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The component Allee effect (AE) is the positive correlation between an organism's fitness component and population density. Depending on the population spatial structure, which determines the interactions between organisms, a component AE might lead to positive density dependence in the population per-capita growth rate and establish a demographic AE. However, existing spatial models impose a fixed population spatial structure, which limits the understanding of how a component AE and spatial dynamics jointly determine the existence of demographic AEs. We introduce a spatially explicit theoretical framework where spatial structure and population dynamics are emergent properties of the individual-level demographic and movement rates. This framework predicts various spatial patterns depending on its specific parametrization, including evenly spaced aggregates of organisms, which determine the demographic-level by-products of the component AE. We find that aggregation increases population abundance and allows population survival in harsher environments and at lower global population densities when compared with uniformly distributed organisms. Moreover, aggregation can prevent the component AE from manifesting at the population level or restrict it to the level of each independent aggregate. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how component AEs might operate for different spatial structures and manifest at larger scales.

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Stroke is a neurological syndrome that usually causes a loss of voluntary control of lower/upper body movements, making it difficult for affected individuals to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) combined with robotic systems, such as Motorized Mini Exercise Bikes (MMEB), have enabled the rehabilitation of people with disabilities by decoding their actions and executing a motor task. However, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCIs are affected by the presence of physiological and non-physiological artifacts. Thus, movement discrimination using EEG become challenging, even in pedaling tasks, which have not been well explored in the literature. In this study, Common Spatial Patterns (CSP)-based methods were proposed to classify pedaling motor tasks. To address this, Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns (FBCSP) and Filter Bank Common Spatial-Spectral Patterns (FBCSSP) were implemented with different spatial filtering configurations by varying the time segment with different filter bank combinations for the three methods to decode pedaling tasks. An in-house EEG dataset during pedaling tasks was registered for 8 participants. As results, the best configuration corresponds to a filter bank with two filters (8-19 Hz and 19-30 Hz) using a time window between 1.5 and 2.5 s after the cue and implementing two spatial filters, which provide accuracy of approximately 0.81, False Positive Rates lower than 0.19, andKappaindex of 0.61. This work implies that EEG oscillatory patterns during pedaling can be accurately classified using machine learning. Therefore, our method can be applied in the rehabilitation context, such as MMEB-based BCIs, in the future.

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This study applied two data mining tasks: clustering and association rules to a dataset of pollutants in the state of São Paulo. The clustering task was applied to temporal patterns and geospatial distributions of pollutants, and the association rules were used to identify prevailing meteorological conditions when there were high concentrations of pollutants from 2017 to 2019. The results indicated good adequacy of the cluster, indicating different pollution levels per group, with a silhouette coefficient from 0.26 to 0.72. In the spatial evaluation, the groups severely polluted were located in the metropolitan region, on the coast and, some inland cities, by industrial, vehicular, burning, agriculture, and other emissions. The cluster identified a strong presence of O3 and PM2.5 in 65% and 72% of the monitored stations in several areas of the state. As for the distance between the sources of pollution, the groups of PM10 and NO2 were geographically distant, while PM2.5, CO, SO2, and O3 were closer, suggesting a spatial relationship of exposure. Seasonality was similar between groups, with significantly higher concentrations in winter, except for O3, for which higher concentrations occurred in summer. Meteorological conditions contributed to critical episodes of pollution (support and confidence greater than 80%), with low temperature and humidity, low rainfall, and milder wind associated with increased pollutants. In conclusion, investigating spatial representativeness allows revealing spatial and temporal patterns of pollutants and unfavorable meteorological conditions to diffusion. Thus, ideal and effective measures can be taken to avoid critical periods of exposure based on the behavior of pollutants in different regions and related climate changes.

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Evidence indicates that migratory fish reproduce in the middle Uruguay River, but the location of spawning sites remains unknown. To identify spawning sites in the basin, fish eggs and larvae were sampled monthly between October 2016 and January 2017. The sampling was carried out in three sections along the middle Uruguay River, covering two environments: the main channel and the mouth of tributaries (Comandaí, Ijuí, and Piratinim rivers). A total of 11,519 eggs and 3,211 larvae were captured, belonged to ten migratory species. Eggs and larvae of migratory fishes, were widely distributed, with predominance of segmented eggs, and larvae in yolk-sac and pre-flexion stages, with higher densities near the confluence with the Piratinim River. Larvae assemblages showed spatial variation, indicating that spawning sites differ among migratory species. This study provides new information about fish reproduction in the middle Uruguay River, revealing that migratory species spawn in different localities along the main channel and tributaries. This region may function as a critical site for fish reproduction, although it is currently threatened by the risk of hydropower expansion, emphasizing the need for measures that preserve their environmental conditions, hydrological connectivity and ecological functions.(AU)

Evidências indicam que os peixes migradores se reproduzem no médio rio Uruguai, mas a localização dos locais de desova ainda permanece desconhecida. Para identificar estes locais, foram realizadas mensalmente entre outubro de 2016 e janeiro de 2017, amostragens de ovos e larvas de peixes em três seções ao longo do médio rio Uruguai, cobrindo dois ambientes: o canal principal e a foz dos afluentes (rios Comandaí, Ijuí e Piratinim). Foram capturados 11.519 ovos e 3.211 larvas, pertencentes a dez espécies migradoras. Ovos e larvas de peixes migradores, foram amplamente distribuídos, com predomínio de ovos segmentados e larvas em estágios de larval-vitelino e pré-flexão, com maiores densidades próximo à confluência com o rio Piratinim. As assembleias de larvas mostraram variação espacial, indicando que os locais de desova diferem entre as espécies migradoras. Este estudo fornece novas informações sobre a reprodução de peixes no médio rio Uruguai, revelando que espécies migradoras desovam em diferentes localidades ao longo do canal principal e afluentes. Esta região pode funcionar como um local crítico para a reprodução de peixes, embora atualmente esteja ameaçada pelo risco de expansão da energia hidrelétrica, enfatizando a necessidade de medidas que preservem suas condições ambientais, conectividade hidrológica e funções ecológicas.(AU)

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This study investigated the effects of spatial and environmental factors and their interactions on plant species composition in salt marsh (Sabkha) ecosystem located in arid region (Saudi Arabia). The plant species and environmental variables were investigated in 38 sites located in three regions. A total of 15 environmental variables were measured in each site and the geographical coordinates were used to extract spatial variables (using PCNM). A total of 81plant species were reported from 38 sites. The three regions showed patterns of homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (i.e. beta diversity). The PCNM analysis extracted 18 PCNM vectors and only 3 vectors were retained after forward selection. The spatial variables (selected PCNM vectors) explained only 3.21% of the variation in species composition of plants (using variation partitioning technique). However, eight environmental variables were selected after forward selection (Lead, Copper, total organic matter, Potassium, Magnesium, pH, Zinc and Iron, F= 4.72, P<0.05) and explained 19.61% of the total variation in the species composition. In conclusion, the plant communities in Sabkhas were not spatially structured due to the low percentage of variation explained by the spatial variables (PCNM vectors). The environmental variables were corresponded to the high fraction of variation explained. On the other hand, Sabkhas in Saudi Arabia are considered a hot spot for diversity not only for plants but for other animals (birds, vertebrates and invertebrates). Therefore, immediate conservation plans should be implemented to reduce the adverse effect of urbanization, industrialization as well as other anthropogenic activities.

Este estudo investigou os efeitos de fatores espaciais e ambientais e suas interações na composição de espécies vegetais no ecossistema de sapal (Sabkha) localizado na região árida (Arábia Saudita). As espécies vegetais e variáveis ​​ambientais foram investigadas em 38 locais localizados em três regiões. Um total de 15 variáveis ​​ambientais foi medido em cada local, e as coordenadas geográficas foram usadas para extrair as variáveis ​​espaciais (usando PCNM). Um total de 81 espécies de plantas foi relatado em 38 locais. As três regiões mostraram padrões de homogeneidade de dispersões multivariadas (ou seja, diversidade beta). A análise PCNM extraiu 18 vetores PCNM e apenas 3 vetores foram retidos após a seleção direta. As variáveis ​​espaciais (vetores PCNM selecionados) explicaram apenas 3,21% da variação na composição de espécies das plantas (utilizando a técnica de partição de variação). No entanto, 8 variáveis ​​ambientais foram selecionadas após seleção direta (chumbo, cobre, matéria orgânica total, potássio, magnésio, pH, zinco e ferro, F = 4,72, P < 0,05) e explicaram 19,61% da variação total na composição de espécies. Em conclusão, as comunidades vegetais em Sabkhas não foram espacialmente estruturadas devido à baixa porcentagem de variação explicada pelas variáveis ​​espaciais (vetores PCNM). As variáveis ​​ambientais corresponderam à alta fração de variação explicada. Por outro lado, os Sabkhas na Arábia Saudita são considerados um hot spot de diversidade não apenas para plantas, mas para outros animais (aves, vertebrados e invertebrados). Portanto, planos de conservação imediatos devem ser implementados para reduzir os efeitos adversos da urbanização, industrialização e outras atividades antrópicas.

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In this stage 1 registered report, we propose an analysis of the spatio-temporal patterns of the COVID-19 epidemic in Mexico using the georeferenced confirmed cases aggregated at the municipality level. We will compute weekly Moran index to assess spatial autocorrelation over time and identify clusters of the disease using the "flexibly shaped spatial scan" approach. Finally, different distance models will be compared to select the best suited to predict inter-municipality contagion. This study will help us understand the spread of the epidemic over the Mexican territory and give insights to model and predict the epidemic behavior.

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Evaluation of brain dynamics elicited by motor imagery (MI) tasks can contribute to clinical and learning applications. The multi-subject analysis is to make inferences on the group/population level about the properties of MI brain activity. However, intrinsic neurophysiological variability of neural dynamics poses a challenge for devising efficient MI systems. Here, we develop a time-frequency model for estimating the spatial relevance of common neural activity across subjects employing an introduced statistical thresholding rule. In deriving multi-subject spatial maps, we present a comparative analysis of three feature extraction methods: Common Spatial Patterns, Functional Connectivity, and Event-Related De/Synchronization. In terms of interpretability, we evaluate the effectiveness in gathering MI data from collective populations by introducing two assumptions: (i) Non-linear assessment of the similarity between multi-subject data originating the subject-level dynamics; (ii) Assessment of time-varying brain network responses according to the ranking of individual accuracy performed in distinguishing distinct motor imagery tasks (left-hand vs. right-hand). The obtained validation results indicate that the estimated collective dynamics differently reflect the flow of sensorimotor cortex activation, providing new insights into the evolution of MI responses.

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One of the top carnivores in the Andean mountains is the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus, Ursidae), the only bear in South America. This is a flagship and key umbrella species in Ecuador because its conservation has a positive impact on the conservation of many other species in the Andes. But to preserve, first one must know the genetic characteristics of a species, among other things. For this, we analyzed six mitochondrial genes and seven nuclear DNA microsatellites of 108 Andean bear specimens sampled throughout Ecuador. We adopted three strategies for analyzing the data: by Province, by Region (north vs south), and by Cordillera. Four main results were obtained. First, the mitochondrial genetic diversity levels were elevated, but there were no differences in genetic diversity by Province or by Cordillera. By Regions, southern Ecuador had higher genetic diversity levels than to northern Ecuador. The genetic diversity for the microsatellites was only medium for the Andean bear at this country. Second, there was clear and significant evidence of female population expansions, for the overall sample, by Province, Region, and Cordillera. This population expansion was determined to have occurred in the time interval of 30,000-20,000 years ago (YA), during the last phase of the Pleistocene. We detected a population decrease to have occurred more recently, within the last 5000 years. It continued until about 300-200 YA when a population increase was again detected. Third, there were, practically, no phylogeographic pattern nor genetic differentiation among Andean bear populations in Ecuador by Province or by Cordillera for either mitochondrial or microsatellite markers. There was a little more genetic differentiation between northern and southern areas. Fourth, there was no trace of significant spatial genetic structure for the Andean bear in Ecuador in agreement with the genetic differentiation analyses. This shows that the Andean Cordilleras in this country did not present an obstacle to the dispersion of this species. Therefore, all of the Andean bear specimens in Ecuador should be treated as a unique Management Unit (MU) for conservation purposes, differently to that determined for other countries as Colombia.

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Diversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in tropical seagrass beds are understudied. Here, we describe the species richness and assemblage composition of nematodes in 13 seagrass sites covering the whole Cuban archipelago. Nematodes were collected from Thalassia testudinum seagrass beds and identified to species level. We provide a checklist of nematode species from seagrass beds. The species richness of nematode assemblages is high, with 215 species, 138 genus, 35 families, seven orders and two classes. That γ-diversity is higher than other studies and points to seagrass beds as diversity hotspots of free-living marine nematodes. Local species richness in seagrass bed sites is about 57 ± 17 species and broadly similar across the sites, despite the environmental heterogeneity. The geographical distance plays a weak, but significant, role on the decay of similarity likely affected by limited dispersal of nematodes. The pairwise similarity values, related to poor-coloniser nematodes, were twice more affected by the distance than those related to good-colonisers, possibly due to differential success of transport and settlement.

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Anthropogenic threat maps are commonly used as a surrogate for the ecological integrity of rivers in freshwater conservation, but a clearer understanding of their relationships is required to develop proper management plans at large scales. Here, we developed and validated empirical models that link the ecological integrity of rivers to threat maps in a large, heterogeneous and biodiverse Andean-Amazon watershed. Through fieldwork, we recorded data on aquatic invertebrate community composition, habitat quality, and physical-chemical parameters to calculate the ecological integrity of 140 streams/rivers across the basin. Simultaneously, we generated maps that describe the location, extent, and magnitude of impact of nine anthropogenic threats to freshwater systems in the basin. Through seven-fold cross-validation procedure, we found that regression models based on anthropogenic threats alone have limited power for predicting the ecological integrity of rivers. However, the prediction accuracy improved when environmental predictors (slope and elevation) were included, and more so when the predictions were carried out at a coarser scale, such as microbasins. Moreover, anthropogenic threats that amplify the incidence of other pressures (roads, human settlements and oil activities) are the most relevant predictors of ecological integrity. We concluded that threat maps can offer an overall picture of the ecological integrity pattern of the basin, becoming a useful tool for broad-scale conservation planning for freshwater ecosystems. While it is always advisable to have finer scale in situ measurements of ecological integrity, our study shows that threat maps provide fast and cost-effective results, which so often are needed for pressing management and conservation actions.

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RESUMEN El cambio en el uso del suelo y el fuego como mecanismo utilizado para el mismo han creado perturbaciones ecológicas a grandes escalas, como lo son la fragmentación y aislamiento de ecosistemas importantes en paisajes tropicales. En el presente estudio, analizamos los cambios de uso del suelo entre los años 2012-2016 y los eventos de fuego entre los años 2016-2018, para identificar la dinámica de cambio espaciotemporal en la Serranía de la Lindosa, Guaviare, a partir de información oficial y sensores remotos. Para 2016 la cobertura boscosa se redujo en un 17 % correspondiendo con el aumento de vegetación secundaria y pastizales en el área. Los focos de fuego detectados estuvieron concentrados en el noroeste y sureste de la serranía, puntos coincidentes en zonas de bosque primario y zonas de pastizal consolidadas. Estos resultados indican que existe un proceso activo de deforestación en la serranía, que fragmenta la matriz boscosa dejando parches de bosque aislados, lo cual tendría repercusiones sobre la biodiversidad allí presente. Asimismo, la sinergia entre dicho proceso y el uso de fuego se muestra como amenaza constante, a diferentes escalas, sobre los diferentes ecosistemas. Esta información se presenta como herramienta para elaborar estrategias puntuales para evitar mayores repercusiones negativas sobre la serranía, que actualmente se encuentra en estado vulnerable.

ABSTRACT The change in land use and fire as a mechanism used for this change, have created ecological disturbances at large scales, such as the fragmentation and isolation of essential ecosystems within tropical landscapes. In the present study, we analyze the land-use changes along 2012-2016 and fire events between 2016-2018, to identify the dynamics of spatial-temporal change in the Serranía La Lindosa, Guaviare using official information and remote sensors. Forest cover was reduced by 17 %, during 2012-2016, corresponding to an increase in secondary vegetation and pastures in the area. The fire-hotspots detected were concentrated on the northwest and southeast of the mountain range, coinciding with areas of primary forest and consolidated pasture areas. These results show that there is an active process of deforestation in La Lindosa, leaving a fragmented matrix and isolated forest patches, which would have repercussions on the local biodiversity. Besides, the synergy between this process and the use of fire, represent a constant threat, at different scales, on the different ecosystems. This information is presented as a resource to elaborate punctual strategies in order to avoid greater negative repercussions on the mountain range area, which is currently in a vulnerable state.

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Biogeography and macroecology are at the heart of the debate on ecology and evolution. We have developed the BioDinamica package, a suite of user-friendly graphical programs for analysing spatial patterns of biogeography and macroecology. BioDinamica includes analyses of beta-diversity, species richness, endemicity, phylo-diversity, species distribution models, predictive models of biodiversity patterns, and several tools for spatial biodiversity analysis. BioDinamica consists of a sub-library of Dinamica-EGO operators developed by integrating EGO native functions with R scripts. The BioDinamica operators can be assembled to create complex analytical and simulation models through the EGO graphical programming interface. In addition, we make available "Wizard" tutorials for end users. BioDinamica can be downloaded free of charge from the Dinamica EGO submodel store. The tools made available in BioDinamica not only facilitate complex biodiversity analyses, they also help develop state-of-the-art spatial models for biogeography and macroecology studies.

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BACKGROUND: A great number of studies have shown that the distribution of microorganisms in the soil is not random, but that their abundance changes along environmental gradients (spatial patterns). The present study examined the spatial variability of the physicochemical characteristics of an extreme alkaline saline soil and how they controlled the archaeal and bacterial communities so as to determine the main spatial community drivers. METHODS: The archaeal and bacterial community structure, and soil characteristics were determined at 13 points along a 211 m transect in the former lake Texcoco. Geostatistical techniques were used to describe spatial patterns of the microbial community and soil characteristics and determine soil properties that defined the prokaryotic community structure. RESULTS: A high variability in electrolytic conductivity (EC) and water content (WC) was found. Euryarchaeota dominated Archaea, except when the EC was low. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla independent of large variations in certain soil characteristics. Multivariate analysis showed that soil WC affected the archaeal community structure and a geostatistical analysis found that variation in the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota was controlled by EC. The bacterial alpha diversity was less controlled by soil characteristics at the scale of this study than the archaeal alpha diversity. DISCUSSION: Results indicated that WC and EC played a major role in driving the microbial communities distribution and scale and sampling strategies were important to define spatial patterns.

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Abstract Domestic animals are involved in a large number of traffic accidents and they represent danger to humans due to their size. Despite this, few studies consider domestic animals. That is why we evaluate mammals' roadkill aggregations in order to locate them and to determine if wild and domestic mammals' roadkills overlap. In addition, we investigate the influence of the landscape on the location of the aggregations. This study was carried out on the BR-050 highway, an area of Cerrado biome, in Southeastern Brazil. The monitoring was executed from April 2012 to March 2013, by car, at an average speed of 60 km/h, with two observers looking for roadkills on the highway. We found 482 mammals' roadkills, including 260 (54 %) wild mammals, 164 (34 %) domestic and 58 (12.0 %) undetermined specimens. Of the 21 recorded mammal species, five were domestic. The wild mammals' roadkill rate was 0.03 (± 0.02) individuals/km/day and the domestic roadkill rate was 0.02 (± 0.01). We detected roadkill aggregations for wild and domestic mammals. Roadkill hotspots of domestic mammals and wild mammals did not overlap. The variables that had the highest influence on wild mammals' roadkill probability were: agriculture and silviculture cover as positive effects and distance to the nearest river, to the urban perimeter and to a natural fragment as negative effects. For domestic mammals these variables were: area of the smallest fragment and distance to a natural fragment as positive effects and silviculture cover as a negative effect. The explanation for the wild and domestic mammals' roadkill hotspot non overlapping seems to be the effect of each variable in determining the roadkill hotspot since their effect is different for wild and domestic mammals. On the other hand, this non overlapping can be a result of domestic mammals' scavenging habits. We propose different kinds of mitigation measures in order to reduce domestic and wild mammals' roadkill.(AU)

Resumen Los animales domésticos están involucrados en una gran cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y representan un peligro para los humanos debido a su tamaño. A pesar de esto, pocos estudios consideran a los animales domésticos. Es por eso que evaluamos agregaciones de atropellos de mamíferos, con el fin de ubicarlas y determinar si los atropellos de los mamíferos silvestres y domésticos se traslapan. Además, investigamos la influencia del paisaje en la ubicación de las agregaciones. Este estudio se realizó en la carretera BR-050, un área del bioma Cerrado, en el sureste de Brasil. El muestreo se ejecutó entre abril 2012 y marzo 2013, en automóvil, a una velocidad promedio de 60 km/h, y dos observadores buscaron animales atropellados en la carretera. Encontramos 482 mamíferos atropellados, incluidos 260 (54 %) mamíferos silvestres, 164 (34 %) ejemplares domésticos y 58 (12 %) especímenes indeterminados. De las 21 especies de mamíferos registradas, cinco fueron de origen doméstico. La tasa de mortalidad de mamíferos silvestres fue de 0.033 (± 0.018) individuos/km/día y la de domésticos de 0.020 (± 0.008). Detectamos agregaciones de atropellos para mamíferos silvestres y domésticos. Los "hotspots" de atropellos de mamíferos domésticos y silvestres no se traslapan. Las variables que tuvieron la mayor influencia positiva en la probabilidad de atropello de mamíferos silvestres fueron: cobertura de la agricultura y la silvicultura; mientras que distancia al río más cercano, al perímetro urbano y al fragmento natural tuvieron un efecto negativo. Para los mamíferos domésticos estas variables con un efecto positivo fueron: área del fragmento más pequeño y distancia al fragmento natural; en tanto que la cobertura de silvicultura tuvo un efecto negativo. El que no haya un traslape de los atropellos de mamíferos silvestres y domésticos se podría explicar por el efecto de cada variable en la determinación de los "hotspots" de atropellos, ya que su efecto es diferente para los mamíferos silvestres y domésticos. Por otro lado, el no traslape puede ser el resultado de los hábitos carroñeros de los mamíferos domésticos. Proponemos diferentes tipos de medidas de mitigación con el fin de reducir los atropellos de los mamíferos domésticos y salvajes.(AU)

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Art is the ultimate expression of human creativity that is deeply influenced by the philosophy and culture of the corresponding historical epoch. The quantitative analysis of art is therefore essential for better understanding human cultural evolution. Here, we present a large-scale quantitative analysis of almost 140,000 paintings, spanning nearly a millennium of art history. Based on the local spatial patterns in the images of these paintings, we estimate the permutation entropy and the statistical complexity of each painting. These measures map the degree of visual order of artworks into a scale of order-disorder and simplicity-complexity that locally reflects qualitative categories proposed by art historians. The dynamical behavior of these measures reveals a clear temporal evolution of art, marked by transitions that agree with the main historical periods of art. Our research shows that different artistic styles have a distinct average degree of entropy and complexity, thus allowing a hierarchical organization and clustering of styles according to these metrics. We have further verified that the identified groups correspond well with the textual content used to qualitatively describe the styles and the applied complexity-entropy measures can be used for an effective classification of artworks.

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The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.(AU)

A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.(AU)

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RESUMO

The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.

A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The fish assemblage structure in a port area in São Marcos Bay (Amazonic coast) was evaluated based on the spatial and temporal distributions to identify potential changes in response to anthropic pressure increases associated with industrial and port activities in region. The samples were taken between March 2011 and November 2015. The ichthyofauna was represented by a total of 56 species, distributed in 15 orders and 29 families. Captures were dominated by Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), but Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) was the most representative in terms of biomass. Seasonal distributions of fish assemblage did not reveal significant differences. However, there was a difference between catch sites, abundance, biomass and Shannon diversity index was higher in the Site 1 and evenness in Site 4. The analysis NMDS and the test ANOSIM between months and between sampling sites, based on species composition, revealed a seasonal differentiation associated with the rainy and drought months, as well as spatial differentiation, in function of a depth gradient and hydrodynamics, resulting from greater distance from mangrove areas. The low diversity recorded may be a reflection of port activities that historically occur in the area investigated. However, there was still a maintenance of regional diversity throughout the period under analysis. Thus, temporal and spatial scales become important for the detection and understanding of fish biodiversity in an Amazonian estuary, reflecting, the importance of mangroves for the maintenance of the ichthyofaunistic diversity in the area. In this context, the present study may subsidize possible conservation projects in the area since information of this nature is almost non-existent for estuarine fish from the Maranhão Amazon.

RESUMO: A estrutura da assembleia de peixes em uma área portuária na Baía de São Marcos (Costa Amazônica) foi analisada com base nas distribuições espaciais e temporais para identificar potenciais mudanças na resposta aos aumentos de pressão antrópica associados às atividades industriais e portuárias na região. As amostras foram realizadas entre março de 2011 a novembro de 2015. A composição da ictiofauna foi representada por um total de 56 espécies, distribuídas em 15 ordens e 29 famílias. As capturas foram dominadas por Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790), mas Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) foi o mais representativo em termos de biomassa. A avaliação sazonal da assembleia de peixe não revelou diferença significativa. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os locais de captura onde abundância, biomassa e diversidade de Shannon foram mais relevantes no Ponto 1 e a equitabilidade no Ponto 4. A análise NMDS e o teste ANOSIM entre os meses e entre os locais de amostragem, com base na composição de espécies, revelaram uma diferenciação sazonal associado aos meses chuvosos e de estiagem, bem como uma diferenciação espacial, em função de um gradiente de profundidade e hidrodinâmica, resultante da maior distância das áreas de mangue. A baixa diversidade registrada podem ser reflexos das atividades portuárias que historicamente ocorrem na área investigada. Porém, ainda sim, percebeu-se uma manutenção da diversidade regional, ao longo do período em análise. Assim, as escalas temporais e espaciais tornam-se importantes para detecção e compreensão da biodiversidade de peixes em um estuário amazônico, refletindo, a importância dos manguezais para a manutenção da diversidade ictiofaunística na área. Mediante este contexto, o presente estudo pode subsidiar possíveis projetos de conservação na área, uma vez que informações desta natureza são quase inexistentes para peixes estuarinos da Amazônia maranhense.

RESUMO

Interspecific interactions are affected by community context and, as a consequence, show spatial variation in magnitude and sign. The selective forces imposed by interactions at the mutualism-antagonism interface are a consequence of the traits involved and their matching between species. If mutualistic and antagonistic communities are linked by gene flow, coevolution between a pair of interacting species is influenced by how selection varies in space. Here we investigate the effects of metacommunity arrangement, i.e. patterns of connection between communities and the number of communities, on the coevolutionary dynamics between two species for which the sign and magnitude of the interaction varies across the landscape. We quantify coevolutionary outcome as an index that can be decomposed into the contribution of intraspecific genetic diversity and interspecific interaction. We show that polymorphisms and mismatches are an expected outcome, which is influenced by spatial structure, interaction strength and the degree of gene flow. The index describes how variation is distributed within and between species, and provides information on the directionality of the mismatches and polymorphisms. Finally, we argue that depending on metacommunity arrangement, some communities have disproportionate roles in maintaining genetic diversity, with implications for the coevolution of interacting species in a fragmented landscape.

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Background and Aims: Natural enemies are known to be important in regulating plant populations and contributing to species coexistence (Janzen-Connell effects). The strength of Janzen-Connell effects (both distance- and density-effects) varies across species, but the life history traits that may mediate such a variation are not well understood. This study examined Janzen-Connell effects across the life stages (seed through adult stages) of two sympatric palm species with distinct phenologies and shade tolerances, two traits that may mediate the strength and timing of Janzen-Connell effects. Methods: Populations of two common palm species, Attalea phalerata and Astrocaryum murumuru , were studied in Manu National Park, Peru. Seed predation experiments were conducted to assess Janzen-Connell effects at the seed stage. In the post-seed stages, spatial point pattern analyses of the distributions of individuals and biomass were used to infer the strength of distance- and density-effects. Key Results: Seed predation was both negative distance- and density-dependent consistent with the Janzen-Connell effects. However, only seedling recruitment for asynchronously fruiting Attalea phalerata was depressed near adults while recruitment remained high for synchronously fruiting Astrocaryum murumuru , consistent with weak distance-effects. Negative density-effects were strong in the early stages for shade-intolerant Attalea phalerata but weak or absent in shade-tolerant Astrocaryum murumuru. Conclusions: Distance- and density-effects varied among the life stages of the two palm species in a manner that corresponded to their contrasting phenology and shade tolerance. Generalizing such connections across many species would provide a route to understanding how trait-mediated Janzen-Connell effects scale up to whole communities of species.

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