency of stereotypies. Establishing risk factors for the presentation of abnormal behaviors allows for the implementation of better management practices in the production systems of the Creole Colombian Horse and will help improve their overall welfare.

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This work was aimed at identifying the effectiveness of two interventions applied to a group of eight kennelled police dogs. Interventions consisted of access to a lawn area (350 m2) and "toy" (a 30 cm jute rag roll, hanging from the kennel ceiling), both available for 15 min a day, for four days in a row. We collected behavioural data and faecal samples for cortisol metabolites evaluation before, during and after interventions. Faecal cortisol metabolites levels were significantly reduced (Friedman, X2(3) = 12.450; p = 0.006) during the second round of intervention, regardless of the type of intervention, indicating that the interventions can have a beneficial cumulative effect. Regarding the frequency of stereotyped behaviour, cluster analysis identified two groups of individuals: (1) high-stereotyping individuals (n = 3) that had a tendency to reduce stereotyping behaviours in the lawn intervention when compared to toy intervention (Friedman, X2(3) = 2.530; p = 0.068), and (2) low-stereotyping animals (n = 5) that did not present significant behavioural changes during the experiment. The variety of behavioural and endocrine parameters evaluated highlights the need to account for the individual in behaviour and welfare research. Overall, our results suggest that even simple environmental enrichment can be an effective method to mitigate behaviour and physiological signs of stress.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.

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Researchers from the Rett Syndrome Natural History Study (RNHS) present longitudinal data across the United States of America aimed to characterize hand stereotypies (HS) in this large cohort of patients with Rett syndrome.

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We hypothesized that sham-chewing expressed by the dam during gestation affects fetus programming. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of maternal sham-chewing on offspring welfare indicators, such as behavior and physiology. Sows that exhibited consistent sham-chewing on at least two of 6 days of observation (N = 7) were compared with sows that had never performed sham-chewing (non-sham-chewing sows; N = 4) during these 6 days. Salivary samples from sows and piglets were collected and cortisol concentrations were analyzed to assess the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity as cortisol is a physiological indicator of welfare. Moreover, placental tissue was collected, right after farrowing, to assess cortisol and cortisone concentration. Piglet behavior and fear tests were performed after weaning (one couple per sow). In the fear tests, data was collected in an open field test to determine the states of fear indicators. Non-sham-chewing sows had lower concentrations of cortisol on days 91 and 92 of gestation in the morning. In addition to this, placental cortisol was higher among sham-chewing sows than non-sham-chewing sows. In the open field test, piglets born from non-sham-chewing sows demonstrated more latency to move in the arena and less activity, indicating more fear. Based on our data, we concluded that the expression of maternal sham-chewing is related to less fear in their offspring. Although stereotypies have been studied, attention has not been devoted to the effects of the prenatal period in considering a fetal reprogramming approach.

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O enriquecimento ambiental é utilizado por zoológicos para estimular a interação dos animais cativos com o ambiente para elevar o bem-estar e diversificar as oportunidades comportamentais. Este estudo de caso investigou o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental no orçamento de atividades do macho de jaguatirica adulto cativo no Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado de agosto de 2011 a junho de 2012 e foi dividido em três fases denominadas: Pré-enriquecimento, Enriquecimento, e Pós-enriquecimento. Os métodos de análise utilizados foram Animal-focal e Ad libitum. As observações sugerem um aumento do comportamento de locomoção e uma significante redução nas estereotipias do animal. As técnicas de enriquecimento aplicadas nesse estudo provaram ser efetivas para a redução das estereotipias e aumento do repertório comportamental da espécie no cativeiro.(AU)

Environmental enrichment is used by zoos to stimulate the interaction of captive animals with the environment, to elevate welfare and diversifying behavioral opportunities. This case study investigated the effect of environmental enrichment on the behavioral repertoire of an ocelot adult male captive at Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from August 2011 to June 2012 and it was divided into three phases called: Pre-enrichment, Enrichment,and Post-Enrichment. The sampling methods used were Focal-animal and ad libitum. The observations suggested an increase of the locomotion behavior and a significant decrease in stereotypic behaviors of the animal. The techniques of enrichment applied in this study were effective for the reduction of stereotypies and increase the behavioral repertoire of the species in captivity.(AU)

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O enriquecimento ambiental é utilizado por zoológicos para estimular a interação dos animais cativos com o ambiente para elevar o bem-estar e diversificar as oportunidades comportamentais. Este estudo de caso investigou o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental no orçamento de atividades do macho de jaguatirica adulto cativo no Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado de agosto de 2011 a junho de 2012 e foi dividido em três fases denominadas: Pré-enriquecimento, Enriquecimento, e Pós-enriquecimento. Os métodos de análise utilizados foram Animal-focal e Ad libitum. As observações sugerem um aumento do comportamento de locomoção e uma significante redução nas estereotipias do animal. As técnicas de enriquecimento aplicadas nesse estudo provaram ser efetivas para a redução das estereotipias e aumento do repertório comportamental da espécie no cativeiro.

Environmental enrichment is used by zoos to stimulate the interaction of captive animals with the environment, to elevate welfare and diversifying behavioral opportunities. This case study investigated the effect of environmental enrichment on the behavioral repertoire of an ocelot adult male captive at Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from August 2011 to June 2012 and it was divided into three phases called: Pre-enrichment, Enrichment,and Post-Enrichment. The sampling methods used were Focal-animal and ad libitum. The observations suggested an increase of the locomotion behavior and a significant decrease in stereotypic behaviors of the animal. The techniques of enrichment applied in this study were effective for the reduction of stereotypies and increase the behavioral repertoire of the species in captivity.

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Enrichment is a powerful tool to improve the welfare of animals under human care. Stress-related health and behavioral problems, as well as reproductive failure, are frequent in armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) under human care, which hinders the development of successful ex situ conservation programs. Nevertheless, scientific studies on the effect of enrichment programs on armadillos are virtually non-existent. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of an enrichment program on the behavior of armadillos under human care. The behavior of 12 individuals of three species (Dasypus novemcinctus, D. sabanicola, and Cabassous unicinctus) maintained at Finca El Turpial, Villavicencio, Colombia, was recorded using scan sampling during three daily time blocks of 2 hr each before (4 weeks) and after (4 weeks) implementing an enrichment program. Enrichment did not stimulate the armadillos to change or extend their activity period. In general, activity levels were low during the entire study, and virtually no activity was recorded in the morning in any species, neither without nor with enrichment. The latter did, however, improve welfare by reducing abnormal and increasing natural foraging behaviors. All species were attracted by artificial termite mounds. Dasypus spp. showed special interest in cardboard boxes with food, while Cabassous was mainly attracted to hollow plastic balls filled with food. Our results suggest that separate enrichment programs need to be developed for different armadillo species, and that they should be applied during the time of day at which they are most active. Zoo Biol. 35:304-312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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A avaliação científica do bem-estar tem sido importante para detectar animais não adaptados às condições de criação que lhes são impostas, situação que afeta o potencial produtivo e os coloca em maior risco de enfermidades. Com esse objetivo, foram avaliados 30 equinos da Cavalaria da Polícia Militar do Paraná, considerando-se indicadores clínicos, etológicos e hormonais. Na avaliação clínica, além da determinação do escore corporal e exame físico, verificou-se o histórico de ocorrência de cólica nos últimos doze meses. Comportamentos anormais foram pesquisados por observação etológica e a taxa do ritmo circadiano do cortisol (RCC) foi determinada por meio de duas colheitas de sangue, às 08 e às 17 horas. Apesar da significativa ocorrência de comportamentos anormais (26,7%), os achados clínicos foram normais e houve ausência de relato de cólica nos últimos 12 meses precedentes ao estudo. As médias dos resultados das análises de cortisol estiveram dentro da normalidade, nos dados absolutos e na variação do RCC, entretanto, 42% dos animais analisados apresentaram RCC alterado. Apesar da expressiva incidência de comportamentos anormais e de animais com alteração no ritmo circadiano de cortisol, sinais indicadores de estresse crônico, considerou-se que os equinos deste estudo apresentaram boas condições de bem-estar em relação àquelas relatadas por estudos nacionais prévios.(AU)

The scientific assessment of welfare has been important to detect animals non adapted to their management conditions, which can interfere with their productive potential and put them at increased risk of illness. With this objective, 30 horses from the Military Police of Paraná were evaluated, considering clinical, ethological and hormonal indicators of equine welfare. In the clinical evaluation, horses were assessed by physical examination and their body score conditions and the history of colic incidence in the last twelve months were determined. Abnormal behavior incidence were studied by ethological observation and the individual rate of circadian rhythm of cortisol (RCC) was calculated based on cortisol concentration changes in two blood samples taken at 08:00 am and 5:00pm. Despite significant incidence of abnormal behaviors (26.7%), clinical findings were normal and there were no reports of colic episodes in the last 12 months preceding the study. The mean blood cortisol concentrations and the mean RCC rate were within the normal range. However, 42% of the studied horses had abnormal RCC rates. Despite the significant incidences of abnormal behavior and abnormal RCC rates (indicators of chronic stress), these horses were considered in good welfare when compared to ones previously reported in other national studies.(AU)

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A avaliação científica do bem-estar tem sido importante para detectar animais não adaptados às condições de criação que lhes são impostas, situação que afeta o potencial produtivo e os coloca em maior risco de enfermidades. Com esse objetivo, foram avaliados 30 equinos da Cavalaria da Polícia Militar do Paraná, considerando-se indicadores clínicos, etológicos e hormonais. Na avaliação clínica, além da determinação do escore corporal e exame físico, verificou-se o histórico de ocorrência de cólica nos últimos doze meses. Comportamentos anormais foram pesquisados por observação etológica e a taxa do ritmo circadiano do cortisol (RCC) foi determinada por meio de duas colheitas de sangue, às 08 e às 17 horas. Apesar da significativa ocorrência de comportamentos anormais (26,7%), os achados clínicos foram normais e houve ausência de relato de cólica nos últimos 12 meses precedentes ao estudo. As médias dos resultados das análises de cortisol estiveram dentro da normalidade, nos dados absolutos e na variação do RCC, entretanto, 42% dos animais analisados apresentaram RCC alterado. Apesar da expressiva incidência de comportamentos anormais e de animais com alteração no ritmo circadiano de cortisol, sinais indicadores de estresse crônico, considerou-se que os equinos deste estudo apresentaram boas condições de bem-estar em relação àquelas relatadas por estudos nacionais prévios.

The scientific assessment of welfare has been important to detect animals non adapted to their management conditions, which can interfere with their productive potential and put them at increased risk of illness. With this objective, 30 horses from the Military Police of Paraná were evaluated, considering clinical, ethological and hormonal indicators of equine welfare. In the clinical evaluation, horses were assessed by physical examination and their body score conditions and the history of colic incidence in the last twelve months were determined. Abnormal behavior incidence were studied by ethological observation and the individual rate of circadian rhythm of cortisol (RCC) was calculated based on cortisol concentration changes in two blood samples taken at 08:00 am and 5:00pm. Despite significant incidence of abnormal behaviors (26.7%), clinical findings were normal and there were no reports of colic episodes in the last 12 months preceding the study. The mean blood cortisol concentrations and the mean RCC rate were within the normal range. However, 42% of the studied horses had abnormal RCC rates. Despite the significant incidences of abnormal behavior and abnormal RCC rates (indicators of chronic stress), these horses were considered in good welfare when compared to ones previously reported in other national studies.

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Originated in fields and prairies, free horses spent around 16 hours grazing, slowly and between slow walking throughout the day. In addition, the horses passed his whole life in small family fl ocks, with a constant hierarchical society. Even though these animals by nature have the freedom man confi ned these animals for their own interest and ease of management as well as the neck of the availability of quality pastures is crucial for creation. But we know that keeping a horse stuck for many hours without activities and distractions, and remove him from his family or fl ock, can take the animal to develop certain addictions and behaviors that are not natural.There is some concern in the equestrian means for the development of stereotypies, because often there is depreciation of animal fi gures as well as consequences often severe for the health of the horse. So this review is to conduct a study of the major stereotypes that affect animals equestrian scene, including your preservation.(AU)

Originados em campos e pradarias, os cavalos livres passavam em torno de 16 horas pastando, de maneira lenta e entre vagarosas caminhadas ao longo do dia. Além disso, os cavalos passavam sua vida inteira em pequenos bandos familiares, com uma constante sociedade hierárquica. Mesmo sabendo que estes animais tem por natureza a liberdade, o homem confinou-os para o seu próprio interesse e com a facilidade de manejo e a disponibilidade de pastagens de qualidade, tornou-se determinante para a criação. Porém, sabemos que manter um equino preso por muitas horas, sem atividades e distrações, além de retirá-lo de sua família ou bando, pode levar o animal a desenvolver certos vícios e comportamentos que não são naturais. Há certa preocupação no meio equestre quanto ao desenvolvimento de estereotipias, pois muitas vezes, há a depreciação de valores dos animais além de consequências muitas vezes graves para a saúde do cavalo. Portanto essa revisão tem por objetivo realizar um estudo sobre as principais estereotipias que acometem os animais do cenário equestre assim como a sua prevenção.(AU)

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Originated in fields and prairies, free horses spent around 16 hours grazing, slowly and between slow walking throughout the day. In addition, the horses passed his whole life in small family fl ocks, with a constant hierarchical society. Even though these animals by nature have the freedom man confi ned these animals for their own interest and ease of management as well as the neck of the availability of quality pastures is crucial for creation. But we know that keeping a horse stuck for many hours without activities and distractions, and remove him from his family or fl ock, can take the animal to develop certain addictions and behaviors that are not natural.There is some concern in the equestrian means for the development of stereotypies, because often there is depreciation of animal fi gures as well as consequences often severe for the health of the horse. So this review is to conduct a study of the major stereotypes that affect animals equestrian scene, including your preservation.

Originados em campos e pradarias, os cavalos livres passavam em torno de 16 horas pastando, de maneira lenta e entre vagarosas caminhadas ao longo do dia. Além disso, os cavalos passavam sua vida inteira em pequenos bandos familiares, com uma constante sociedade hierárquica. Mesmo sabendo que estes animais tem por natureza a liberdade, o homem confinou-os para o seu próprio interesse e com a facilidade de manejo e a disponibilidade de pastagens de qualidade, tornou-se determinante para a criação. Porém, sabemos que manter um equino preso por muitas horas, sem atividades e distrações, além de retirá-lo de sua família ou bando, pode levar o animal a desenvolver certos vícios e comportamentos que não são naturais. Há certa preocupação no meio equestre quanto ao desenvolvimento de estereotipias, pois muitas vezes, há a depreciação de valores dos animais além de consequências muitas vezes graves para a saúde do cavalo. Portanto essa revisão tem por objetivo realizar um estudo sobre as principais estereotipias que acometem os animais do cenário equestre assim como a sua prevenção.

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Introducción: Las estereotipias han sido descritas en niños con trastornos del desarrollo pero su prevalencia y características en niños con desarrollo madurativo normal no es conocida. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de estereotipias en niños sin enfermedades crónicas y describir sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta a madres de niños recién nacidos hasta niños de 12 años que concurrieron a los consultorios externos con muestreo consecutivo y no aleatori-zado. La encuesta fue analizada previamente en un subgrupo de madres. Resultados: Se completaron 406 encuestas, en el 57 por ciento se refirieron estereotipias y las más frecuentes fueron chuparse los dedos (21,8 por ciento) y comerse las uñas (20 por ciento). El análisis multivariado identificó mayor probabilidad de presentar estereotipias en niños con antecedentes de esterotipia en los padres, situaciones de estrés y madres mayores de 35 años. Conclusión: Las estereotipias tienen una elevada prevalencia en los niños y son más frecuentes en niños con antecedentes familiares de estereotipias, situaciones de estrés y en niños con madres de mayor edad.

Background: Stereotypies have been described in children with developmental disorders but their prevalence and characteristics in developmentally normal children is unknown. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of stereotypies in children without chronic diseases and describe their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Patients and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was performed. Mothers of children aged from birth to 12 years, who attended the outpatient clinic, answered survey questions. Results: 406 surveys were completed; stereotypies were observed in 57 percent of patients, among the most frequent, finger sucking (21.8 percent) and nail biting (20 percent). A multivariate analysis identified that stereotypies are more likely in children with a history of stereotypy in parents, under stressful environments, and with mothers over 35 years old. Conclusion: Stereo-typies showed a high prevalence in this study, most frequently in those children under stressful environments, mothers older than 35 years, and affected parents.

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