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Lentinula edodes is known to show high nutritional and organoleptic properties and can be mixed with different by-products in the production of new foods with important functional characteristics. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is the main by-product in the cocoa industry and presents important bioactivities. In this research, two mixtures were applied based on Lentinula edodes mushroom flour from fifty different strains (strain 1 to strain 50) and cocoa pod husk flour (CPHF): 60% Lentinula edodes mushroom flour from each strain mixed with 40% CPHF (Mixture 1), and 80% Lentinula edodes mushroom flour from each strain mixed with 20% CPHF (Mixture 2). The parameters evaluated were moisture, proteins, fat, total dietary fiber (TDF), ash, carbohydrates, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, pH and water activity (aw). The multivariate statistical techniques evaluated those samples that exhibited the highest degree of correlation with the distinct chemical and commercial parameters, showing that sample 13 of both mixture flours (M1 and M2) obtained by the mushrooms of L. edodes (strain 13) with CPH indicated the higher significant of the parameters. In addition, the sensory test of the best flour (sample 13) was applied to 50 panelists, presenting the best sensory characteristics, such as color, aroma, texture and general acceptability.

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La asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas tiene gran importancia durante la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte, dada la necesidad de su aplicación en los trabajos científicos investigativos desde los cuatro perfiles de egreso y de forma transversal en todas las disciplinas de la carrera. La implementación de estrategias de aprendizaje como herramientas para su asimilación, representa numerosos beneficios en virtud de formar profesionales competentes. El diagnóstico realizado a 107 estudiantes del curso diurno y siete profesores de la asignatura Informática y Análisis de Datos en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte Manuel Fajardo permitió detectar, en los estudiantes, insuficiencias en la asimilación de estas técnicas lo que impide su correcta aplicación. Los profesores manifiestan falta de dominio sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje como herramientas que potencian el autoaprendizaje y la autorregulación. En el estudio, se propone como objetivo diseñar una estrategia didáctica que contribuya a la asimilación de técnicas estadísticas en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte. Entre los métodos empleados se utilizaron el analítico-sintético, la modelación, el sistémico estructural funcional, las encuestas y las tablas de distribución empírica de frecuencia. La valoración teórica de la propuesta, declarada por los especialistas en las matrices ATJ, permitió pronosticar, con criterios satisfactorios, la validez de la estrategia didáctica presentada para su posterior puesta en práctica.

A assimilação de técnicas estatísticas é de grande importância durante a formação dos profissionais de Cultura Física e Desporto, dada a necessidade da sua aplicação em trabalhos de investigação científica dos quatro perfis de pós-graduação e em todas as disciplinas da carreira. A implementação de estratégias de aprendizagem como ferramentas para a sua assimilação, representa inúmeros benefícios em virtude da formação de profissionais competentes. O diagnóstico feito a 107 alunos do curso diurno e sete docentes da disciplina de Informática e Análise de Dados da Universidade Manuel Fajardo de Cultura Física e Ciências do Desporto permitiu detectar, nos alunos, insuficiências na assimilação destas técnicas, o que impede a sua correcta aplicação. Os professores mostram falta de domínio sobre as estratégias de aprendizagem como ferramentas que potencializam a autoaprendizagem e a autorregulação. O objetivo do estudo é: desenhar uma estratégia didática que contribua para a assimilação de técnicas estatísticas na formação de profissionais de Cultura Física e Esportes. Entre os métodos utilizados estão analítico-sintético, modelagem, funcional estrutural sistêmica, levantamentos e tabelas empíricas de distribuição de frequência. A avaliação teórica da proposta, declarada pelos especialistas das Matrizes ATJ, permitiu prever, com critérios satisfatórios, a validade da estratégia didática apresentada para sua posterior implementação.

The assimilation of statistical techniques is of great importance during the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals, given the need for their application in scientific research work from the four graduate profiles and across all disciplines of the career. The implementation of learning strategies as tools for their assimilation, represents numerous benefits by virtue of training competent professionals. The diagnosis made to 107 students of the dau course and seven professors of the Computer Science and Data Analysis subject at the Manuel Fajardo University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences allowed to detect, in the students, insufficiencies in the assimilation of these techniques, which prevents their correct application. Teachers show lack of mastery over learning strategies as tools that enhance self-learning and self-regulation. The objective of the study is to: design a didactic strategy that contributes to the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals. Among the methods used are analytical-synthetic, modeling, functional structural systemic, surveys and empirical frequency distribution tables. The theoretical assessment of the proposal, declared by the specialists in the ATJ Matrices, allowed to predict, with satisfactory criteria, the validity of the didactic strategy presented for its subsequent implementation.

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At the end of 2019 in Wuhan China city, the outbreak of the virus called SARS-CoV 2 was originated, which later became a pandemic. In Ecuador, patient zero arrived on February 14, 2020 and the first mobility restriction imposed by the Government occurred on Tuesday, March 17 of the same year. Throughout the confinement, vehicle mobility restrictions have been modified by government entities depending on the number of infected people. This article presents an air quality study in the historic center of Cuenca city as consequence of mobility changes caused by Covid-19, where a comparison of concentration levels of polluting gases of the first semester of 2018, 2019 and 2020 is made, that allow differentiating and identifying the influence of vehicular flow on air quality. It can also be verified how the decrease in vehicle mobility restrictions influenced the increase in the rate of daily infections. For the study, air quality data published by the public mobility company of the city of Cuenca (EMOV EP) and the communications issued by the Emergency Operations Committee (COE), before and during the confinement, were collected. The acquisition, classification, analysis and interpretation of the data obtained through machine learning techniques was carried out. It can be concluded that while mobility restrictions were more severe, air quality improved and infections rate of decrease. Obtaining that polluting gases such as NO2 and CO produced by vehicular traffic show correlations of 61% and 60% respectively, which means that after 15 days of lifting the restrictive measures, the pollutants increased as well as the number of infected.

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RESUMEN El dominio de técnicas estadísticas representa numerosos beneficios en virtud de la formación de profesionales competentes. En la rama de la Cultura Física y el Deporte, adquiere mayor significación por su aplicabilidad en los cuatro perfiles de egreso, de ahí la importancia que tiene la asimilación de esta ciencia en el proceso de formación de sus profesionales. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar el estado de la asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte en Cuba. La investigación exigió la utilización de diversos métodos entre los que se deben enunciar: revisión de documentos, encuestas, una prueba pedagógica y la triangulación metodológica. Asimismo, como parte de los métodos estadísticos se emplearon las tablas de distribución empíricas de frecuencias. Todos ellos permitieron determinar el nivel en que se enmarcaba el estado de la asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas en la formación de estos profesionales, así como el conocimiento de los docentes sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje, como resultado crucial de la investigación. Con la identificación de los elementos más influyentes en esta problemática, se constata la necesidad e importancia de implementar acciones en el sistema de trabajo científico, docente y metodológico para mejorar los niveles de asimilación de esta ciencia.

RESUMO O domínio das técnicas estatísticastrazmuitosbenefíciosemvirtude do treinamento de profissionais competentes. No ramo da Cultura Física e do Esporte, adquiremaiorrelevânciadevido à suaaplicabilidade nos quatroperfis de graduação, daí a importância da assimilaçãodestaciência no processo de formação de seusprofissionais. O objetivo desteestudofoi determinar o estado de assimilação de técnicas estatísticasnaformação de profissionais de Cultura Física e Esportesem Cuba. A pesquisa exigiu a utilização de vários métodos, entre os quais se destacam: revisão documental, inquéritos, prova pedagógica e triangulação metodológica. Da mesma forma, como parte dos métodos estatísticos, foram utilizadas as tabelas empíricas de distribuição de frequência. Todos eles possibilitaram determinar o nível de assimilação de técnicas estatísticasnaformaçãodessesprofissionais, bem como o conhecimento dos professores sobre estratégias de aprendizagem, resultado fundamental da pesquisa. Com a identificação dos elementos mais influentes neste problema, confirma-se a necessidade e a importância de implementar ações no sistema de trabalho científico, pedagógico e metodológico para melhorar os níveis de assimilaçãodestaciência.

ABSTRACT Mastering statistical techniques has many benefits by virtue of training competent professionals. In the branch of Physical Culture and Sports, it acquires greater significance due to its applicability in the four graduation profiles, hence the importance of assimilation of this science in the training process of its professionals. The objective of this study was to determine the state of the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals in Cuba. The research required the use of various methods, among which they should be mentioned: document review, surveys, a pedagogical test and methodological triangulation. Likewise, as part of the statistical methods, the empirical frequency distribution tables were used. All of them made it possible to determine the level of the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of these professionals, as well as the knowledge of teachers about learning strategies, as a crucial result of the research. With the identification of the most influential elements in this problem, the need and importance of implementing actions in the scientific, teaching and methodological work system to improve the levels of assimilation of this science is confirmed.

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The Joanes River is located in the northeast of Brazil, crosses the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, the largest integrated industrial complex in the Southern Hemisphere, which has over 90 companies in the chemical and petrochemical industry. The present study aims to evaluate spatial distribution, seasonal variation and identify possible sources of trace metal contamination in surface water samples of the Joanes River. Samples were collected in the dry (December 2018) and rainy (August 2019) seasons. Analysis of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn and Pb) were performed by ICP-MS. A total of 60 water samples were obtained. Samples were analyzed using exploratory techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). It was possible to characterize the samples according to the seasonal variation. The formation of two groups was observed. Among these, samples from the rainy season presented the higher levels of metals in relation to the samples of the dry season. Natural and anthropic sources of metal contamination were identified using CA. Similarity was shown in the relationship between the metals As-Pb and Ni-Cd-Cr-Cu in the dry season, and Cd-Ni and Pb-As-Cr-Cu in the rainy season. Dermal absorption (HQderm) and ingestion hazard quotients (HQing) routes exhibited values of less than one for all the elements analyzed for adults and children, in both rainy and dry seasons. This indicated that the pollutants analyzed posed little or no health risk over a lifetime of exposure. According to international guidelines (US EPA), the values of Cu, Pb and Cr were above the limit established.

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In highly non-linear datasets, attributes or features do not allow readily finding visual patterns for identifying common underlying behaviors. Therefore, it is not possible to achieve classification or regression using linear or mildly non-linear hyperspace partition functions. Hence, supervised learning models based on the application of most existing algorithms are limited, and their performance metrics are low. Linear transformations of variables, such as principal components analysis, cannot avoid the problem, and even models based on artificial neural networks and deep learning are unable to improve the metrics. Sometimes, even when features allow classification or regression in reported cases, performance metrics of supervised learning algorithms remain unsatisfyingly low. This problem is recurrent in many areas of study as, per example, the clinical, biotechnological, and protein engineering areas, where many of the attributes are correlated in an unknown and very non-linear fashion or are categorical and difficult to relate to a target response variable. In such areas, being able to create predictive models would dramatically impact the quality of their outcomes, generating an immediate added value for both the scientific and general public. In this manuscript, we present RV-Clustering, a library of unsupervised learning algorithms, and a new methodology designed to find optimum partitions within highly non-linear datasets that allow deconvoluting variables and notoriously improving performance metrics in supervised learning classification or regression models. The partitions obtained are statistically cross-validated, ensuring correct representativity and no over-fitting. We have successfully tested RV-Clustering in several highly non-linear datasets with different origins. The approach herein proposed has generated classification and regression models with high-performance metrics, which further supports its ability to generate predictive models for highly non-linear datasets. Advantageously, the method does not require significant human input, which guarantees a higher usability in the biological, biomedical, and protein engineering community with no specific knowledge in the machine learning area.

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Las técnicas estadísticas constituyen las herramientas matemáticas que permiten el análisis causal de los problemas de salud; de ahí la importancia de conocer cómo ha sido su desarrollo a lo largo del tiempo, por lo cual el objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una síntesis de la evolución histórica de las técnicas y metodologías empleadas en la investigación médica en relación con los modelos de causalidad que han primado en cada momento histórico. A tales efectos, se realizó una amplia revisión documental y, para una mejor comprensión, se dividió la evolución en cinco etapas, según el desarrollo alcanzado en las técnicas estadísticas. Asimismo, se describen los principales hechos y las características fundamentales de cada época y se destaca la regresión logística binaria como la técnica más empleada.

The statistical techniques constitute the mathematical tools that allow the causal analysis of the health problems; that is why it is import to know about their development through time, reason why the objective of this work was to elaborate a synthesis of the historical course of the techniques and methodologies used in the medical investigation in connection with the causality models that have prevailed in each historical moment. To such effects, a wide documental review was carried out and, for a better understanding, the changes were divided in five stages, according to the development reached in the statistical techniques. Also, the main facts and the fundamental characteristics of each stage are described and the binary logistical regression is highlighted as the most used technique.

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El análisis estadístico implicativo es una técnica de minería de datos, surgida para resolver problemas de la didáctica de las matemáticas, se basa en la inteligencia artificial y el álgebra booleana, para modelar la casi implicación entre eventos y variables de un conjunto de datos. El objetivo de este ensayo es exponer las evidencias teóricas y prácticas que demuestran su utilidad para el estudio de la causalidad en la salud, para lo cual se realizó una revisión exhaustiva del tema en las bases de datos bibliográficas alojadas en Internet. Se presentan una serie de razones que justifican el uso de esta técnica en estudios de causalidad en medicina, en relación con el número de variables, el tamaño de la muestra, los supuestos requeridos para su aplicación y la naturaleza asimétrica de sus índices. También se identifican algunas ventajas con respecto a las técnicas estadísticas tradicionales, como la detección de eventos raros, que pasan inadvertidos a medidas como el apoyo y la confianza. Finalmente, se mencionan las investigaciones clínico-epidemiológicas donde se ha utilizado este análisis(AU)

Implicative statistical analysis is a technique of data mining, emerged to solve problems of the Didactic of mathematics, it is based on Artificial Intelligence and Boolean Algebra, to model the quasi-implication between events and variables of a data set. The objective of this essay is to expose the theoretical and practical evidences that demonstrate its utility for the study of causality in health, for which an exhaustive review of the subject was carried out in the bibliographic databases hosted on the internet. A series of reasons are presented that justify the use of this technique in causality studies in medicine, regarding the number of variables, the sample size, the assumptions required for its application and the asymmetric nature of its indices. Also some advantages are identified with respect to traditional statistical techniques such as detection of rare events, which would go unnoticed to measures such as support and trust. Finally, clinical-epidemiological investigations where this analysis has been used are mentioned(AU)

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In the last decade, the use of multivariate statistical techniques developed for analytical chemistry has been adopted widely in food science and technology. Usually, chemometrics is applied when there is a large and complex dataset, in terms of sample numbers, types, and responses. The results are used for authentication of geographical origin, farming systems, or even to trace adulteration of high value-added commodities. In this article, we provide an extensive practical and pragmatic overview on the use of the main chemometrics tools in food science studies, focusing on the effects of process variables on chemical composition and on the authentication of foods based on chemical markers. Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, have been used to associate the level of bioactive components with in vitro functional properties, although supervised multivariate statistical methods have been used for authentication purposes. Overall, chemometrics is a useful aid when extensive, multiple, and complex real-life problems need to be addressed in a multifactorial and holistic context. Undoubtedly, chemometrics should be used by governmental bodies and industries that need to monitor the quality of foods, raw materials, and processes when high-dimensional data are available. We have focused on practical examples and listed the pros and cons of the most used chemometric tools to help the user choose the most appropriate statistical approach for analysis of complex and multivariate data.

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Five statistical approaches were applied for assessing the performance of participants in 19 rounds (2007-2011) of the Proficiency Testing Program for lead in blood determination (PEP-Pbs), conducted by Instituto Adolfo Lutz. The performance evaluation was provided by using the z-score. The following statistical approaches were tested: 1 mean and standard deviation, after rejecting outliers; 2 median and normalized inter-quartile range; 3 robust mean and robust standard deviation; 4 robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 3 µg/100 mL (for concentrations up to 40 µg/100 mL and a standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 7.5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 µg/100 mL); 5 robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 2 µg/100 mL (for concentration up to 40 µg/100 mL) or 5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 µg/100 mL). The approach 4 showed to be the most adequate statistical methodology to assess the performance of participating laboratories in the PEP-Pbs.(AU)

Cinco abordagens estatísticas foram aplicadas para avaliar o desempenho dos participantes em 19 rodadas (2007-2011) do Programa de Ensaio de Proficiência para determinação de chumbo em sangue (PEP-Pbs), organizado pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A avaliação de desempenho foi realizada utilizando-se o índice-z, e as seguintes abordagens estatísticas foram testadas: 1 - média e desvio padrão, após a exclusão dos valores dispersos; 2 - mediana e intervalo interquartil normalizado; 3 - média robusta e desvio padrão robusto; 4 - média robusta e desvio padrão de proficiência de 3 µg/100 mL (para concentrações de até 40 µg/100 mL) e desvio padrão de proficiência de 7,5 % do valor designado (para concentrações superiores a 40 µg/100 mL); 5 - média robusta, desvio padrão de proficiência de 2 µg/100 mL (para concentrações de até 40 µg/100 mL) e desvio padrão de proficiência de 5 % do valor designado (para concentrações acima de 40 µg/100 mL). A abordagem 4 mostrouser mais adequada para avaliar o desempenho dos laboratórios participantes do PEP-Pbs.(AU)

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Five statistical approaches were applied for assessing the performance of participants in 19 rounds(2007-2011) of the Proficiency Testing Program for lead in blood determination (PEP-Pbs), conducted by Instituto Adolfo Lutz. The performance evaluation was provided by using the z-score. The following statistical approaches were tested: 1 – mean and standard deviation, after rejecting outliers; 2 – median and normalized inter-quartile range; 3 – robust mean and robust standard deviation; 4 – robust meanand standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 3 μg/100 mL (for concentrations up to 40 μg/100mL and a standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 7.5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100 mL); 5 – robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 2 μg/100 mL(for concentration up to 40 μg/100 mL) or 5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100mL). The approach 4 showed to be the most adequate statistical methodology to assess the performance of participating laboratories in the PEP-Pbs...

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Quienes se inician en la investigación suelen encontrarse con dificultades en el análisis estadístico de los datos para la verificación de su hipótesis de trabajo, particularmente en la selección de la técnica estadística apropiada, su aplicación e interpretación. Se plantea que lo anterior resulta de una actitud negativa hacia el análisis cuantitativo, relacionado con dificultades percibidas en clases de estadística y metodología de la investigación en educación superior. El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer una guía de referencia para investigadores no expertos en el uso de algunas técnicas estadísticas con amplia aplicación en la generación de conocimiento. Se define cada técnica multivariada presentada y se especifican las condiciones en las cuales es posible su aplicación enumerando los supuestos mínimos que debe cumplir. Adicionalmente, se presentan tres ejemplos que muestran las inconsistencias estadísticas que resultan de no considerar algunos supuestos en el análisis de los datos.

New researchers often face difficulties in the statistical analysis of data for verification of the working hypotheses, particularly in the selection of an appropriate statistical technique, its application and interpretation. It is often argued that the foregoing of a negative attitude toward the quantitative analysis related to perceived difficulties in statistics classes and research methodology in education. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference guide for non-expert researchers in the use of some statistical techniques with broad applications in the generation of knowledge. Each multivariate technique is defined and the conditions under which it is possible its application are enumerated, presenting the minimum conditions to be met. In addition, three examples are presented showing inconsistencies resulting from a wrong use of statistics and assumptions in analyzing the data.

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Objetivos: describir la frecuencia de los paradigmas de investigación empleados en la Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, identificar si ha cambiado, en el tiempo, la periodicidad con que se realizan las investigaciones de carácter explicativas, y determinar cuáles fueron las técnicas estadísticas más empleadas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio bibliométrico descriptivo en el que se examinaron todos los artículos originales, publicados en la Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral, en los periodos de 1995 al 1998 y del 2008 al 2010. ..

Objectives: To describe the frequency of research paradigms used in the Cuban Journal of Comprehensive General Medicine, identify whether it has changed over time, the frequency with which explanatory investigations are conducted, and determine which statistical techniques were the most widely used. Methods: We performed a descriptive bibliometric study that examined all original articles which were published in the Cuban Journal of Comprehensive General Medicine in the periods from 1995 to 1998 and from 2008 to 2010...

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La complejidad y los elevados costos que se asocian al desarrollo de medicamentos han impuesto la búsqueda de estrategias más eficientes que combinen reducción de tiempo con calidad de investigación. La metodología estadística tiene una función fundamental en este proceso. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de la función de la estadística en las investigaciones terapéuticas, cuyos objetivos consisten en describir cómo interviene la estadística en los ensayos clínicos y exponer algunos avances y retos que enfrenta el bioestadístico en el contexto actual del desarrollo de estos estudios. Se describe el proceso estadístico dentro del ensayo clínico desde un punto de vista práctico, exigencias regulatorias y disposición documental. Se exponen algunos temas metodológicos específicos y técnicas estadísticas desarrolladas con aplicaciones en estos estudios. En conclusión, la metodología estadística en los ensayos clínicos ha experimentado un desarrollo creciente en los últimos años. Las investigaciones proponen el uso de diseños flexibles que dinamizan los estudios y métodos de análisis más sensibles. Las entidades regulatorias establecen guías en estos temas que orientan para la presentación armonizada de ensayos clínicos ante diversas situaciones. La aplicación de técnicas estadísticas más sensibles y el uso de la tecnología que sustenta estos avances es un tema en desarrollo y con creciente presencia en la literatura de ensayos clínicos

The complexity and high costs associated to the development of drugs have brought about the search for more efficient strategies combining time saving and research quality. The statistical methodology plays a fundamental role in this process. The present paper made a literature review of the role of statistics in therapeutic research. The objectives were to describe how statistics participate in the clinical trials and to present some advances attained as well as the challenges met by the biostatician in the present context of development of these studies. The statistical process was described in the clinical trial from the practical viewpoint, including regulatory demands and documentary availability. Some specific methodological topics as well as application-developed statistical techniques were presented. It was concluded that the statistical methodology in clinical trials has experienced growing development in the last few years. The research suggested the use of flexible designs that would speed up the most sensitive studies and methods of analysis. The regulatory bodies set guidelines that give instructions for the harmonized presentation of clinical trials under various circumstances. The application of more sensitive statistical techniques and the use of technologies supporting these advances is a subject that is increasingly dealt with by the scientific literature on clinical trials

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La detección precoz del comportamiento anormal de enfermedades transmisibles depende de la calidad y oportunidad de la información disponible y de métodos eficientes. En Cuba generalmente se basa en anàlisis de series cronológicas y canales endémicos para vigilancia semanal o mensual desde el nivel primario de atención. En el país no se ha evaluado suficientemente la calidad de las series cronológicas ni los métodos empleados. En el año 2006 se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 18 unidades de anàlisis y tendencias municipales y en 12 àreas de salud de municipios seleccionados de Ciudad de La Habana y Pinar del Río, para evaluar la calidad de los datos utilizados en la confección de canales endémicos, identificar los principales métodos utilizados para su elaboración y personal que los analiza. Se encontró que se vigilan un número suficiente de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria aunque no de manera uniforme, el soporte de conservación màs utilizado en àreas de salud fue el papel, se conservan un número elevado de años en casi todas las unidades, el método màs utilizado para el canal endémico es el Màximo maximorum y Mínimo minimorum y el personal que realiza el anàlisis està suficientemente capacitado. Las series existentes en esas unidades permiten realizar anàlisis apropiados y es conveniente extender la conservación digital como norma así como incrementar la preparación de profesionales dedicados a esta actividad

Early detection of the anomalous behavior of communicable diseases depends on the quality and promptness of available data and of efficient methods. In Cuba, this detection generally supports on the analysis of time series and endemic ranges for weekly or monthly surveillance at primary health care. There have not been thorough assessment of the quality of times series and methods. A descriptive study was conducted in 18 municipal health analysis and trends units and in 12 health areas located in selected municipalities of the City of Havana and Pinar del Río provinces in 2006, with the purpose of evaluating the quality of data in the preparation of endemic ranges; to identify the main methods for their preparation and the staff in charge of the analysis. It was found that an adequate number of compulsory notification diseases are under surveillance, but not in a consistent way; the most used preservation means is paperback in health areas; a high number of years in analysis are kept in almost all the units, the most common method for preparation of endemic ranges is Maximum Maximorum and Minimum Minimorum whereas the staff in charge of the analysis is properly trained. The existing time series allow making suitable analysis, so, it is desirable to increase the use of computerization to keep them as well as to raise the level of training for the professionals devoted to this task