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Introducción: El traumatismo anorrectal es una causa poco frecuente de consulta al servicio de emergencias, con una incidencia del 1 al 3%. A menudo está asociado a lesiones potencialmente mortales, por esta razón, es fundamental conocer los principios de diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como los protocolos de atención inicial de los pacientes politraumatizados. Método: Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años con trauma anorrectal contuso con compromiso del esfínter anal interno y externo, tratado con reparación primaria del complejo esfinteriano con técnica de overlapping, rafia de la mucosa, submucosa y muscular del recto. A los 12 meses presenta buena evolución sin incontinencia anal. Conclusión: El tratamiento del trauma rectal, basado en el dogma de las 4 D (desbridamiento, derivación fecal, drenaje presacro, lavado distal) fue exitoso. La técnica de overlapping para la lesión esfinteriana fue simple y efectiva para la reconstrucción anatómica y funcional. (AU)

Introduction: Anorectal trauma is a rare cause of consultation to the Emergency Department, with an incidence of 1 to 3%. It is often associated with life-threatening injuries, so it is essential to know the principles of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the initial care protocols for the polytrau-matized patient. Methods: We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a blunt anorectal trauma involving the internal and external anal sphincter, treated with primary overlapping repair of the sphincter complex and suturing of the rectal wall. At 12 months the patient presents good outcome, without anal incontinence. Conclusion: The treatment of rectal trauma, based on the 4 D ́s dogma (debridement, fecal diversion, presacral drainage, distal rectal washout lavage) was successful. Repair of the overlapping sphincter injury was simple and effective for anatomical and functional reconstruction. (AU)

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Las lesiones obstétricas del esfínter anal pueden ocurrir durante el parto vaginal espontáneamente o secundariamente a la episiotomía. Su riesgo se estima en un 26% y son la causa más frecuente de incontinencia anal en mujeres jóvenes. Las lesiones de grado 4 de Sultan, también llamadas cloaca traumática, implican la ruptura completa del esfínter y la comunicación de la cavidad vaginal con el canal anal. La reparación es siempre quirúrgica, para lo que se han descrito diferentes técnicas, aunque ninguna ha demostrado ser superior. Presentamos el caso de una paciente primípara de 23 años con una cloaca traumática posparto. La reparación quirúrgica se realizó de inmediato con una técnica de overlapping. El postoperatorio fue sin complicaciones y al año presenta continencia anal completa. (AU)

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries can occur spontaneously or as a consequence of an episiotomy during vaginal delivery. Their risk is estimated at 26% and they are the most frequent cause of anal incontinence in young women. Sultan grade 4 injuries, also called traumatic cloaca, involve complete rupture of the sphincter and communication of the vaginal cavity with the anal canal. The repair is always surgical, for which different techniques have been described, although none have proven to be superior. We present the case of a 23-year-old primiparous patient with a postpartum traumatic cloaca. Surgical repair was performed immediately with an overlapping technique. The postoperative period was without complications and one year later she presents complete anal continence. (AU)

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Abstract Objective Several techniques are used to repair the anal sphincter following injury. The aim of the present study is to comprehensively analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of overlap repair following anal sphincter injury. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar databases between January 2000 and January 2020. Studies that described the outcomes that are specific to overlap sphincter repair for fecal incontinence with a minimum follow-up period of one year were selected. Results A total of 22 studies described the outcomes of overlap sphincter repair. However, 14 studies included other surgical techniques in addition to overlap repair, and were excluded from the analysis. Finally, data from 8 studies including 429 repairs were analyzed. All studies used at least one objective instrument; however, there was significant heterogeneity among them. Most patients were female (n=407; 94.87%) and the mean age of the included individuals was 44.6 years. The majority of the procedures were performed due to obstetric injuries (n=384; 89.51%). The eight included studies described long-term outcomes, and seven of them demonstrated statistically significant improvements regarding the continence; one study described poor outcomes in terms of overall continence. The long-term scores were significantly better compared with the preoperative scores. However, compared with the shortterm scores, a statistically significant deterioration was noted in the long-term. Conclusion The majority of the studies described good long-term outcomes in terms of anal continence after overlap sphincter repair. However, further studies are needed

Resumo Objetivo Diversas técnicas são usadas no reparo do esfíncter anal após lesões. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma análise completa dos desfechos nos curto e longo prazos do reparo por sobreposição após lesão do esfíncter anal. Métodos Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus e Google Scholar entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2020. Estudos que descreviam desfechos específicos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição para incontinência fecal, com um mínimo de 1 ano de seguimento, foram selecionados. Resultados No total, 22 estudos descreviam os desfechos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição. No entanto, 14 estudos incluíam outras técnicas cirúrgicas além do reparo por sobreposição, e foram excluídos da análise. Por fim, dados de 8 estudos que incluíam 429 reparos foram analisados. Todos os estudos usaram pelo menos um instrumento objetivo, mas havia uma heterogeneidade significativa entre eles. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (n=407; 94,87%), e a idade média dos indivíduos incluídos foi de 44,6 anos. A maioria das cirurgias foi realizada devido a lesões obstétricas (n=384; 89,51%). Os oito estudos incluídos descreveram os desfechos no longo prazo, e sete deles demonstraram melhoras estatisticamente significativas com relação à continência; um estudo descreveu resultados ruins em termos gerais com relação à continência. As pontuações no longo prazo foram significativamente melhores em comparação com as pontuações no pré-operatório. No entanto, em comparação com as pontuações no curto prazo, percebeu-se uma piora estatisticamente significativa no longo prazo. Conclusão A maioria dos estudos descrevia bons resultados no longo prazo em termos de continência anal depois do reparo do esfíncter por sobreposição. Entretanto mais estudos são necessários para que se identifiquem os fatores associados aos desfechos ruins para auxiliar na seleção de pacientes para o reparo por sobreposição.

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OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of external (EAS) and internal (IAS) anal sphincter defects present 15-24 years after childbirth according to mode of delivery, and their association with development of fecal incontinence (FI). The study additionally aimed to compare the proportion of women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) reported at delivery with the proportion of women with sphincter defect detected on ultrasound 15-24 years later. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study including 563 women who delivered their first child between 1990 and 1997. Women responded to a validated questionnaire (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory) in 2013-2014, from which the proportion of women with FI was recorded. Information about OASIS was obtained from the National Birth Registry. Study participants underwent four-dimensional transperineal ultrasound examination. Defect of EAS or IAS of ≥ 30° in at least four of six slices on tomographic ultrasound was considered a significant defect and was recorded. Four study groups were defined based on mode of delivery of the first child. Women who had delivered only by Cesarean section (CS) constituted the CS group. Women in the normal vaginal delivery (NVD) group had NVD of their first child and subsequent deliveries could be NVD or CS. The forceps delivery (FD) group included women who had FD, NVD or CS after FD of their first born. The vacuum delivery (VD) group included women who had VD, NVD or CS after VD of their first born. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for comparison of prevalence of an EAS defect following different modes of delivery and to test its association with FI. Fisher's exact test was used to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) for IAS defects. RESULTS: Defects of EAS and IAS were found after NVD (n = 201) in 10% and 1% of cases, respectively, after FD (n = 144) in 32% and 7% of cases and after VD (n = 120) in 15% and 4% of cases. No defects were found after CS (n = 98). FD was associated with increased risk of EAS defect compared with NVD (aOR = 3.6; 95% CI, 2.0-6.6) and VD (aOR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.6-5.6) and with increased risk of IAS defect compared with NVD (OR = 7.4; 95% CI, 1.5-70.5). The difference between VD and NVD was not significant for EAS or IAS. FI was reported in 18% of women with an EAS defect, in 29% with an IAS defect and in 8% without a sphincter defect. EAS and IAS defects were associated with increased risk of FI (aOR = 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3-4.9) and OR = 4.2 (95% CI, 1.1-13.5), respectively). Of the ultrasonographic sphincter defects, 80% were not reported as OASIS at first or subsequent deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: Anal sphincter defects visualized on transperineal ultrasound 15-24 years after first delivery were associated with FD and development of FI. Ultrasound revealed a high proportion of sphincter defects that were not recorded as OASIS at delivery. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Abstract Purpose Anal sphincter injury after delivery is the main factor in the pathogenesis of fecal incontinence. Clinical obvious and specific injury to anal canal sphincter is seen in 3% of vaginal deliveries. There are many women who do not have a clear and specific laceration but they are damaged by sphincter muscles of anal canal. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the frequency of occult anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery by Endo-anal sonography. Methods Fifty women with first pregnancy were assessed at 27-33 weeks of pregnancy, and at 6 weeks and 6 months after vaginal delivery by questionnaire, examination and Endo-anal sonography. Women age, duration of delivery, the effect of epidural anesthesia, episiotomy and birth weight were studied and Endo-anal sonography results were recorded. Anal manometry was performed for all mothers before delivery and 5 ones with sphincter injury at 6 months and 3 years after delivery. Results Five (10%) patients, with mean age 29.4 ± 6.5 years, mean neonatal weight of 3874 ± 287, and mean duration of delivery 11.6 ± 1.51 h, had signs of sphincter injury in Endo-anal sonography. The injury was persisted at six months after delivery. Also, significant differences were seen between anal manometry before delivery and 6 months and 3 years after delivery (p = 0.006 for mean squeezing pressure) in the five mothers. Conclusion Endo-anal sonography might be a good screening tool for early detection of postpartum anal sphincter damages. However, further prospective cost benefit studies should be performed to propose it as a standard of care.

Resumo Finalidade A lesão de esfíncter anal após o parto é o fator principal na patogênese da incontinência fecal. Observa-se uma lesão clínica óbvia e específica ao esfíncter no canal anal em 3% dos partos vaginais. Em muitas mulheres não se percebe uma laceração nítida e específica, mas houve lesão nos músculos esfinctéricos do canal anal. A finalidade desse estudo é investigar a frequência de lesão oculta de esfíncter no canal anal em seguida ao parto vaginal por meio da ultrassonografia endoanal. Métodos Cinquenta mulheres primíparas foram avaliadas no período de 27-33 semanas de gestação e também a 6 semanas e 6 meses após o parto vaginal por meio de questionário, exame e ultrassonografia endoanal. Foram anotados a idade das pacientes, a duração do parto, o efeito da anestesia epidural, episiotomias e peso do bebê ao nascer; também foram registrados os resultados da ultrassonografia endoanal. Antes do parto, todas as gestantes foram submetidas a um exame de manometria; e 5 mães com lesão esfinctérica também passaram por esse procedimento a 6 meses e 3 anos após o parto. Resultados Cinco (10%) pacientes, com média de idade = 29,4 ± 6,5 anos, peso médio do bebê ao nascer = 3874 ± 287 gramas e duração média do parto = 11,6 ± 1,51 horas, apresentavam sinais de lesão esfinctérica ao exame por ultrassonografia endoanal. Seis meses após o parto, as lesões persistiam. Também foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a manometria anal antes do parto e a 6 meses e 3 anos após o parto (p = 0,006 para média de pressão de contração) nas cinco mães. Conclusão A ultrassonografia endoanal pode ser um bom instrumento de triagem para a detecção precoce de lesões do esfíncter anal no pós-parto. Contudo, é importante que sejam realizados novos estudos prospectivos e de custo-benefício, para que essa técnica possa ser proposta como padrão terapêutico.

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Resumen OBJETIVO: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con el desgarro intraparto del esfínter anal MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: análisis retrospectivo, de casos y controles con desgarro del esfínter anal y sin éste. Se aplicó análisis bivariante. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 97 pacientes: 48 casos de desgarro del esfínter anal y 49 controles sin éste. La incidencia de desgarros fue de 1.6% (1.3% en primíparas y 0.3% en multíparas). En el análisis bivariante se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en primiparidad (p=0.003), parto inducido (p<0.001), parto instrumentado (p=0.006), duración de la dilatación (p=0.023), tiempo de expulsión (p=0.007), episiotomía (p<0.001), peso del recién nacido (p=0.006) e incontinencia urinaria (p=0.002). Con el análisis univariante se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las variables de primiparidad (RM de 3.833, p=0.004), parto instrumentado (RM de 3.214, p=0.007), episiotomía (RM de 6.101, p<0.001), peso del recién nacido (RM de 1.001 por cada gramo, p=0.009), duración de la dilatación (RM de 1.004 por cada minuto, p=0,012) y del tiempo de expulsión (RM 1.007 por cada minuto, p=0.016). En el análisis multivariado sólo se encontró asociación con la episiotomía (RM de 6.76 e IC 95% de 2.436-18.805) y peso del recién nacido (RM de 1.001 e IC 95% de 1.000-1.002); el área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.762 (IC=0.667-0.856). CONCLUSIONES: el desgarro del esfínter es multifactorial y difícil de predecir. Para intentar reducir la incidencia debe intervenirse en los factores de riesgo modificables.

Abstract OBJETIVE: to determinate the risk factors of intrapartum anal sphincter tear. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a retrospective case-control study which included a total of 97 patientes: 48 with anal sphincter tear and 49 without tear. RESULTS: There was an incidence of 1.6% of anal sphincter injury (1.3% in primiparous and 0.3% in multiparous). In bivariate analysis statistical significant differences was found in primiparity (p=0.003), labour induction (p<0.001), instrumental delivery (p=0.006), dilatation duration (p=0.023), duration of expulsive stage (p=0.007), episiotomy (p<0.001), fetal weight (p=0.006) and urinary incontinence (p=0.002). Univariate analysis showed a statistical difference in primiparous (OR 3.833, p=0.004), instrumental delivery (OR 3.214, p=0.007), episiotomy (OR 6.101, p<0.001), fetal weight (OR 1.001 for each grams, p=0.009), dilatation duration (OR 1.004 for each minute, p=0.012), duration of expulsive stage (OR 1.007 for each minute, p=0.016). In the multivariate analysis significant difference was found in episiotomy with an OR=6.76 and CI 95% of 2.436-18.805, and fetal weight with an OR=1.001 and CI 95% of 1.000-1.002; the discrimination index area under the curve (AUC) showed a value of 0.762, CI=0.667-0.856. CONCLUSIONS: the anal sphincter injury is multifactorial and difficult to predict. Intervention on modifiable risk factors should allow a reduction in its incidence.

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Objective: To show the correlation of anorectal electromanometry and three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in patients with fecal incontinence. Method: Prospective study involving 34 women (mean age: 55 years) with a diagnosis of fecal incontinence. The samples were submitted to three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonogra- phy/Echodefecography and anorectal electromanometry. Results: Based on anorectal electromanometry data, 70.5% of 34 patients had hypotonia at rest, 64.7% had hypotonic contraction, 52.9% had both hypotonia at rest and hypotonic contraction, and 44.1% had anismus. By three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography, 32.3% had internal anal sphincter injury, 79.4% had external anal sphincter injures, and 26.4% had both internal and external anal sphincter injuries. In 38.2%, anismus was suggested and 50% showed rectocele. Overall, only 5.8% had normal results for anorectal electromanometry combined with three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. Kappa index was 0.297 and the presence of anismus through anorectal electromanometry and three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography was compared by Student's t test application, with p<0.0001. Conclusion: We conclude that there was a reasonable agreement in the comparison of sphincter hypotonia by anorectal manometry and sphincter injury by anorectal three-dimensional ultrasonography in a group of patients with fecal incontinence. The incidence of anismus in patients with fecal incontinence is considerable, and the therapeutic approach in these patients should be modified. (AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Demonstrar a correlação entre eletromanometria anorretal (EMAR) e ultrassonografia tridimensional anorretal (3D-US) em pacientes com incontinência fecal. Método: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 34 mulheres (média de idade: 55 anos) com diagnóstico de incontinência fecal. As amostras foram submetidas à 3D-US/Ecodefecografia e EMAR. Resultados: Com base nos dados de EMAR, 70,5% das 34 pacientes exibiam hipotonia em repouso, 64,7% exibiam contração hipotônica, 52,9% hipotonia em repouso e contração hipotônica, e 44,1% exibiam anismus. Com base nos achados de 3D-US, 32,3% exibiam lesão no esfíncter anal interno, 79,4% exibiam lesão no esfíncter anal externo, e 26,4% em ambos os esfíncteres anais interno e externo. Pela 3D-US, em 38,2% das pacientes houve indício de anismus, e em 50%, retocele. No total, apenas 5,8% obtiveram resultados normais combina- dos para EMAR e 3D-US. Foi constatado um índice Kappa = 0,297 e, no teste t de Student, a comparação de anismus por EMAR e por 3D-US obteve significância de p<0,0001. Conclusão: Concluímos ter havido concordância razoável ao ser comparada a manomatria anorretal para hipotonia esfinctérica e a ultrassonografia tridimensional anorretal para lesão esfinctérica em um grupo de pacientes com incontinência fecal. A incidência de anismus em pacientes com incontinência fecal é considerável, e a abordagem terapêutica para esses pacientes deve ser modificada. (AU)

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