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BACKGROUND: DNA is an important target for oxidative attack and its modification may increase the risk of mutagenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare salivary levels of the oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in patients with oral cancer (OC) compared to the control group by a comprehensive search of the available literature. METHODS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X3YMR. Four electronic databases were used to identify studies for this systematic review: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science from January 15, 2005, to April 15, 2021. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to assess article quality. RESULTS: Of the 166 articles identified, 130 articles were excluded on the basis of title and abstract screening (duplicates, reviews, etc.). Thirty-six articles were evaluated at full text and 7 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of these, only 5 studies had compatible data for quantitative analysis. An increase in salivary 8-OHdG levels was found in patients with OC compared to healthy subjects, but without statistical significance. 8-OHdG: SMD = 2,72 (95%CI= -0.25-5.70); *p = 0.07. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests a clear trend of increased 8-OHdG levels in saliva of OC patients compared to the control group. However, further studies are required to clarify and understand the altered levels of this oxidative stress marker.

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The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) collaboratively produce the 'WHO Blue Books' essential tools standardizing the diagnostic process for human cancers. Regular updates in this classification accommodate emerging molecular discoveries, advances in immunohistochemical techniques, and evolving clinical insights. The 5th edition of the WHO/IARC classification of head and neck tumors refines the 'Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue' chapter, including sections for non-neoplastic lesions, epithelial tumors, and tumors of uncertain histogenesis. Notably, the epithelial tumors section is rearranged by tumor behavior, starting with benign squamous papillomas and progressing through potentially malignant oral disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The section on OSCC reflects recent information on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and histological prognostic factors. Noteworthy is the specific categorization of verrucous carcinoma (VC) and carcinoma cuniculatum (CC), both associated with the oral cavity and distinct in clinical and histologic characteristics. This classification adjustment emphasizes the oral cavity as their predominant site in the head and neck. Designating specific sections for VC and CC aims to provide comprehensive insights into these unique subtypes, elucidating their clinical features, distinct histological characteristics, prevalence, significance, and clinical relevance. By categorizing these subtypes into specific sections, the 5th edition of the WHO classification aims to provide a more nuanced and detailed account, enhancing our understanding of these specific variants within the broader spectrum of head and neck tumors.

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Introduction: The incidence of squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx (OPSCC) has presented an increase worldwide, a fact that occurs along with a phenomenon of epidemiological transition, whose pathogenesis is linked to human papilloma virus (HPV) in a significant part of the cases. Published evidence at the Latin American level is scarce. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated in a public oncology reference centre in Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients with histological confirmation of OPSCC aged 18 years or older, referred to the National Cancer Institute of Chile between 2012 and 2023 were included. The association with HPV was determined by immunohistochemistry for p16. Results: 178 patients were analysed, most of them in locoregionally advanced stages involving the palatine tonsil. Seventy-seven percent were male, with a median age of 60 years. Sixty-seven percent of patients were positive for p16, with a progressive increase to 85% in the last 2 years of the study. The p16(+) patients were younger and had fewer classical risk factors. Primary treatment was radiotherapy in 94% of patients. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile of patients with OPSCC treated in a Chilean public oncology referral centre reflects the epidemiological transition observed in developed countries. This change justifies the need to adapt health policies and conduct research that considers the characteristics of this new epidemiological profile.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between tooth loss and oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on epidemiological factors and genetic variants. METHODS: Case-control study, including histologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and healthy controls. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for this association were calculated. Single-nucleotides polymorphisms were tested for individuals with and without missing teeth. RESULTS: Case individuals were more edentulous while controls had fewer missing teeth (p = 0.006). There was an increased risk for the outcomes associated with edentulism (OR = 6.95, p = 0.000), even after adjustments for educational level (OR = 4.7, p = 0.034) and smoking habits (OR = 5.01, p = 0.022). Among individuals with tooth loss, rs1533767 (WNT11), rs3923087, and rs11867417 (AXIN2) were associated with the outcomes (OR = 1.67, p = 0.03, OR = 0.53, p = 0.05, and OR = 0.42, p = 0.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Tooth loss could increase the risk for oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

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Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 45 años con úlcera en paladar de 10 días de evolución. El paciente era consumidor de alcohol y tenía antecedentes de consumo de cocaína desde hacía 17 años, discontinuada durante los últimos 7 años. Se realizó biopsia incisional y los cortes histológicos revelaron una extensa área ulcerada recubierta por una membrana fibrinopurulenta, con pequeños nidos de células escamosas que presentaban citoplasma eosinófilo, núcleos evidentes y en ocasiones múltiples, leve atipia celular y varias figuras mitóticas. Las características clínicas e histológicas indicaron el diagnostico de Sialometaplasia Necrotizante y el paciente fue sometido a seguimiento clínico. En la tercera semana de seguimiento se hizo evidente la remisión de la lesión. Destacamos la importancia del examen histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico en el correcto diagnóstico.

Relatamos o caso de um homem de 45 anos com úlcera no palato há 10 dias. O paciente era usuário de álcool e tinha história de uso de cocaína há 17 anos, interrompida há 7 anos. Foi realizada biópsia incisional e os cortes histológicos revelaram extensa área ulcerada recoberta por membrana fibrinopurulenta, com pequenos ninhos de células escamosas que apresentavam citoplasma eosinofílico, núcleos evidentes e por vezes múltiplos, atipias celulares leves e diversas figuras mitóticas. As características clínicas e histológicas indicaram o diagnóstico de Sialometaplasia Necrotizante e o paciente foi submetido a acompanhamento clínico. Na terceira semana de acompanhamento, a remissão da lesão tornou-se evidente. Ressaltamos a importância do exame histopatológico e imunohistoquímico no correto diagnóstico.

We report a case of a 45-year-old man with a palate ulcer for 10 days. The patient was an alcohol user and had a history of using cocaine for 17 years, discontinued for the last 7 years. An incisional biopsy was performed, and histological sections revealed an extensive ulcerated area covered by a fibrinopurulent membrane, with small nests of squamous cells in the connective tissue. These squamous cells exhibited eosinophilic cytoplasm, evident and sometimes multiple nuclei, mild cellular atypia, and several mitotic figures. The clinical and histological characteristics indicated a Necrotizing Sialometaplasia diagnosis, and the patient underwent clinical follow-up. In the third week of follow-up, remission of the lesion became apparent. We emphasize the importance of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination in the correct diagnosis.

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In the present case report, a patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developed a second primary tumor in the tongue at the same time. Stage III middle esophageal SCC was discovered in a 60-year-old Caucasian male patient who was institutionalized, a smoker, and had previously struggled with alcoholism. Following treatment, the patient was admitted to the hospital for 15 days due to dysphagia and malnutrition. According to him, he had mouth pain while in the hospital. An intraoral examination revealed tooth mobility, bacterial plaque, dental calculus, and a 1.3-cm ulcerated lesion on the right lateral edge of the tongue. During the extraoral examination, no palpable lymph nodes were found in the submandibular or cervical regions. The tongue lesion was excisionally biopsied, and the histological evaluation agreed. The patient was advised to seek treatment for tongue SCC. Given that patients with esophageal SCC have a 9.3%-11.4% risk of developing head-and-neck SCC, multiprofessional follow-up of patients with esophageal SCC is critical for early detection of this cancer.

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Introducción: El cáncer escamocelular de cavidad oral es una patología con bajas tasas de sobrevivencia. Cuando no es tratado adecuadamente es un tumor de alta recurrencia y resistente al tratamiento. Nuevas hipótesis plantean que las células tumorales progenitoras por sus propiedades de auto renovación, iniciación tumoral, migración y metástasis pueden ser responsables de la manutención y renovación de este tumor. Sin embargo, aún no existe un consenso sobre la verdadera participación de ellas, debido a que su identificación y caracterización es aún un reto experimental. Objetivo: En este trabajo se busca detectar células con expresión de marcadores de células tumorales Progenitoras en muestras cáncer escamocelular de cavidad oral y relacionarlo con los estadios de diferenciación del tumor. Metodología: En esta investigación se tomaron 32 muestras de pacientes con carcinoma escamocelular de cavidad oral. Se logró detectar in situ, mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia, cuatro reconocidos marcadores de células tumorales progenitoras. Resultados: Se identificaron los marcadores OCT4, SSEA4, NANOG y TRA-1-60 en los diferentes estadios de diferenciación tumoral, lo que sugiere la participación de las células progenitoras tumorales en la evolución de esta patología. Conclusiones: El establecimiento y correcta identificación de las células tumorales progenitoras abre nuevas vías terapéuticas para el abordaje de este tumor, en busca de mejorar el pronóstico, tasa de sobrevivencia y calidad de vida del paciente.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is a pathology with poor survival rates. When it is not adequately treated, it is a tumor with high recurrence and resistance to treatment. According to new hypotheses, progenitor tumor cells, due to their properties of self-renewal, tumor initiation, migration, and metastasis, could be responsible for the maintenance and renewal of this tumor. However, there is still no consensus on their true participation, subsequent to difficult in their identification and characterization. Materials and methods: In this research, 32 samples provided from patients diagnosis with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were used. To detect specific markers progenitor tumor cells were used immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: The cells markers OCT4, SSEA4, NANOG and TRA-1-60 were identified in the different stages of the tumor samples, all these findings suggest the role of tumor progenitor cells in the evolution of this pathology. Conclusions: The establishment and correct identification of the progenitor tumor cells provide new therapeutic options for the approach of this tumor seeking to improve the prognosis, survival rate and quality of life of the patient.

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Introduction Clinical and pathological staging plays an important role on the prognosis of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Objective The present study aims to compare clinical and pathological T, N and overall staging in patients with HNC, to identify factors associated with these discrepancies, and to analyze and compare survival or disease-free survival in staging disagreements. Methods Retrospective cohort including every patient submitted to neck dissection from January 2010 to December 2020 in the department of Otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary hospital center. Results A total of 79 patients were analyzed; their mean age was 58.52 ± 13.15 years old and 88.9% were male. Assessing overall staging, discrepancies were noted in 53% (36.4% upstaging and 16.6% downstaging) and were significantly associated with clinical overall staging ( p = 0.006). Regarding T staging, differences were noted in 45.5% (30.3% upstaging and 15.2% downstaging) and were significantly associated with imaging modality ( p = 0.016), clinical T staging ( p = 0.049), and histology ( p = 0.017). Discrepancies in N staging were noted in 38% (25.3% upstaging and 12.7% downstaging) and were significantly associated with age ( p = 0.013), clinical N staging ( p < 0.001), and presence of extranodal invasion ( p < 0.001). Both in Overall, T, and N staging, the aforementioned disagreements were not associated with either higher mortality or higher disease relapse. Conclusion Overall, T, and N staging disagree in an important number of cases, and the overall stage can disagree in up to 53% of the cases. These disagreements do not seem to influence overall and disease-free survival.

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Introdução: O câncer bucal é apontado como um problema de saúde relevante e apresenta alta taxa de incidência e mortalidade. O consumo de tabaco e álcool são considerados os principais fatores de risco para sua ocorrência. Apesar dos avanços relacionados a detecção, diagnóstico e tratamento, grande parte dos pacientes ainda é diagnosticada com a doença em estágio avançado. Objetivo: Estabelecer os principais fatores associados ao atraso no diagnóstico do câncer bucal. Material e Métodos: Foram pesquisados artigos nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs, com os descritores: delayed oral cancer; delayed diagnosis oral cancer; oral cancer young patients; e HPV oral cancer patients. Como critérios de inclusão, foram delimitados artigos completos e disponíveis integramente. Publicações não relacionadas a delimitação do tema e ao objetivo do estudo foram excluídas. Resultados: Foram encontrados 513 artigos, dos quais 118 foram lidos na íntegra e 96 por fim selecionados, conforme critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os dados indicaram que o atraso no diagnóstico do câncer bucal é frequente e relacionado ao atraso pelo paciente, atraso pelo profissional de saúde e atraso no tratamento, com destaque ao atraso pelo paciente. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce é o meio mais eficaz de reduzir as taxas de mortalidade e melhorar o prognóstico e qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer bucal. Dessa forma, estratégias que objetivam a redução de diagnósticos realizados tardiamente devem ser consideradas.

Introduction: Oral cancer is identified as a relevant health problem and has a high incidence and mortality rate. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are considered the main risk factors for its occurrence. Despite advances related to detection, diagnosis and treatment, a large proportion of patients are still diagnosed with the disease at an advanced stage. Objective: To establish the main factors associated with delays in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Material and Methods: Articles were searched in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases, with the descriptors: delayed oral cancer; delayed diagnosis of oral cancer; oral cancer young patients; and oral HPV cancer patients. As inclusion criteria, complete and fully available articles were delimited. Publications not related to the delimitation of the topic and the objective of the study were excluded. Results: 513 articles were found, of which 118 were read in full and 96 were finally selected, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data indicated that delays in diagnosing oral cancer are frequent and related to delays by the patient, delays by healthcare professionals and delays in treatment, with emphasis on delays by the patient. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is the most effective way to reduce mortality rates and improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients with oral cancer. Therefore, strategies that aim to reduce late diagnoses should be considered.

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OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate characteristics associated with worse survival and the effectiveness of AJCC 8 in a real-world cohort of HNCSCC from South Brazil. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective cohort study (2011-2020) at a tertiary care center comprising 647 HNCSCC excised from 435 patients. RESULTS: At multivariable analysis, ear/nose/zygomatic or periorbital site, compromised or exiguous margins, and advanced pT stage were independent factors associated to DFS, while age, pN, and loco-regional recurrence were independent factors associated to DSS. Cox-regression multivariable models showed that the pT stage was statistically significant for the DFS, but not DSS. A significant distinction was only observed between T1 and T2. CONCLUSION: It was only in the lower categories of AJCC 8 (T1 and T2) that we were able to demonstrate the ability to stratify tumors with a significant risk of poor disease-related outcomes.

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Abstract Introduction Clinical and pathological staging plays an important role on the prognosis of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Objective The present study aims to compare clinical and pathological T, N and overall staging in patients with HNC, to identify factors associated with these discrepancies, and to analyze and compare survival or disease-free survival in staging disagreements. Methods Retrospective cohort including every patient submitted to neck dissection from January 2010 to December 2020 in the department of Otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary hospital center. Results A total of 79 patients were analyzed; their mean age was 58.52 ± 13.15 years old and 88.9% were male. Assessing overall staging, discrepancies were noted in 53% (36.4% upstaging and 16.6% downstaging) and were significantly associated with clinical overall staging (p = 0.006). Regarding T staging, differences were noted in 45.5% (30.3% upstaging and 15.2% downstaging) and were significantly associated with imaging modality (p = 0.016), clinical T staging (p = 0.049), and histology (p = 0.017). Discrepancies in N staging were noted in 38% (25.3% upstaging and 12.7% downstaging) and were significantly associated with age (p = 0.013), clinical N staging (p < 0.001), and presence of extranodal invasion (p < 0.001). Both in Overall, T, and N staging, the aforementioned disagreements were not associated with either higher mortality or higher disease relapse. Conclusion Overall, T, and N staging disagree in an important number of cases, and the overall stage can disagree in up to 53% of the cases. These disagreements do not seem to influence overall and disease-free survival.

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Aim: The aim of the present preliminary case-control study was to test the sensitivity and specificity of salivary pipecolic acid in predicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis of non-stimulated saliva samples from 40 individuals: 20 in the case group (recently diagnosed with untreated HNSCC) and 20 in the control group (individuals without cancer). Both groups included patients taking daily oral hypoglycemic drugs (comorbidity). The case and control groups were matched at a proportion of 1:1 for sex and comorbidity. Results: Mean salivary levels of pipecolic acid were 169.38 ng/ mL in the case group and 114.66 ng/mL in the control group (p<0.001). Individuals who took oral hypoglycemic drugs had higher levels of pipecolic acid in both the case and control groups (p<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed 90% sensitivity and 65% specificity for head and neck cancer, with an area under the curve of 0.838 between the case and control groups. Conclusions: Pipecolic acid had high sensitivity for the diagnosis of HNSCC but low specificity in the sample analyzed. Our findings suggest that salivary pipecolic acid levels are associated with glucose homeostasis. Studies with larger samples are required to evaluate the specificity of this metabolite

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Introducción: Las lesiones blancas en cavidad bucal constituyen un problema de salud que responde a causas diversas y afectan a una cifra considerable de personas a nivel mundial. Las condiciones y resultados del diagnóstico clínico de las lesiones sin un basamento histopatológico solo exhiben deducciones empíricas basadas en la experiencia clínica acumulada, que pueden concordar o no con la real naturaleza de la enfermedad diagnosticada. El estudio de su concordancia permite evidenciar la certeza del diagnóstico clínico. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia clínica e histopatológica de lesiones blancas presentes en cavidad bucal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 193 pacientes con lesiones blancas en cavidad bucal seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencionado, que acudieron al Servicio de Estomatología del Policlínico Arturo Puig Ruiz de Villa del municipio Minas, provincia Camagüey, en el período comprendido de enero de 2020 a enero de 2022. Se realizó biopsia de las lesiones para correlacionar el diagnóstico clínico y el diagnóstico histopatológico. Se evaluó la concordancia de los resultados mediante el índice de Kappa. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edades de 40-49 años, los pacientes más afectados correspondieron al sexo femenino y el color de piel blanca, la lesión que predominó fue la leucoplasia con displasia, el subsitio anatómico más afectado es la mucosa del carrillo y más de la mitad de los pacientes se relacionaron con el tabaquismo como factor de riesgo. La fuerza de concordancia de la leucoplasia fue muy buena respecto al liquen plano y la candidiasis crónica hiperplásica (buena). El carcinoma espinocelular tuvo un nivel de concordancia moderado. Conclusión: Se promediaron los resultados de concordancia para las lesiones blancas presentes en cavidad bucal en los 193 pacientes de la investigación y de manera general el estudio mostró buena concordancia.

Introduction: White lesions in the oral cavity constitute a health problem that responds to diverse causes and affects a considerable number of people worldwide. The conditions and results of the clinical diagnosis of lesions without a histopathological basis only show empirical deductions based on accumulated clinical experience, which may or may not agree with the real nature of the clinically diagnosed entity. The study of their concordance allows evidencing the certainty of the clinical diagnosis. Objective: To determine the clinical and histopathological concordance of white lesions present in the oral cavity. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in 193 patients with white lesions in the oral cavity selected by non-probabilistic purposive sampling who attended the Department of Dentistry of the Arturo Puig Ruiz de Villa Polyclinic from January 2020 to January 2022. The lesions were biopsied to correlate the clinical diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis. The concordance of the results was evaluated using the Kappa index. Results: The predominant age group was 40-49 years, the most affected patients were female and white skin color, the predominant lesion was leukoplakia with dysplasia, the most affected anatomical subsite was the cheek mucosa and more than half of the patients were related to smoking as a risk factor. The concordance strength of leukoplakia was very good with respect to lichen planus and hyperplastic chronic candidiasis (good). Squamous cell carcinoma had a moderate level of concordance. Conclusion: The concordance results for white lesions present in the oral cavity in the 193 patients of the study were averaged and in general the study showed a good concordance.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the clinicopathological correlation of E-cadherin expression in metastatic and non-metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Methods: A total of 90 paraffin-embedded tissue sections of OSCC were retrieved from the registry. The total selected samples were 45 cases each from the primary lesions of metastatic and non-metastatic OSCC. One section was subjected to routine Hematoxylin and eosin stain and another to immunohistochemical analysis for E-cadherin expression. Results: A non-significant (p˃0.05) increased expression is seen in the non-metastatic group compared to the metastatic group, with predominantly membrane as the staining site in either group. However, the expression of E-cadherin did not reveal any statistically significant association with independent variables such as age, gender, and adverse habits of the patients (p>0.05). On the other hand, with respect to the histological differentiation of OSCC, a significant association (p<0.001) was observed with the well-differentiated type of metastatic OSCC. Conclusion: E-cadherin was useful to some extent in predicting regional metastasis. However, further studies using a panel of biomarkers with increased sample size may help us understand the process involved in metastasis.

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Aim: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a global health problem whose incidence varies by geographic region and race according to risk factors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for HNSCC. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are two forms of HPV that are carcinogenic. HNSCCs that are HPV positive have a better prognosis rather than HPV negative. The purpose of this research was to characterize HPV-16, -18 variations in the saliva of HNSCC patients by examining the genetic diversity of HPV-16, -18 utilizing the full E6, E7, and L1 genes. Methods:The case-control research included 15 patients with HNSCC and 15 healthy volunteers. Unstimulated entire saliva samples were obtained from the case and control groups by spitting method. Genomic DNA was isolated from all saliva samples. A PCR reaction was used to determine the presence of HPV in saliva. HPV-positive samples were genotyped and data were analyzed. We conducted a variant study on the HPV-16, -18 E6, and E7 genes. Results: Three patients with HNSCC were HPV-positive for two HPV genotypes out of 30 people diagnosed with HPV-DNA. HPV-16 and -18 were the most common genotypes. The HPV-16, -18 E6, and E7 genes were sequenced and compared to the HPV-16, -18 (E6, E7) prototype sequence. In all, HPV-16 lineages A1 and HPV-18 lineages A3 were discovered. Conclusion: Regarding the variation of HPV found in Iranian HNSCC patients, the need for further studies in HPV genotyping was seen. Sequencing HPV genes in HNSCC may help answer questions about HPV genotyping in the Iranian population. HPV genotype analysis aids in the development of vaccinations against HNSCC, halting disease progression and preventing HPV-associated HNSCC

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This study aimed to map systemic alterations predisposing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) onset. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Five databases were used to access (1) reports of OSCC co-occurring in patients with systemic conditions, (2) prevalence of OSCC among these patients, and (3) clinicopathological profiles. Data from more than 1 million patients worldwide showed that Fanconi's anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, dyskeratosis congenital, chronic fatigue syndrome, and patients post bone marrow transplantation (BMT) present increased risk for OSCC development. The overall prevalence of OSCC in syndromic patients and post-BMT were 0.65% (95% CI = 0.13-3.11, p < 0.01) and 5.83% (95% CI = 0.00-30.90, p < 0.01), respectively. The certainty of the evidence was moderate. This study demonstrated that some systemic conditions predispose to OSCC. These results present an impact on the screening of OSCC in systemically compromised patients.

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor rarely found in the head and neck, representing about 1% of all malignancies. The main treatment for NPC is radiation therapy, which is often given in combination with chemotherapy. However, such treatment may lead to long-term complications, including second primary tumors (SPTs) and osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Both complications have similar radiological characteristics, which can lead to erroneous diagnoses. This paper describes a case of a second primary tumor in a patient after 20 years of radiotherapy in the area where a previous extraction was performed, mimicking an osteoradionecrosis process.

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The clear cell variant of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is an uncommon histological variant. Kuo first discovered it in the skin, and Frazier et al. found it in the oral cavity. We know of only nine cases of clear cell variant of OSCC reported in the literature till now. The present case is in a 60-year-old male patient with an ulcer on the left posterolateral border of the tongue. The patient had a history of chewing tobacco for 22 years. Clinical examination showed features of malignant ulcer associated with pain and discomfort. Histopathological examination revealed sheets and islands of atypical epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm, nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, and few keratin pearls in the connective tissue suggesting OSCC. Various special stains were performed to identify clear cells. Periodic Acid Schiff-Diastase (PAS-D) and Mucicarmine stains showed positive and negative reactions in clear cells, respectively. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) showed diffuse positivity in clear cells and other epithelial cells. Based on special stains and IHC markers, we confirmed the diagnosis as a clear cell variant of OSCC. This variant is rare and presents diagnostic challenges. It is said to be aggressive in nature. More such cases should be reported to understand its biological behavior and prognosis.

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Background: A high prevalence and incidence of head and neck tumors make Brazil the country with the third-highest number of cases of these malignant neoplasms. The main risk factors are smoking and alcohol consumption; however, cases related to the human papillomavirus (HPV) have tripled in number, demonstrating a changing disease profile. Studies have reported the prevalence of HPV in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) to vary between 8% and 83%. The role of HPV as an important causative factor in LSCC remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective study included 82 patients with LSCC diagnosed between 2014 and 2019 at two oncology hospitals in São Luís, Brazil. Sociodemographic and clinical data, and the histopathologic characteristics of the tumors, were collected directly from medical records. Genetic material was extracted from paraffin-embedded samples using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated sequencing for HPV detection and genotyping. The results by social and clinicopathologic variables were then compared using the chi-squared test and multivariate analysis. Results: Sociodemographic analysesdemonstrated that most patients were men (87.8%), brown-skinned (75.6%), and resident in the state capital (53.7%). They generally had a poor education status (53.7%), having only an elementary school education (completed/incomplete), and 51.2% were self-employed in occupations such as farming or fishing. Smoking and alcohol consumption habits were observed in approximately half the patients. With respect to clinical characteristics, 39% of patients exhibited T1/T2 staging, 51.2% had no distant metastasis, and 30.5% had lymph node invasion. HPV DNA was detected in half the samples (50%), with the high oncogenic type 16 being the most prevalent. There was no significant relationship observed between the economic, educational, occupational with the HPV LSCC in the presented data, although multivariate analysis demonstrated that HPV DNA was more likely to be present in T3-T4 tumors (p = 0.002).

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Some studies have addressed the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer in South America; however, no studies have systematically gathered prevalence and conducted a meta-analysis. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HPV in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in South America. We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Data were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models to estimate the pooled prevalence of HPV. We identified 209 nonduplicated studies, of which 38 were selected. The overall prevalence of HPV was 24.31% (95% CI 16.87-32.64; I2 = 96%, p heterogeneity <0.001). HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal cancer was 17.9% (95% CI 7.6-31.4; I2 = 96%, p heterogeneity <0.001) and that in oral cavity cancer was 23.19% (95% CI 14.94-32.63; I2 = 94%, p heterogeneity <0.001). We found an overall prevalence of HPV in 24.31% of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in South American patients. The prevalence of HPV was 17.9% for oropharyngeal cancer and 23.19% for oral cavity cancer.