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Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland affecting milk production and quality in dairy herds, is often associated with Staphylococcus spp. in goats. Neutrophils are crucial in combating infections by migrating into milk and deploying various defense strategies, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA, histones, and bactericidal proteins. This study investigated whether NETs are released by goat neutrophils stimulated in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri, two common pathogens of goat mastitis. PMNs were isolated from blood from healthy adult goats. We evaluated goat NET formation by stimulating cells with: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) as a positive control, cytochalasin for inhibition of actin polymerization, S. aureus, and S. warneri. NET formation was observed in response to chemical stimulation and bacterial presence, effectively trapping pathogens. Variations in NET formation between S. aureus and S. warneri suggest pathogen-specific responses. These findings suggest that the formation of NETs may be an important complementary mechanism in the defense against mastitis in goats. In conclusion, this study unveils a novel defense mechanism in goats, indicating the role of NETs against S. aureus and S. warneri in mastitis.
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Armadilhas Extracelulares , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Mastite , Neutrófilos , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Animais , Cabras/imunologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Feminino , Mastite/veterinária , Mastite/imunologia , Mastite/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Staphylococcus/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections in humans, affecting women in more proportion. The bladder was considered sterile, but it has a urinary microbiome. Moreover, intracellular bacteria (IB) were observed in uroepithelial cells from children and women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we evaluated the presence of IB in urine from healthy people and patients with UTI symptoms. METHODS: Midstream urine was self-collected from 141 donors, 77 females and 64 males; 72 belonged to the asymptomatic group and 69 were symptomatic. IB was characterized by a culture-dependent technique and visualized by confocal microscopy. Urine was also subjected to the classical uroculture and isolated bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF. RESULTS: One-hundred and fifteen uroculture were positive. A significant association was observed between the presence of symptoms and IB (P = 0.007). Moreover, a significant association between the presence of IB, symptoms and being female was observed (P = 0.03). From the cases with IB, Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism identified (34.7%), followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14.2%), Staphylococcus spp (14.2%), and Enterococcus faecalis (10.7%). Intracellular E. coli was associated with the symptomatic group (P = 0.02). Most of the intracellular Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from the asymptomatic group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular bacteria are present in patients with UTI but also in asymptomatic people. Here, we report for the first time, the presence of S. maltophilia, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterobacter cloacae as intracellular bacteria in uroepithelial cells. These findings open new insights into the comprehension of urinary tract infections, urinary microbiome and future therapies. Uroculture as the gold standard could not be enough for an accurate diagnosis in recurrent or complicated cases.
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Bactérias , Infecções Urinárias , Urotélio , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Urotélio/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , Microbiota , AdolescenteRESUMO
This research communication addresses the hypothesis that double premilking teat disinfection (DD) is more effective in reducing soiling and bacterial count on the cows' teat skin and milkers' gloves than conventional disinfection (CONV). The design was a 3 × 3 Latin square (three groups of cows and three treatments) with conventional teat disinfection (CONV, lactic acid application after forestripping), double teat disinfection using the same disinfectant (DD1D, lactic acid application before and after forestripping), and double teat disinfection using two different disinfectants (DD2D, application of lactic acid before and chlorine-based disinfectant after forestripping). All groups were assigned for six days for each treatment, and the evaluations and samples were collected on the last day, before and after treatment. We evaluated the teat cleanliness score (TCS), count of Gram-negative bacteria (coliforms and noncoliforms), Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and total bacterial count (TBC) on the cows' teats and TBC on the milkers' gloves. TCS after premilking was lower in DD than CONV treatment. The reduction of Staphylococcus spp. count was greater in the DD treatment and tended to be higher in the DD2D. The TBC reduction on the cows' teats was greater in the DD treatments. The TBC on the milkers' gloves was lower for DD before and after premilking. In conclusion, DD can be an alternative for reducing some bacterial populations on cow teats and preventing the transmission of microorganisms between cows via the milkers' hands.
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AIMS: We developed three new analogs of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Citropin 1.1: DAN-1-13, AJP-1-1, and HHX-2-28, and tested their potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius. Potential cytotoxic or hemolytic effects were determined using cultured human keratinocytes and erythrocytes to determine their safety. METHODS AND RESULTS: To assess the antimicrobial activity of each compound, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius. Activity against newly formed and mature biofilms was determined in two clinical isolates using spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All three compounds exhibited antimicrobial and bactericidal activity against all studied S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius strains, with MICs ranging from 4-32 µg ml-1 and MBCs ranging from 8-128 µg ml-1. Subinhibitory concentrations of all compounds also showed ant-biofilm activity in the two tested isolates. All compounds exhibited limited cytotoxic and hemolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Novel analogs of Citropin 1.1 exhibit antimicrobial and bactericidal activities against S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates and inhibit the biofilm formation of these bacteria.
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Antibacterianos , Biofilmes , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/química , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Mastitis is one the most widespread and serious diseases in dairy cattle. Recurrent and chronic infections are often attributable to certain pathogenicity mechanisms in mastitis-causing pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp. These include growing in biofilm and invading cells, both of which make it possible to resist or evade antimicrobial therapies and the host's immune system. This study tested the effects of active vitamin D3 (i.e., calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) on the internalization and phagocytosis of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolated from animals with mastitis. Two established bovine cell lines were used: MAC-T (mammary epithelial cells) and BoMac (macrophages). Calcitriol (0-200â¯nM) did not affect the viability of MAC-T cells nor that of BoMac cells after 24 and 72â¯h. Concentrations of 0-100â¯mM for 24â¯h upregulated the expression of 24-hydroxylase in MAC-T cells, but did not alter that of VDR. Pre-treatment of the cells with calcitriol for 24â¯h decreased the internalization of S. aureus V329 into MAC-T cells (0-100â¯nM), and stimulated the phagocytosis of the same strain and of S. xylosus 4913 (0-10â¯nM). Calcitriol and two conditioned media, obtained by treating the cells with 25-200â¯nM of the metabolite for 24â¯h, were also assessed in terms of their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Neither calcitriol by itself nor the conditioned media affected staphylococcal growth or biofilm formation (0-200â¯nM for 12 and 24â¯h, respectively). In contrast, the conditioned media (0-100â¯nM for 24â¯h) decreased the biomass of preformed non-aureus staphylococcal biofilms and killed the bacteria within them, without affecting metabolic activity. These effects may be mediated by reactive oxygen species and proteins with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activity. In short, calcitriol could make pathogens more accessible to antimicrobial therapies and enhance bacterial clearance by professional phagocytes. Moreover, it may modulate the host's endogenous defenses in the bovine udder and help combat preformed non-aureus staphylococcal biofilms (S. chromogenes 40, S. xylosus 4913, and/or S. haemolyticus 6). The findings confirm calcitriol's potential as an adjuvant to prevent and/or treat intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus spp., which would in turn contribute to reducing antibiotic use on dairy farms.
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Biofilmes , Imunidade Inata , Mastite Bovina , Fagocitose , Staphylococcus , Animais , Bovinos , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Calcitriol/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismoRESUMO
Introduction: Avocados are typically sold in unsanitary conditions at the retail markets in Ecuador, which can raise the risk of microbial contamination. These microorganisms could exhibit multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR), being a serious threat concern to human health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the microbiota and its antibiotic resistance profile in avocado Guatemalan fruits (Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis), at ripe stage: immature, firm light green (ready to eat in 4 days), peel (AFPE) and pulp (AFPU), and mature intense green (ready to eat) peel (AMPE) and pulp (AMPU), to gain baseline information on the prevalence of MAR bacteria. Methods: Culture-independent (16S rRNA metagenomics) and culture-dependent approach (to detect specific indicator microorganisms) were used. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility of selected target indicator bacteria was assessed providing information about the antibiotic resistance (AR) among the groups. Results: Based on 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis, over 99.78% of reads were classified as bacteria in all samples. Shannon diversity index varies from 1.22 to 2.22, with the highest bacterial population assigned to AFPE samples (1327 species). The highest microbial counts of indicator Staphylococcus spp. (STAPHY), Enterobacter spp. (ENT), and Listeria spp. (LIST), were detected in AMPE samples. Thirty percent of the selected STAPHYs, and 20.91% of Enterobacter (ENT) clones were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. The MAR index varies between 0.25 to 0.88 and was clone-, and fruit ripe stage-dependent. Conclusions: The results indicated that ready to eat avocados contained detectable levels of MAR bacteria, including methicillin resistant (MR)-STAPHY, which may act as a potential vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance. To achieve the increase of the production and marketing of Fuerte cultivar in Ecuador, it is vitally important to consider valuable strategies to protect the fruits at the early ripe stage in future. Thus, it is crucial to set up efficient control measures and develop coordinated strategies to guarantee the microbiological quality of the food.
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This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of promethazine against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus mutans and its effect on the antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms grown in vitro and ex vivo on porcine heart valves. Promethazine was evaluated alone and in combination with vancomycin and oxacillin against Staphylococcus spp. and vancomycin and ceftriaxone against S. mutans in planktonic form and biofilms grown in vitro and ex vivo. Promethazine minimum inhibitory concentration range was 24.4-95.31 µg/mL and minimum biofilm eradication concentration range was 781.25-3.125 µg/mL. Promethazine interacted synergistically with vancomycin, oxacillin and ceftriaxone against biofilms in vitro. Promethazine alone reduced (p < 0.05) the CFU-counts of biofilms grown on heart valves for Staphylococcus spp., but not for S. mutans, and increased (p < 0.05) the activity of vancomycin, oxacillin and ceftriaxone against biofilms of Gram-positive cocci grown ex vivo. These findings bring perspectives for repurposing promethazine as adjuvant in the treatment of infective endocarditis.
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Endocardite , Cocos Gram-Positivos , Humanos , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Prometazina/farmacologia , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Biofilmes , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Staphylococcus , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Bacterial nasal colonization is common in many mammals and Staphylococcus represents the main pathogen isolated. Staphylococcus nasal carriage in humans constitutes a risk factor for Staphylococcus infections pointing out the need for animal experimentation for nasal colonization studies, especially for vaccine development. A limitation in addressing this hypothesis has been a lack of appropriate animal model. Murine models do not mimic human nasal colonization studies. Non-human primates (NHP) remain the best classical models for nasal colonization studies. In this study, we analyzed nasal colonization between two species of Old World monkeys (cynomolgus and rhesus) and a New World monkey (squirrel monkey) from breeding colony at Fiocruz (Brazil). Sixty male and female NHP with the average age of 1-21 years old, comprising twenty animals of each species, were analyzed. Nine different Staphylococcus species (S. aureus, S. cohnii, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, S. warneri, S. nepalensis, S. simiae, and S. kloosi) were identified by MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Antibiotic resistance was not detected among the isolated bacterial population. S. aureus was the main isolate (19 strains), present in all species, predominant in cynomolgus monkeys (9/20) and squirrel monkeys (7/20). spa typing was used to examine the clonal structure and genetic profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Eight (8) spa types were identified among the S. aureus strains. A major cluster was identified, corresponding to a new spa type t20455, and no spa types found in this study were seen before in Brazil.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Animais , Camundongos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Nariz , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Primatas/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMO
The research interest of the scientific community in biofilm-forming microorganisms is growing due to the problems caused by their infections affecting humans and animals, mainly because of the difficulty of the host immune system in eradicating these microbial complex communities and the increasing antimicrobial resistance rates worldwide. This review describes the virulence factors and their interaction with the microbial communities of four well-known and highly biofilm-forming pathogens, more exactly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Candida spp. The innate and adaptive immune responses caused by the infection with these microorganisms and their evasion to the host immune system by biofilm formation are discussed in the present work. The relevance of the differences in the expression of certain virulence factors and the immune response in biofilm-associated infections when compared to planktonic infections is usually described as the biofilm architecture protects the pathogen and alters the host immune responses, here we extensively discussed these mechanisms.
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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) remains the gold standard antibiotic carrier in the management of osteomyelitis. However, biodegradable ceramic carriers may exhibit more efficient antibiotic elution properties. Through zone of inhibition (ZOI) testing and biofilm killing assays, we assessed the in vitro elution efficacy of vancomycin released from calcium sulfate (PG-CSH) and PMMA beads as carriers on clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which were isolated from sonication fluid of orthopedic implant-associated infections. Overall, vancomycin-loaded PMMA and PG-CSH beads showed potency (ZOI above 4 cm2 ) for up to 14 days against ATCC and clinical strains. Vancomycin-loaded PG-CSH beads displayed higher rates, exhibited a more stable antibiotic elution, had greater impacts on bacterial colony-forming unit counts and produced higher ZOIs; additionally, statistically significant differences (Student's t test) were observed in different time sets during the experiment. In the biofilm killing assay, PG-CSH loaded with vancomycin resulted in more bacterial deaths. In conclusion, in the present study, both PG-CSH and PMMA beads acted as good carriers, but greater antimicrobial elution and biofilm bacterial killing were observed with PG-CSH than PMMA. Future in vitro research should focus on testing other difficult-to-treat clinical strains, including multidrug resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli.
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Antibacterianos , Substitutos Ósseos , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Polimetil Metacrilato/farmacologia , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Staphylococcus , Sulfato de Cálcio/farmacologia , Cimentos Ósseos/farmacologia , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
Introduction: The use of chitosan in pharmaceutical formulations is an advantageous approach due to this compound intrinsic biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as ready availability and low polymer cost. Methods: Herein, the naphthoquinones 3- chloromethylene-menadione (NQ1) and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ2) were nanoencapsulated into chitosan (CNP) by the ionotropic gelatinization technique and characterized by DLS, FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC, and their release profiles evaluated. The antimicrobial and wound healing activities were investigated. Results and Discussion: Homogeneous chitosan nanocapsulses of about 193 nm and Z potential ranging from +30.6 to +33.1 mV loaded with NQ1 (CNP-NQ1) or NQ2 (CNPQNQ2). With nanoencapsulation efficiencies of ≥ 96%, the solubility of naphthoquinones in aqueous environments was improved, making them suitable for biological system applications. The encapsulated naphthoquinones displayed a controlled release of approximately 80% for CNP-NQ1 and 90% for CNP-NQ2 over an 8 h period at 36°C. Both CNP-NQ1 and CNP-NQ2 retained the already established free naphthoquinone antimicrobial activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although presenting low toxicity to healthy human cells, only CNP-NQ1 displayed therapeutic indices above 100 for S. aureus and S. epidermidis and above 27 for S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa, allowing for safe use in human tissues. Furthermore, CNP-NQ1 did not impair the migration of human fibroblast cells in scratch assays, adding promising wound healing properties to this formulation. These findings emphasize that CNP-NQ1 may be useful in protecting injured skin tissue from bacterial contamination, avoiding skin infections not only by reducing bacterial loads but also by accelerating the healing process until complete dermal tissue recovery.
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Pig farming is an area of livestock that has been developing the most in Brazil and the world, with production increasing every year, generating jobs, and being of great importance for the Brazilian economy. In swine production, great health enables these animals to reach their highest point of development and antimicrobials are used, either prophylactically or through food, as growth promoters. Within swine culture, there is a concern regarding antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, Staphylococcus spp. do not receive the necessary prominence in research, since the pathologies caused by them do not tend to cause great economic losses. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the importance of bacterial resistance within breeding stock, its possible origins, the importance of Staphylococcus spp. within this topic, and its evolution in swine farming over the years. For this, studies were selected, with an emphasis on information such as country, number of samples, presence of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to methicillin, breeding phase, and phenotypic and molecular tests. In addition, publications were selected that show the importance of understanding the biological and resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in swine herds in Brazil and around the world.
A suinocultura é uma das áreas da pecuária que mais se desenvolveu e se desenvolve no Brasil e no mundo, com a sua produção aumentando todos os anos, gerando empregos diretos e indiretos, e sendo de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Destaca-se na produção de suínos a necessidade de grande sanidade para que estes animais alcancem seu maior ponto de desenvolvimento e, para tal, são utilizados antimicrobianos, seja de forma profilática ou através da alimentação, como promotores de crescimento. Dentro da suinocultura também está presente a preocupação envolvendo as bactérias resistentes a antibióticos, contudo, os Staphylococcus spp. não recebem o destaque necessário em pesquisas, já que as patologias causadas por estes ainda não tendem a causar grandes prejuízos econômicos de forma direta aos produtores. Por este motivo, esta revisão objetivou evidenciar a importância da resistência bacteriana dentro dos planteis, suas possíveis origens, a importância dos Staphylococcus spp. dentro deste tópico e a sua evolução na suinocultura através dos anos. Para este foram selecionados trabalhos encontrados em diferentes bases de dados com ênfase em informações como país, número de amostras, presença de Staphylococcus spp. resistentes a meticilina, fase de criação, e testes fenotípicos e moleculares, além de publicações que evidenciam a importância de se conhecer os perfis biológicos e de resistência dos Staphylococcus spp. nos planteis de suínos do Brasil e do mundo.
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Animais , Staphylococcus , Doenças dos Suínos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Saúde Única , Carne de PorcoRESUMO
Objective: To detect DNA of different microorganisms, in semen samples from apparently healthy men and correlate their presence with seminal quality. Methods: Semen samples from 81 healthy volunteers were collected, and semen parameters were analyzed. DNA extraction was performed using the phenol-chloroform technique, and the microorganisms were detected by the amplification of specific primers using polymerase chain reaction. Results: DNA from at least one of the microorganisms was detected in 78 samples. The most frequent microorganism found in semen were: Lactobacillus spp. (70%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) (36%), Streptococcus epidermidis (64%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (56%), Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) (28%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%). The seminal parameters of all semen samples were over the lower reference values for normal semen analysis. To compare with negative samples, seminal volume was higher for the Escherichia coli positive samples and lower for Pseudomonas aeruginosa positive samples. Semen samples positive for Staphylococcus aureus had worse sperm morphology. The frequency of progressive motility was higher in positive samples for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Positive semen samples for C. trachomatis had a higher concentration per milliliter. Conclusion: It is common to find microorganisms in semen of asymptomatic men, including those responsible for sexually transmitted infections. Antimicrobial treatment is recommended only in those individuals with a sexually transmitted infection (C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae) and always promote condom use.
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Microbiological diagnosis of equine respiratory infections is essential for disease management. However, reliable diagnosis can be a challenge due to colonization of the upper respiratory tract (URT) by a diverse microbial population, and because there is a lack of studies with samples from healthy animals. Aiming to guide adequate URT culture, this work reports culturable microbial population from the URT of 1,010 apparently healthy horses from 341 farms in Southern Brazil and identifies the putative presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Nasal swabs were cultured in 5% blood agar, and the isolates were phenotypically identified to genus level. A diverse respiratory microbial population was found, mostly composed of Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. The microbiological profile from the nasal cavity of 911 horses was described, with the five most common profiles being: (1) Staphylococcus sp. + Gram-negative bacilli (12.67%), (2) Staphylococcus sp. in pure culture (12.47%), (3) Staphylococcus sp. + Bacillus sp. (10.10%), (4) Gram-negative bacilli in pure culture (6.93%), and (5) Staphylococcus sp. + Bacillus sp. + Gram-negative bacilli (6.73%). Streptococcus equi equi and Rhodococcus equi were detected in 34 horses (3.37%), demonstrating the presence of pathogenic bacteria along with commensal microorganisms in apparently healthy animals. The disclosed data may guide and facilitate microbiological diagnosis of URT infection in horses. The significant presence of Gram-negative bacilli was evidenced, as well as the occurrence of relevant pathogens, such as S. equi equi and R. equi, thus helping to improve diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy.
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Doenças dos Cavalos , Infecções Respiratórias , Streptococcus equi , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Cavalos , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , StaphylococcusRESUMO
The close contact between people and their pets has generated the exchange of skin microbiota, accompanied by bacteria that present resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococcus spp., opportunistic pathogens present in the skin and mucosa of mammals, have had their importance recognized in human and veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to identify Staphylococcus spp. present in isolates from the nostrils of healthy humans, dogs and cats as well as to determine their phenotype of resistance to methicillin. Strain identification was performed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using a disk diffusion assay for 12 antibiotics. Sixty humans (veterinary and technicians), sixty dogs and sixty cats were sampled; of them, 61.6%, 56.6% and 46.6%, respectively, carried Staphylococcus spp. in their nostrils, and only two people carried two different species of Staphylococcus in the only anatomical site sampled. A methicillin-resistant phenotype was present in 48.7% of the humans, 26.5% of the dogs and 57.1% of the cats, and sampled. These results demonstrate the presence of Staphylococcus spp. strains resistant to methicillin in personnel who work in contact with animals, as well as in dogs and cats that entered the same hospital or veterinary clinic, which alerts us to the potential transfer of these strains to or between people, dogs and/or cats.
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Milk and its derivatives are highly consumed foods worldwide, with recognized nutritional importance. The search for the production of products with superior quality is constant. For the present work, 26 milk-producing properties were selected, with a total of 506 milk samples collected during the period from October 2019 to May 2020 being evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of milk produced in dairy properties in the region west Paraná, classified as good or bad based on the results of the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and through sampling (n = 10) to evaluate the resistance profile of enterobacteria and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk samples, in addition to the presence of the mecA gene in strains of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to oxacillin. There were significant differences between the good and bad properties for the levels of lactose, SCC (cell/mL), and Standard Plate Count (SPC) (CFU/mL). The strains of Staphylococcus spp. showed differences in the percentage of resistance in relation to the good and bad properties for antibiotics: tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin, amikacin, clindamycin, gentamycin, and erythromycin. The mecA gene was not detected in any of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates that showed resistance to oxacillin. For enterobacteria, the isolated species differed in relation to the classification of properties, with predominance for Escherichia coli (40%) for properties classified as bad and Hafnia alvei (40%) for those classified as good. The percentage of antibiotic resistance compared to enterobacteria isolates was higher in properties classified as good. Monitoring through microbial culture and antibiogram is extremely important, favoring the correct choice for the treatment of animals with a reduced selection of resistant strains.(AU)
O leite e seus derivados são alimentos altamente consumidos em todo mundo, com importância nutricional reconhecida. A busca pela produção de produtos com qualidade superior é constante. Para o presente trabalho foram selecionadas 26 propriedades produtoras de leite, sendo avaliado um total de 506 amostras de leite colhidas durante o período de outubro de 2019 a maio de 2020. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do leite produzido em propriedades leiteiras da região oeste do Paraná, classificadas como boas ou ruins com base nos resultados da Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) e por meio de amostragem (n=10) avaliar o perfil de resistência das enterobactérias e Staphylococcus spp. isolados das amostras de leite, além da presença do gene mecA em cepas de Staphylococcus spp. resistentes à oxacilina. Houve diferenças significativas entre as propriedades boas e ruins para os teores de lactose, CCS (cél./mL) e Contagem Padrão em Placas (CPP) (UFC/mL). As cepas de Staphylococcus spp. apresentaram diferenças no percentual de resistência em relação às propriedades boas e ruins para os antibióticos: tetraciclina, ciprofloxacina, oxacilina, amicacina, clindamicina, gentamicina e eritromicina. Não foi detectada a presença do gene mecA em nenhum dos isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa que apresentaram perfil de resistência à oxacilina. Para as enterobactérias as espécies isoladas diferiram em relação à classificação das propriedades, com predomínio para Escherichia coli (40%) para as propriedades classificadas como ruins e Hafnia alvei (40%) para as classificadas como boas. O percentual de resistência aos antibióticos frente aos isolados de enterobactérias foi maior nas propriedades classificadas como boas. É extremamente importante o monitoramento por meio de cultura microbiana e antibiograma, favorecendo a correta escolha para o tratamento dos animais com redução da seleção de cepas resistentes.(AU)
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Staphylococcus , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Contagem de Células , Leite/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae , Anti-Infecciosos , Antibacterianos , OxacilinaRESUMO
Horses can contribute to the spread of bacterial diseases, which can be caused mainly by, Staphylococcus spp., which are part of the animals' commensal microbiota, but it is also considered a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing serious infections. vancomycin, when it is resistant to methicillin. Antimicrobial resistance is considered a major health problem by the World Health Organization and the emergence of the mecA gene, responsible for resistance to the class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile and the presence of the mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nasal, oral and auricular microbiota of horses used as animal traction on small family farms. Nasal, oral and auricular swabs were collected from 38 horses, with 29 (76.3%) isolated in nasal swab, 15 (39.4%) in auricular swab and 9 (23.6%) in oral swab, totaling 53 Staphylococcus spp. and 50 (94.33%) samples were resistant to the 11 antimicrobials tested, none of which were positive for molecular tests to identify the mecA gene. The results demonstrate the presence of Staphylococcus spp. associated with high (94.33%) bacterial resistance, indicating that horses can be considered reservoirs of multi-resistant microorganisms.
Os equinos podem contribuir para a disseminação de doenças bacterianas, podendo ser causadas principalmente pelo, Staphylococcus spp., que fazem parte da microbiota comensal dos animais, mas também é considerado microrganismo patogênico capaz de causar infecções graves, em seu tratamento o medicamento mais utilizado é a vancomicina, quando há resistência a meticilina. A resistência antimicrobiana é considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e o surgimento do gene mecA, responsável pela resistência à classe dos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana e a presença do gene mecA em Staphylococcus spp. isoladas da microbiota nasal, oral e auricular de cavalos usados como tração animal em pequenas propriedades familiares. Foram coletados swabs nasal, oral e auricular de 38 cavalos, sendo identificados 29 (76,3%) isolados em swab nasal, 15 (39,4%) em swab auricular e 9 (23,6%) em swab oral, totalizando 53 Staphylococcus spp. e 50 (94,33%) amostras foram resistentes aos 11 antimicrobianos testados, nenhuma amostra foi positiva aos testes moleculares para identificação do gene mecA. Os resultados demonstram a presença de Staphylococcus spp. associada à alta (94,33%) resistência bacteriana, indicando que os cavalos podem ser considerados reservatórios de microrganismos multirresistentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Vancomicina/análise , Cavalos/microbiologia , Meticilina/análiseRESUMO
Ice cream is susceptible to contamination by handling and bad hygiene conditions during both the storage process and the fractioning for sale, and once contaminated, it can cause diseases. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the microbiological quality of ice cream sold in bulk, of pasty and soft types, offered for consuming. Thirty samples of pasty ice cream sold in bulk, and thirty samples of soft ice cream were analyzed through the counting of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., and searching for the presence of Salmonella spp. During the study, a total of ten (33%) samples of pasty ice cream and five (16%) samples of soft ice cream were found to be beyond the limits established by the Brazilian law. Salmonella spp. was found in four samples (6.7%). These results are an alert for the need of greater attention to the microbiological quality of ice cream in order to ensure the safety of its consumers.(AU)
Os sorvetes são suscetíveis à contaminação pela manipulação e más condições higiênicas durante o processamento, armazenamento e do fracionamento para venda, uma vez contaminados podem causar doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de sorvetes, vendidos a granel, pastosos e expressos, oferecidos para consumo. Trinta amostras de sorvete pastoso, vendido a granel, e trinta amostras de sorvete expresso foram analisadas realizando-se contagem de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positiva e pesquisando-se a presença de Salmonella spp. Foram detectadas dez (33%) amostras de sorvete pastoso e cinco (16%) amostras de sorvete expresso fora dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Salmonella spp. foi encontrado em quatro amostras (6,7%). Esses resultados alertam para a necessidade de uma maior atenção à qualidade microbiológica dos sorvetes, a fim de garantir a segurança do consumidor.(AU)
Los helados son susceptibles a la contaminación por manipulación y malas condiciones higiénicas durante el procesamiento, almacenamiento y fraccionamiento para venta, una vez contaminados pueden causar enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad microbiológica de helados vendidos a granel, pastosos y suaves, ofrecidos para el consumo. Se analizaron treinta muestras de helados pastosos vendidos a granel, y treinta muestras de helados suaves, realizándose el conteo de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase positiva e investigándose la presencia de Salmonella spp. Se detectaron diez (33%) muestras de helado pastoso y cinco (16%) muestras de helado blando fuera de los límites establecidos por la legislación brasileña. Salmonella spp. se encontró en cuatro muestras (6,7%). Esos resultados destacan la necesidad de una mayor atención a la calidad microbiológica de los helados, con el fin de garantizar la seguridad del consumidor.(AU)
Assuntos
Salmonella , Staphylococcus , Gestão da Qualidade Total , Coliformes , Sorvetes/microbiologia , Higiene , Coagulase/análiseRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...(AU)
The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Otite Externa/etiologia , Otite Externa/microbiologia , Otite Externa/veterinária , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Leveduras , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hospitais Veterinários , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão/veterináriaRESUMO
Ice cream is susceptible to contamination by handling and bad hygiene conditions during both the storage process and the fractioning for sale, and once contaminated, it can cause diseases. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the microbiological quality of ice cream sold in bulk, of pasty and soft types, offered for consuming. Thirty samples of pasty ice cream sold in bulk, and thirty samples of soft ice cream were analyzed through the counting of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., and searching for the presence of Salmonella spp. During the study, a total of ten (33%) samples of pasty ice cream and five (16%) samples of soft ice cream were found to be beyond the limits established by the Brazilian law. Salmonella spp. was found in four samples (6.7%). These results are an alert for the need of greater attention to the microbiological quality of ice cream in order to ensure the safety of its consumers.(AU)
Os sorvetes são suscetíveis à contaminação pela manipulação e más condições higiênicas durante o processamento, armazenamento e do fracionamento para venda, uma vez contaminados podem causar doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de sorvetes, vendidos a granel, pastosos e expressos, oferecidos para consumo. Trinta amostras de sorvete pastoso, vendido a granel, e trinta amostras de sorvete expresso foram analisadas realizando-se contagem de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positiva e pesquisando-se a presença de Salmonella spp. Foram detectadas dez (33%) amostras de sorvete pastoso e cinco (16%) amostras de sorvete expresso fora dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Salmonella spp. foi encontrado em quatro amostras (6,7%). Esses resultados alertam para a necessidade de uma maior atenção à qualidade microbiológica dos sorvetes, a fim de garantir a segurança do consumidor.(AU)
Los helados son susceptibles a la contaminación por manipulación y malas condiciones higiénicas durante el procesamiento, almacenamiento y fraccionamiento para venta, una vez contaminados pueden causar enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad microbiológica de helados vendidos a granel, pastosos y suaves, ofrecidos para el consumo. Se analizaron treinta muestras de helados pastosos vendidos a granel, y treinta muestras de helados suaves, realizándose el conteo de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase positiva e investigándose la presencia de Salmonella spp. Se detectaron diez (33%) muestras de helado pastoso y cinco (16%) muestras de helado blando fuera de los límites establecidos por la legislación brasileña. Salmonella spp. se encontró en cuatro muestras (6,7%). Esos resultados destacan la necesidad de una mayor atención a la calidad microbiológica de los helados, con el fin de garantizar la seguridad del consumidor.(AU)