RESUMO
Introduction: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix sp. Phenotypic and genotypic differences have been associated with their geographic distribution, virulence, or clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis. In the past decade, the interest in identifying species of the Sporothrix sp. has been increasing, due to its epidemiological importance and, in consequence, is important to know how to preserve them for future studies, in culture collection. Aims: The purposes of this study were to analyze the global distribution of environmental isolates and/or causal agents of sporotrichosis identified by polyphasic taxonomy, with mandatory use of molecular identification, and to evaluate the percentages and distribution of isolates stored in culture collections. Methods: A systematic review of articles on animal and human sporotrichosis and/or environmental isolation of the fungus, from 2007 to 2023, was done. Results: Our results demonstrated that, S. globosa, S. schenckii, and S. brasiliensis were the most identified species. With respect to the deposit and maintenance of species, we observed that only 17% of the strains of Sporothrix sp. isolated in the world are preserved in a culture collection. Conclusions: This systematic review confirmed a difficulty in obtaining the frequency of Sporothrix species stored in culture collection and insufficient data on the molecular identification mainly of animal sporotrichosis and isolation of Sporothrix sp. in environmental samples.
Assuntos
Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Sporothrix/classificação , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Sporothrix/genética , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Animais , Humanos , Microbiologia Ambiental , Preservação Biológica/métodosRESUMO
Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a global emergent infectious disease. Due to the scarcity of therapeutic options for fungal diseases, new antifungals are urgently needed. Nikkomycin Z (NikZ) is a future option as an agent against dimorphic fungi. We evaluated NikZ monotherapy and in combination with itraconazole (ITZ; the conventional therapy) in the treatment of experimental sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis in a murine model. Animals were subcutaneously infected, and treated orally for 30 days. The study groups were as follows control (untreated), ITZ group (50 mg/kg/day), and three groups treated with NikZ, two by monotherapy (200 or 400 mg/kg/day), and one combining NikZ (400 mg/kg/day) and ITZ. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated via body weight gain, mortality and fungal burden in tissues. Efficacy was noted in all treatment groups, and the group receiving the drug combination showed even better results than those with monotherapy. Our study shows for the first time the high potential of NikZ to be used in the treatment of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis.
Assuntos
Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Animais , Camundongos , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: Sporotrichosis, a cosmopolitan mycosis caused by dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix complex, affects humans and animals. This study aimed to develop new molecular markers for Sporothrix genome detection in biological samples using PCR. Methods: A specific region of DNA sequences from the Sporothrix genus, publicly available in GenBank, was chosen for primer design. After testing the in silico specificity of these primers, in vitro specificity was evaluated using the PCR technique. Results: Three specific primers with 100% specificity for the Sporothrix genus were generated. Conclusions: PCR using the designed primers can be used to develop molecular diagnostics for sporotrichosis.
RESUMO
A esporotricose é uma micose de difícil tratamento e tem os gatos como seu principal hospedeiro. Suas manifestações clínicas são caracterizadas, principalmente por lesões de continuidade ulcerativas na pele e subcutâneo, linfocutânea, disseminada, com presença de sinais extracutâneo e sistêmica fatal. Seu tratamento baseia-se na administração de antifúngicos sistêmicos e tópicos, porém causam danos expressivos ao organismo e ao ambiemte. Com poucas opções de tratamento, a ozonioterapia pode ser indicada para o tratamento de afecções infecciosas para esporotricose, devido a ação fungicida, analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Objetivou-se em descrever o caso clínico de um felino, macho, castrado de 1 ano e 8 meses, que apresentava lesões ulcerativas no membro pélvico esquerdo e coxim plantar, diagnosticado com esporotricose. Uma vez que não havia a regressão das lesões com o tratamento convencional, foi instituído a ozonioterapia pela técnica de insuflação de bag's. Após 12 sessões, as feridas estavam parcialmente cicatrizadas, manteve-se o tratamento convencional com a adição do uso de óleo de girassol ozonizado até a regressão total das lesões.
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis that is difficult to treat and has cats as main hosts. Its clinical manifestations are characterized mainly by ulcerative skin lesions and subcutaneous, lymphocutaneous, disseminated, with the presence of extracutaneous and fatal systemic signs. Its treatment is based on the administration of systemic and topical antifungals, but they cause significant damage to the organism and the environment. With few treatment options, ozone therapy can be indicated for the treatment of infectious conditions for sporotrichosis, due to its fungicidal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. The objective was to describe the clinical case of a feline, male, castrated 1 year and 8 months old, who had ulcerative lesions on the left pelvic limb and foot pad, diagnosed with sporotrichosis. Since there was no regression of the lesions with conventional treatment, ozone therapy was instituted using the bag inflation technique. After 12 sessions, the wounds were partially healed, the conventional treatment was maintained with the addition of the use of ozonated sunflower oil until the total regression of the lesions.
La esporotricosis es una micosis de difícil tratamiento que tiene al gato como uno de sus principales huéspedes. Sus manifestaciones clínicas se caracterizan principalmente por lesiones ulcerativas continuas en piel y subcutáneas, linfocutáneas, diseminadas, con presencia de signos extracutáneos y sistémicos fatales. Su tratamiento se basa en la administración de antifúngicos sistémicos y tópicos, pero provocan importantes daños al organismo y al medio ambiente. Con pocas opciones de tratamiento, la ozonoterapia puede estar indicada para el tratamiento de cuadros infecciosos por esporotricosis, debido a su acción fungicida, analgésica y antiinflamatoria. El objetivo fue describir el caso clínico de un felino, macho, castrado de 1 año y 8 meses de edad, que presentaba lesiones ulcerativas en miembro pélvico izquierdo y almohadilla plantar, diagnosticado de esporotricosis. Dado que no hubo regresión de las lesiones con el tratamiento convencional, se instauró ozonoterapia mediante la técnica de bolsa inflada. Después de 12 sesiones, las heridas cicatrizaron parcialmente, se mantuvo el tratamiento convencional con la adición del uso de aceite de girasol ozonizado hasta la regresión total de las lesiones.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Gatos , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Itraconazol/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Girassol/análise , OzonioterapiaRESUMO
We report the implementation of an animal sporotrichosis surveillance and control program that evaluates strategies to identify suspected and infected cats in a municipality in southeastern Brazil. All adopted measures reinforced the program, although strategies had different abilities to detect the presence of infection.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Animais , Brasil , Gatos , ZoonosesRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is a chronic, cosmopolitan granulomatous mycosis that affects humans and animals. The infection is caused by the dimorphic fungi Sporothrix sp. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, standardize and validate a nested PCR technique using two DNA purification kits for the extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) for Sporothrix sp. detection. FFPE mycological culture pellet samples of different Sporothrix species (S. chilensis, S. mexicana, S. pallida, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii) were used as positive controls and clinical FFPE tissue samples of animals positive for Cryptococcus sp., Leishmania infantum and Histoplasma sp. were used as negative controls. Ten clinical FFPE skin samples from cats with sporotrichosis were used to validate the nested PCR. These samples were cut into two distinct paraffin sectioning protocols (5 and 16 µm thick). The paraffin sections were subjected to two different DNA extraction kits (chemical and thermal extractions). A nested PCR was performed on the extracted DNA to identify the genus Sporothrix. The chemical extraction protocol with the 5 µm thick paraffin section was more effective in extracting DNA from Sporothrix sp. from FFPE samples and the nested PCR technique showed the highest sensitivities (100% in the positive controls and of 50% in the skin samples of cats) and specificity (100%). Therefore, the nested PCR using this protocol has great potential to be applied in Sporothrix sp. diagnosis in FFPE samples of cats.
RESUMO
Sporotrichosis is an emerging deep mycosis and a public health concern in Brazil. This mycosis is caused by the traumatic inoculation of several species of Sporothrix from nature. However, when cats transmit the disease to humans as zoonotic transmission, severe extracutaneous manifestations are observed. Therefore, effective control of the disease requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen-derived molecules to stimulate the immune response. In this context, extracellular vesicles from Sporothrix sp contribute to intracellular communication with host cells. In addition, however, extracellular vesicles may contribute to the spread of this fungus via delivering molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Thus, understanding mechanisms behind extracellular vesicles related to Sporothrix may provide us with a way to understand and identify its capacity to manipulate the host immune system and spread the infection.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Brasil , Humanos , Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis in the world and it is presented usually in the lymphocutaneous form. When the eye is involved, it typically includes the conjunctival and periorbital tissues or even the intraocular tissues. OBSERVATIONS: We present a case of a 13-year-old girl complaining about nodules in the left malar region and in both the outer nasal corner and the lower eyelid of the left eye, which had appeared one month earlier. CONCLUSIONS: and significance: Sporotrichosis is a hyperendemic disease in Brazil and its diagnosis is based on clinical aspects, epidemiological history, and culture. Ophthalmologists and other professionals should be aware of this condition.
RESUMO
A esporotricose é uma micose zoonótica subcutânea causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix sp., que vem se apresentando frequentemente devida a sua forma de transmissão através do gato e a fácil disseminação do agente. A doença teve relevância a partir das epidemias ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro no final do século 20 e apesar do seu reconhecimento pelos órgãos governamentais, ainda é considerada negligenciada e subdiagnosticada. O estudo de metanálise envolvendo 147 trabalhos publicados entre os anos de 2010 a 2020 revelou que o Brasil apresentou destaque na ocorrência da esporotricose, inclusive demonstrando maior produção científica global e figurando papel central na coordenação de ações para colaboração científica com outros países nesta área do conhecimento. Estas ações conjuntas têm resultado em campanhas nas mídias sociais, alertando os tutores dos gatos dos riscos e de como a doença se apresenta clinicamente. Apesar do seu bom prognóstico, a doença é um problema de saúde pública nas diversas regiões do Brasil. A observação dos sinais clínicos e do histórico associado aos meios de diagnóstico são fundamentais para o reconhecimento da esporotricose, sendo das formas de diagnóstico o cultivo e a citologia considerados padrão ouro para identificação do agente Sporothrix sp. O reconhecimento rápido da esporotricose é fundamental, portanto esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever os padrões clínicos-epidemiológicos da doença e ressaltar sua importância para a sociedade.
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous zoonotic Dermatophytosis caused by fungi from the complex Sporothrix sp., it's been frequently seen due to it's propagation by the cat and easy dissemination of the agent. The disease has been relevant since the epidemics taken place in Rio de Janeiro in the end of the 20th century, although it was recognized by the government agencies, still considered neglected and underdiagnosed. The meta-analysis study involving 147 works published between 2010 and 2020 revealed that Brazil was highlighted in the occurrence of sporotrichosis, including demonstrating greater global scientific production and figuring a central role in coordinating actions for scientific collaboration with other countries. These joint actions have resulted in social media campaigns, alerting cat guardians of the risks and how the disease presents clinically. Although its good prognosis, the disease has become a public health problem in the diverse regions of Brasil, affecting humans and cats. The observation of the clinical signs and history associated to the diagnostic means are essential to the identification of the Sporotrichosis, by the means of diagnosis, the growth and cytology considered golden standard to identify the agent Sporthrix sp. A quick identification of the sporotrichosis is essential, therefore this review has the porpouse of describing clinical and epidemological patterns of the desease and highlight its significance to society.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Doenças do Gato , Esporotricose/veterinária , Micoses/veterinária , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , ZoonosesRESUMO
A esporotricose é uma micose zoonótica subcutânea causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix sp., que vem se apresentando frequentemente devida a sua forma de transmissão através do gato e a fácil disseminação do agente. A doença teve relevância a partir das epidemias ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro no final do século 20 e apesar do seu reconhecimento pelos órgãos governamentais, ainda é considerada negligenciada e subdiagnosticada. O estudo de metanálise envolvendo 147 trabalhos publicados entre os anos de 2010 a 2020 revelou que o Brasil apresentou destaque na ocorrência da esporotricose, inclusive demonstrando maior produção científica global e figurando papel central na coordenação de ações para colaboração científica com outros países nesta área do conhecimento. Estas ações conjuntas têm resultado em campanhas nas mídias sociais, alertando os tutores dos gatos dos riscos e de como a doença se apresenta clinicamente. Apesar do seu bom prognóstico, a doença é um problema de saúde pública nas diversas regiões do Brasil. A observação dos sinais clínicos e do histórico associado aos meios de diagnóstico são fundamentais para o reconhecimento da esporotricose, sendo das formas de diagnóstico o cultivo e a citologia considerados padrão ouro para identificação do agente Sporothrix sp. O reconhecimento rápido da esporotricose é fundamental, portanto esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever os padrões clínicos-epidemiológicos da doença e ressaltar sua importância para a sociedade.(AU)
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous zoonotic Dermatophytosis caused by fungi from the complex Sporothrix sp., it's been frequently seen due to it's propagation by the cat and easy dissemination of the agent. The disease has been relevant since the epidemics taken place in Rio de Janeiro in the end of the 20th century, although it was recognized by the government agencies, still considered neglected and underdiagnosed. The meta-analysis study involving 147 works published between 2010 and 2020 revealed that Brazil was highlighted in the occurrence of sporotrichosis, including demonstrating greater global scientific production and figuring a central role in coordinating actions for scientific collaboration with other countries. These joint actions have resulted in social media campaigns, alerting cat guardians of the risks and how the disease presents clinically. Although its good prognosis, the disease has become a public health problem in the diverse regions of Brasil, affecting humans and cats. The observation of the clinical signs and history associated to the diagnostic means are essential to the identification of the Sporotrichosis, by the means of diagnosis, the growth and cytology considered golden standard to identify the agent Sporthrix sp. A quick identification of the sporotrichosis is essential, therefore this review has the porpouse of describing clinical and epidemological patterns of the desease and highlight its significance to society.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Doenças do Gato , Esporotricose/veterinária , Zoonoses , Sporothrix/patogenicidade , Micoses/veterináriaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix sp., a dimorphic fungus. Although the cutaneous form is the most frequent form, the ocular presentation has been increasingly diagnosed in epidemic areas. We describe three cases of ocular sporotrichosis with the involvement of the ocular adnexa due to autoinoculation without trauma with successful antifungal treatment. OBSERVATIONS: Patient 1: A 68-year-old woman presented with granulomatous conjunctivitis of the right eye with an ulcerated nodule on the right temporal region for 5 months. Patient 2: A 46-year-old woman with conjunctival hyperemia of the left eye with associated periorbital edema and erythema for the past 4 months was referred to the Dermatology Department due to an ulcerated nodule on the left malar region. Patient 3: A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with inferior palpebral edema with a 5-day evolution. Specimens were obtained from the lesions of the three patients, and the cultures were positive for Sporothrix sp. The three cases were diagnosed as ocular sporotrichosis and were successfully treated with itraconazole (200-400 mg/d). Two of the three patients developed sequelae such as conjunctival fibrosis and symblepharon. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: We emphasize the importance of the ophthalmologist being familiar with the diagnosis and management of this rare and frequently misdiagnosed form of sporotrichosis.
RESUMO
Background: Sporotrichosis is a deep cutaneous mycosis caused by the Sporothrix species complex, dimorphic fungi of which at least five are of clinical importance: S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. schenckii sensu stricto. The disease affects humans and animals, especially cats, which can manifest a wide spectrum of clinical sings, from cutaneous-lymphatic involvement to disseminated form. Infection usually results from direct inoculation of the fungus into skin. Zoonotic transmission is associated with scratching or biting of sick cats. The aim of this work was to report an atypical case of bone sporotrichosis in a cat.Case: A 5-year-old, male, neutered, mongrel and indoor cat was present at the Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, with lameness and increased volume in the left hindlimb. The animal had been treated intermittently with itraconazole during the last three years due to another cutaneous lesion which was recurrent and undiagnosed. A firm and painful mass was found in tarsal region of left hindlimb, that had approximately 5 cm in diameter. Radiographic examination of the left tibial-tarsal joint revealed bone lysis in the fifth metatarsal calcaneus, in addition to periosteum proliferation in calcaneus, tibio-tarsal subluxation, presence of osteophytes in tarsal bones and increase in soft tissue volume. Histopathological analysis of the biopsied tissue showed piogranulomatous inflammation. No yeast-like structures were observed in cytopathological exam. Tissue fragments were plated and Sporothrix sp. complex growth in mycological culture (Sabouraud Cycloheximide Chloramphenicol Agar). Physiological tests (growth rate at different temperatures and assimilation of sucrose and raffinose) were conducted for the differentiation of the species of complex. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F / ITS4-R)...
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Doenças Ósseas/veterinária , Esporotricose/veterinária , Osso e Ossos/lesões , Sporothrix , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Sporotrichosis is a deep cutaneous mycosis caused by the Sporothrix species complex, dimorphic fungi of which at least five are of clinical importance: S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. schenckii sensu stricto. The disease affects humans and animals, especially cats, which can manifest a wide spectrum of clinical sings, from cutaneous-lymphatic involvement to disseminated form. Infection usually results from direct inoculation of the fungus into skin. Zoonotic transmission is associated with scratching or biting of sick cats. The aim of this work was to report an atypical case of bone sporotrichosis in a cat.Case: A 5-year-old, male, neutered, mongrel and indoor cat was present at the Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, with lameness and increased volume in the left hindlimb. The animal had been treated intermittently with itraconazole during the last three years due to another cutaneous lesion which was recurrent and undiagnosed. A firm and painful mass was found in tarsal region of left hindlimb, that had approximately 5 cm in diameter. Radiographic examination of the left tibial-tarsal joint revealed bone lysis in the fifth metatarsal calcaneus, in addition to periosteum proliferation in calcaneus, tibio-tarsal subluxation, presence of osteophytes in tarsal bones and increase in soft tissue volume. Histopathological analysis of the biopsied tissue showed piogranulomatous inflammation. No yeast-like structures were observed in cytopathological exam. Tissue fragments were plated and Sporothrix sp. complex growth in mycological culture (Sabouraud Cycloheximide Chloramphenicol Agar). Physiological tests (growth rate at different temperatures and assimilation of sucrose and raffinose) were conducted for the differentiation of the species of complex. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F / ITS4-R)...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Esporotricose/veterinária , Sporothrix , Doenças Ósseas/veterinária , Osso e Ossos/lesões , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix schenckii complex that affects humans and animals, especially cats. Its main forms of zoonotic transmission include scratching, biting and/or contact with the exudate from lesions of sick cats. In Brazil, epidemic involving humans, dogs and cats has occurred since 1998. The definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis is obtained by the isolation of the fungus in culture; however, the result can take up to four weeks, which may delay the beginning of antifungal treatment in some cases. Cytopathological examination is often used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis, but accuracy parameters have not been established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cytopathological examination in the diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis. The present study included 244 cats from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, mostly males in reproductive age with three or more lesions in non-adjacent anatomical places. To evaluate the inter-observer reliability, two different observers performed the microscopic examination of the slides blindly. Test sensitivity was 84.9%. The values of positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and accuracy were 86.0, 24.4, 2.02, 0.26 and 82.8%, respectively. The reliability between the two observers was considered substantial. We conclude that the cytopathological examination is a sensitive, rapid and practical method to be used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis in outbreaks of this mycosis.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Técnicas Citológicas/métodos , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia/métodos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Feline sporotrichosis, which is caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 4000 cases of the disease were diagnosed at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2012. Sporotrichosis in cats has been reported in several countries, but nowhere has an outbreak of animal sporotrichosis been as large as that seen in Brazil. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from an isolated skin lesion that can progress to multiple skin lesions and even fatal systemic involvement. Nodules and ulcers are the most common types of lesions, and respiratory signs and mucosa involvement are frequent. The definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the etiologic agent in culture. Cytology, histopathology, and serology are useful tools for preliminary diagnosis. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, high fungal load, and extension of lesions to mucosa, cartilage, and bone in the nose of cats are indicative of an agent of high virulence in this endemic region. Itraconazole is the drug of choice, while, in refractory cases, amphotericin B or potassium iodide might be alternative treatments; however, recurrence after discharge may occur. Sporotrichosis persists as a neglected disease in Rio de Janeiro, and the treatment of cats remains a challenging and long-term endeavor.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/patologia , Esporotricose/veterinária , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos , Doenças Endêmicas , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Iodeto de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Esporotricose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Sporotrichosis occurs after fungal implantation of Sporothrix spp. in the skin, and is the main subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Here we describe three atypical cases of the disease. The first case report an extra-cutaneous occurrence of the disease with joint infection; the second one describes a patient with bilateral lymphocutaneous form of sporotrichosis; and the third shows a zoonotic cutaneous case with the development of an erythema nodosum as a hypersensitivity reaction. These cases show the disease importance on the region and the necessity of fungal culture to the diagnosis confirmation.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which is distributed worldwide, especially in regions of tropical and subtropical climates. It can affect both humans and a great variety of animals, among which, the domestic dog and cat. Today is considered the subcutaneous mycosis more frequent in Brazil, due to the progressive increase of zoonotic transmission of the disease in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.Review: In the endemic region of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro,veterinarians, their assistants and owners of cats with sporotrichosis are considered risk groups for acquiring the infection. Of the human cases of sporotrichosis in this endemic region that were accompanied by the Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas (IPEC / Fiocruz) in the period from 1998 to 2001, 5% of the patients diagnosed for the disease were veterinarians, demonstrating the occurrence of the infection in this occupational group. Biosafety is defi ned as a condition of security achieved by a set of measures aimed at the prevention, control, reduction or elimination of risks involved in activities that could endanger the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. However, small animal veterinary pratictioners from the endemic region of Rio de Janeiro usually do not follow biosafety measures, which increases the risk
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which is distributed worldwide, especially in regions of tropical and subtropical climates. It can affect both humans and a great variety of animals, among which, the domestic dog and cat. Today is considered the subcutaneous mycosis more frequent in Brazil, due to the progressive increase of zoonotic transmission of the disease in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.Review: In the endemic region of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro,veterinarians, their assistants and owners of cats with sporotrichosis are considered risk groups for acquiring the infection. Of the human cases of sporotrichosis in this endemic region that were accompanied by the Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas (IPEC / Fiocruz) in the period from 1998 to 2001, 5% of the patients diagnosed for the disease were veterinarians, demonstrating the occurrence of the infection in this occupational group. Biosafety is defi ned as a condition of security achieved by a set of measures aimed at the prevention, control, reduction or elimination of risks involved in activities that could endanger the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. However, small animal veterinary pratictioners from the endemic region of Rio de Janeiro usually do not follow biosafety measures, which increases the risk
RESUMO
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which is distributed worldwide, especially in regions of tropical and subtropical climates. It can affect both humans and a great variety of animals, among which, the domestic dog and cat. Today is considered the subcutaneous mycosis more frequent in Brazil, due to the progressive increase of zoonotic transmission of the disease in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.Review: In the endemic region of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro,veterinarians, their assistants and owners of cats with sporotrichosis are considered risk groups for acquiring the infection. Of the human cases of sporotrichosis in this endemic region that were accompanied by the Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas (IPEC / Fiocruz) in the period from 1998 to 2001, 5% of the patients diagnosed for the disease were veterinarians, demonstrating the occurrence of the infection in this occupational group. Biosafety is defi ned as a condition of security achieved by a set of measures aimed at the prevention, control, reduction or elimination of risks involved in activities that could endanger the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. However, small animal veterinary pratictioners from the endemic region of Rio de Janeiro usually do not follow biosafety measures, which increases the risk
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which is distributed worldwide, especially in regions of tropical and subtropical climates. It can affect both humans and a great variety of animals, among which, the domestic dog and cat. Today is considered the subcutaneous mycosis more frequent in Brazil, due to the progressive increase of zoonotic transmission of the disease in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.Review: In the endemic region of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro,veterinarians, their assistants and owners of cats with sporotrichosis are considered risk groups for acquiring the infection. Of the human cases of sporotrichosis in this endemic region that were accompanied by the Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas (IPEC / Fiocruz) in the period from 1998 to 2001, 5% of the patients diagnosed for the disease were veterinarians, demonstrating the occurrence of the infection in this occupational group. Biosafety is defi ned as a condition of security achieved by a set of measures aimed at the prevention, control, reduction or elimination of risks involved in activities that could endanger the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. However, small animal veterinary pratictioners from the endemic region of Rio de Janeiro usually do not follow biosafety measures, which increases the risk
RESUMO
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which is distributed worldwide, especially in regions of tropical and subtropical climates. It can affect both humans and a great variety of animals, among which, the domestic dog and cat. Today is considered the subcutaneous mycosis more frequent in Brazil, due to the progressive increase of zoonotic transmission of the disease in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Review: In the endemic region of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro,veterinarians, their assistants and owners of cats with sporotrichosis are considered risk groups for acquiring the infection. Of the human cases of sporotrichosis in this endemic region that were accompanied by the Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas (IPEC / Fiocruz) in the period from 1998 to 2001, 5% of the patients diagnosed for the disease were veterinarians, demonstrating the occurrence of the infection in this occupational group. Biosafety is defined as a condition of security achieved by a set of measures aimed at the prevention, control, reduction or elimination of risks involved in activities that could endanger the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. However, small animal veterinary pratictioners from the endemic region of Rio de Janeiro usually do not follow biosafety measures, which increases the risk of acquisition of sporotrichosis. In most cases, the infection results from traumatic inoculation of the fungus in skin and in humans, clinical forms may be: fixed or localized cutaneous, lymphatic-cutaneous, spread-cutaneous, mucosal and extra-cutaneous or systemic. In the endemic form of this disease that occurs in Rio de Janeiro, the cat is seen as a source of infection. The zoonotic potential of the cat is characterized by the abundance of yeasts found in their skin lesions and proximity with humans. Cats acquire the disease after fights with other infected cats and the skin lesions more frequently found are nodules and ulcers, covered or not by crusts, which can progress to necrosis with exposure of bones and muscles. The presence of respiratory signs, especially sneezing, with or without lesions in the mucosal and in the nasal region is common. The azole itraconazole is considered the drug of choice for humans and cats. However, unlike humans, the treatment is considered difficult in cats. The definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis is obtained by isolation of Sporothrix in culture. Nonetheless, in cats, due to the great quantity of yeasts in their lesions, cytopathological test is strongly indicated in the presumptive diagnosis because of the speed in processing, low cost and no requirement of sophisticated technical training or complex laboratory structure. Discussion: A zoonotic form of sporotrichosis has become endemic in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and the veterinarians are a high risk group for acquiring the disease as well as have a very important role in the application of measures for the prevention and control of sporotrichosis. Therefore, in this review, specific biosafety procedures to reduce risks during the handling of cats with suspected sporotrichosis by veterinarians, technicians, caretakers and owners of cats were described. The topics aproached were: clinical care of the cat (where were appointed the recommended personal protective equipment, animal restraint and good practices), decontamination of the environment, equipment and items used in the cat care and management of waste. Aspects related to the fungus and the disease itself were also discussed.