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SUMMARY: The human soleus muscle has attracted attention in the fields of sport science, rehabilitation medicine, etc. for improving exercise performance in training, preventing injuries, and rehabilitation. The sagittal tendon plate of the soleus muscle is particularly important in rehabilitation. Few studies, however, have evaluated the shape of the sagittal tendon plate in the human soleus muscle in detail and attempted to classify its variations based on its morphology. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of the morphology of the sagittal tendon plates in soleus muscle specimens from Japanese cadavers and constructed a morphology-based classification system and evaluated their frequencies of occurrence. First, the specimens were divided into those with a sagittal tendon plate that was visible on the anterior surface (pennate muscle group) and those without (non-pennate muscle group). Next, based on the "number" and "breadth" of the sagittal tendon plates, the pennate muscle group specimens were further classified into four classes: Class I (one tendon, thin), Class II (one tendon, slightly broad), Class III (one tendon, very broad), and Class IV (two tendons, thin). Subsequently, the specimens were further divided into three types based on the position where the sagittal tendon plate joined the Achilles tendon: median tendon type, lateral tendon type, and medial tendon type (a total 13 divisions). When 458 Japanese soleus muscle specimens were classified into these divisions, the occurrence frequencies of Class I-IV were 80.57 %, 4.59 %, 5.46 %, and 1.09 %, respectively. In Class I, the median tendon type was more frequent than the lateral and medial tendon types, accounting for 48.47 % overall. The classification types of the sagittal tendon plate and their respective occurrence frequencies shown in this study are expected to serve as fundamental data in implementing rehabilitation of soleus muscle.
El músculo sóleo humano ha atraído la atención de la ciencia del deporte, la medicina de rehabilitación, etc. para mejorar el rendimiento del ejercicio en el entrenamiento, prevenir las lesiones y rehabilitación. La lámina tendinosa sagital del músculo sóleo es particularmente importante en la rehabilitación. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado en detalle la forma de la placa lámina sagital en el músculo sóleo humano y han intentado clasificar sus variaciones en función de su morfología. Realizamos un análisis detallado de la morfología de las láminas de los tendones sagitales en muestras de músculo sóleo de cadáveres japoneses y construimos un sistema de clasificación basado en la morfología y, además, evaluamos su frecuencia de aparición. Los especímenes se dividieron en aquellos con una lámina de tendón sagital que era visible en la superficie anterior (grupo muscular pennado) y aquellos sin (grupo muscular no pennado). A continuación, según el "número" y el "ancho" de las láminas de los tendones sagitales, las muestras del grupo de músculos pennados se clasificaron en cuatro clases: Clase I (un tendón, delgado), Clase II (un tendón, ligeramente ancho), Clase III (un tendón, muy ancho) y Clase IV (dos tendones delgados). Posteriormente, las muestras se dividieron en tres tipos, según la posición donde la lámina del tendón sagital se unía al tendón calcáneo: tipo de tendón mediano, tipo de tendón lateral y tipo de tendón medial (un total de 13 divisiones). En estas divisiones se clasificaron 458 especímenes de músculo sóleo de indiviuos japoneses, las frecuencias de ocurrencia de Clase I-IV fueron 80,57 %, 4,59 %, 5,46 % y 1,09 %, respectivamente. En la Clase I, el tipo de tendón mediano era más frecuente que los tipos de tendón lateral y medial, representando el 48,47 % del total. Se espera que los tipos de clasificación de la lámina del tendón sagital y sus respectivas frecuencias de aparición, que se reportan en este estudio, sirvan como datos fundamentales para implementar la rehabilitación del músculo sóleo.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Tendões/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Cadáver , JapãoRESUMO
RESUMEN: Las lesiones del nervio fibular común y/o sus ramos derivados trae como consecuencia, pérdida total o parcial de la capacidad para realizar flexión dorsal del complejo tobillo-pie, una opción viable para tratar esta patología es la transferencia nerviosa, que consiste en utilizar un nervio donante para restaurar la función de un nervio dañado. Es frecuente la utilización del nervio para el músculo sóleo (NS) como donante para restaurar la función del nervio fibular común o profundo, por lo cual es indispensable conocer en detalle la anatomía de este nervio. Se utilizaron 22 miembros inferiores pertenecientes a las Unidades de Anatomía de las Universidades de Chile y de Santiago, Chile. Se realizó disección del nervio para el músculo sóleo, se observó número de ramos principales y secundarios, así como también se registró su origen y la longitud de ellos, además se dividió a la pierna en cuadrantes para determinar la localización de los puntos motores. El nervio para el músculo sóleo en la mayoría de los casos (95,4 %) es único y se origina desde el nervio tibial o en tronco común con otro ramo muscular. La distancia promedio entre el origen de NS y la línea biepicondilar fue de 28,77 mm; la longitud promedio de NS hasta su división en ramos secundarios o penetración directa fue de 52 mm. El NS se dividió en ramos secundarios (RS), observándose que en 12 casos fue en 2 RS, en 3 casos en 3 RS y en 7 casos no hubo RS. Los puntos motores se localizaron en el quinto proximal de la pierna, 23 casos en el primer cuadrante lateral y 4 casos en el primer cuadrante medial; en el cuarto proximal de la pierna, 7 casos en el segundo cuadrante lateral y 4 casos en el segundo cuadrante medial. Los datos obtenidos serán un aporte al conocimiento anatómico y a la cirugía reconstructiva de los nervios de la región.
SUMMARY: Injuries to the common fibular nerve and/or its derived branches result in total or partial loss of the ability to dorsiflex the ankle-foot complex. A viable option to treat this pathology is nerve transfer, which consists of using a donor nerve to restore function to a damaged nerve. The use of the nerve for the soleus muscle (SN) is frequent as a donor to restore the function of the common or deep fibular nerve, for which it is essential to know in detail the anatomy of this nerve. Twenty-two lower limbs belonging to the anatomy units of the Universities of Chile and Santiago were used. Dissection was performed until the SN was reached, the number of main and secondary branches (SB) was observed, as well as their origin and length, and the leg was divided into quadrants to determine the location of the motor points. The SN in most cases (95.4 %) is unique and originates from the tibial nerve or from the common trunk with another muscular branch. The average distance between the origin of the NS and the biepicondylar line was 28.77 mm; the average length of NS until its division into SB or direct penetration was 52 mm. The NS was divided into SB, observing that in 12 cases it was in 2 branches, in 3 cases in 3 branches and in 7 cases there were no SB. The motor points were located in the proximal fifth of the leg, 23 cases in the first lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the first medial quadrant; in the proximal quarter of the leg, 7 cases in the second lateral quadrant and 4 cases in the second medial quadrant. The data obtained will be a contribution to anatomical knowledge and reconstructive surgery of the nerves of the region.
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Humanos , Nervo Tibial/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , CadáverRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is a health promotion factor regulating gene expression and causing changes in phenotype, varying according to exercise type and intensity. Acute strenuous exercise in sedentary individuals appears to induce different transcriptional networks in response to stress caused by exercise. The objective of this research was to investigate the transcriptional profile of strenuous experimental exercise. METHODOLOGY: RNA-Seq was performed with Rattus norvegicus soleus muscle, submitted to strenuous physical exercise on a treadmill with an initial velocity of 0.5 km/h and increments of 0.2 km/h at every 3 min until animal exhaustion. Twenty four hours post-physical exercise, RNA-seq protocols were performed with coverage of 30 million reads per sample, 100 pb read length, paired-end, with a list of counts totaling 12816 genes. RESULTS: Eighty differentially expressed genes (61 down-regulated and 19 up-regulated) were obtained. Reactome and KEGG database searches revealed the most significant pathways, for down-regulated gene set, were: PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, RAF-MAP kinase, P2Y receptors and Signaling by Erbb2. Results suggest PI3K-AKT pathway inactivation by Hbegf, Fgf1 and Fgr3 receptor regulation, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Cell signaling transcription networks were found in transcriptome. Results suggest some metabolic pathways which indicate the conditioning situation of strenuous exercise induced genes encoding apoptotic and autophagy factors, indicating cellular stress. CONCLUSION: Down-regulated networks showed cell transduction and signaling pathways, with possible inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell degeneration. These findings reveal transitory and dynamic process in cell signaling transcription networks in skeletal muscle after acute strenuous exercise.
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OBJECTIVES: evaluate the effects that whole-body vibration (WBV) causes on the neuromuscular junctions and oxidative stress of the soleus muscle of obese Wistar rats. METHODS: 32 male Wistar rats were used, 16 of which were obesity induced by monosodium glutamate, randomized into four groups: control (GC), control with WBV (GCP), obese (GO) and obese with WBV (GOP). At the 70 days old, the training on WBV was started, performed 3 times a week, during 8 consecutive weeks. At the 130 days old, the animals were euthanized and the soleus muscles were collected. RESULTS: Regarding the analysis of the neuromuscular junctions, the obese groups had lower mean size when compared to the control groups. On the other hand, the WBV presented higher averages when compared to the groups that did not perform the training. Regarding the oxidative stress, for the lipid peroxidation there was a significant difference between obese and non-obese animals, however, there was no difference between the animals WBV and those who did not. CONCLUSION: WBV promotes beneficial changes such as increased measurements of the structures of the neuromuscular junctions, but is not able to promote changes in the concentration of the cholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft.
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Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Junção Neuromuscular/fisiologia , Obesidade , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/métodos , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , VibraçãoRESUMO
Physical inactivity and unhealthy food intake are strongly associated with the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dyslipidemia, a characteristic of T2D patient, contributes to an increase in intra-myocellular lipid accumulation and mitochondria dysfunction, in skeletal muscle cells and further to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on dyslipidemia, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription in T2D- induced animals. Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were fed a diet containing 60% fat over 9 weeks, at day 14 a single injection of STZ (25 mg/kg) was administered (T2D-induced). At week 3 of the experiment half of the animals started on an aerobic exercise 5-days/week. Blood and soleus muscle were collected at 9th experimental week. Abdominal fat, blood glucose, triglyceride, low-density-lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and cellular mtDNA copy number, cytochrome b (cytb) mRNA and 8-isoprostane were measured. T2D-induced animals exhibited changes in blood glucose, weight gain, abdominal fat, LDL and muscular 8-isoprostane, mtDNA copy number and cytb mRNA. Aerobic exercise attenuated the increase in weight gain and abdominal fat and the decreased cytb mRNA, and increased HDL. Our results suggest that aerobic exercise might not affect all characteristics related to the development of T2D in the same way. However, since T2D is a multifactorial disease, improvement in parameters such as HDL levels, abdominal fat and weight gain induced by aerobic exercise might delay or inhibit the onset of T2D.
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DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Musculares/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Dislipidemias/terapia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Caloric restriction (CR) is widely known to increase life span and resistance to different types of injuries in several organisms. We have previously shown that mitochondria from livers or brains of CR animals exhibit higher calcium uptake rates and lower sensitivity to calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), an event related to the resilient phenotype exhibited by these organs. Given the importance of calcium in metabolic control and cell homeostasis, we aimed here to uncover possible changes in mitochondrial calcium handling, redox balance and bioenergetics in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to six months of CR. Unexpectedly, we found that CR does not alter the susceptibility to mPT in muscle (cardiac or skeletal), nor calcium uptake rates. Despite the lack in changes in calcium transport properties, CR consistently decreased respiration in the presence of ATP synthesis in heart and soleus muscle. In heart, such changes were accompanied by a decrease in respiration in the absence of ATP synthesis, lower maximal respiratory rates and a reduced rate of hydrogen peroxide release. Hydrogen peroxide release was unaltered by CR in skeletal muscle. No changes were observed in inner membrane potentials and respiratory control ratios. Together, these results highlight the tissue-specific bioenergetic and ion transport effects induced by CR, demonstrating that resilience against calcium-induced mPT is not present in all tissues.
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Restrição Calórica/normas , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/imunologia , Miocárdio/imunologia , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Chagas disease (CD) is an important cause of cardiomyopathy in South America. The pathophysiology of CD is still a matter of debate. Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) components are clearly involved in cardiovascular diseases. RAS molecules interact with nitric oxide (NO) pathway in blood vessel and heart tissue. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate possible changes in RAS molecules during the infection with Y strain T. cruzi and in response to acute administration of an inhibitor of the enzyme NO synthase, l-NAME. Male Holtzman rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with Y strain T. cruzi and received l-NAME or tap water from one day before the infection until 13 or 17â¯days post infection (dpi). Angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) levels were significantly higher at day 17 when compared to baseline in atrium, whereas, in ventricle, ACE2 levels were significantly higher in 13 dpi when compared to baseline. In response to l-NAME treatment, atrium tissue levels of ACE1 were significantly reduced in treated animals at day 17, while Angiotensin-(1-7) concentration in atrium significantly increased in this group at the same time-point. No changes were detected in RAS components in the ventricle. ACE2 levels in Soleus muscle were significantly reduced in treated animals at day 13. In conclusion, changes in RAS molecules were detected during acute phase of T. cruzi infection and the inhibition of NO synthesis clearly interfered with expression of ACE1 and Angiotensin-(1-7) in the atrium.
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Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inibidores , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Animais , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A balanced maternal diet is a determining factor in normal fetal development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on muscle fiber and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology of rat offspring at 21 days of age. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into a control group (CG), offspring of mothers fed a normal protein diet (17%), and a restricted group (RG), offspring of mothers fed a low-protein diet (6%). After a period of lactation, the animals were euthanized, and soleus muscles were obtained from pups for analysis. RESULTS: The soleus muscles of the RG exhibited an increase of 133% in the number of fibers and of 79% in the amount of nuclei. Moreover, the number of NMJs was lower in the restricted group than in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal protein restriction alters the normal development of the neuromuscular system. Muscle Nerve 55: 109-115, 2017.
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Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Lactação/fisiologia , Junção Neuromuscular , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patologia , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/ultraestrutura , Junção Neuromuscular/embriologia , Junção Neuromuscular/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Junção Neuromuscular/fisiologia , Junção Neuromuscular/ultraestrutura , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in association with concurrent training on morphological soleus muscle of rats. Wistar male rats were divided randomly into four groups: Control (C), Supplemented (S), Training (T) and Training + Supplemented (TS). Groups S and TS received 76mg/kg/day of HMB and the training groups (T and TS) were inserted into concurrent training program 3 times/week for 8 weeks. HMB had positive effects either on body composition of the animals or in type II muscle fibers. The concurrent exercise training was able in reducing the total fat mass as well as in increasing the diameter of muscle fibers. Our findings shows that HMB had an anti-catabolic effect with reference to the parameters of volume, weight and morphology of the soleus muscle, and there was a positive interaction between HMB supplementation and concurrent exercise training
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Animais , Masculino , Exercício Físico , Músculo Esquelético , Terapia por Exercício , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Strenuous exercise is detrimental to athletes because of the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Melatonin, a classic antioxidant, has been shown to exhibit beneficial effects regarding intense exercise and tissue repair. In this study, we evaluated the onset and resolution of inflammation in melatonin-treated and nontreated rats subjected to a strenuous exercise session. We also analyzed the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Control and treated rats were subjected to exhaustive exercise after a period of 10 days of melatonin treatment (20 mg/dL). Plasma and muscle levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2-alpha/beta (CINC-2α/ß), l-selectin, macrophage inflammatory protein-3-alpha (MIP-3α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured prior to, immediately after, and 2 hr after exercise. Our data revealed decreases in the muscle concentrations of IL-1ß (35%), TNF-α (13%), IL-6 (48%), and TBARS (40%) in the melatonin-treated group compared with the control group. We also observed decreases in the plasma concentrations of IL-1ß (17%) in the melatonin-treated group. VEGF-α concentrations and SOD activity increased by 179% and 22%, respectively, in the melatonin-treated group compared with the control group. We concluded that muscle inflammation and oxidative stress resulting from exhaustive exercise were less severe in the muscles of melatonin-treated animals than in the muscles of control animals. Thus, melatonin treatment may reverse exercise-induced skeletal muscle inflammation and stimulate growth factor synthesis.
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Melatonina/farmacologia , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Catalase/sangue , Glutationa/sangue , Glutationa Peroxidase/sangue , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangueRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: Até os anos 70, a reparação de perdas de substância na perna representava, quase sempre, um problema de solução muito difícil ou, até, insolúvel. Atualmente, embora ainda constitua um campo para os mais experientes, as áreas cruentas na perna já contam com várias técnicas confiáveis e algumas relativamente simples para sua reparação. Este trabalho visa equacionar condutas reparadoras de feridas de perna, utilizando tecidos locais. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo pela análise de casos de reconstrução de perna com retalhos locais realizados pelos autores. Foram incluídos os retalhos dermoadiposos, fasciocutâneos, fasciossubcutâneos e musculares. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 70 pacientes que possuíam áreas cruentas na perna, em consequência de fratura de tíbia, osteomielite, perda tecidual isquêmica, úlcera crônica e tumoração de pele. Os resultados foram avaliados segundo etiologia, tipo de procedimento cirúrgico e complicações. CONCLUSÕES: A opção do tratamento de áreas cruentas de membros inferiores com retalhos locais é bastante válida. A escolha do retalho vai depender de condições locais da perna e da região anatômica afetada. No terço superior da perna, utilizamos retalhos fasciocutâneos baseados na rede vascular do joelho ou retalho de gastrocnêmio. Já no médio, os principais retalhos foram o solear e o fasciossubcutâneo de panturrilha. E, por fim, no inferior, o principal retalho usado foi o fasciossubcutâneo de panturrilha.
INTRODUCTION: Until the 70s, repairing loss of tissue in the leg was almost always difficult, or even impossible. Currently, only the most experienced surgeons are able to repair open wounds of the leg. Nevertheless, several reliable and simple techniques are currently available. This work aimed to evaluate repair techniques for leg wounds by using local tissues. METHOD: The authors performed a retrospective study of cases of leg reconstruction using local flaps. Dermoadipose, fasciocutaneous, fasciosubcutaneous, and muscle flaps were used. RESULTS: Seventy patients who had open areas in the leg due to tibial fractures, osteomyelitis, ischemic tissue loss, chronic ulcer, or skin tumor underwent surgery. Results were evaluated according to etiology, type of surgical procedure, and complications. CONCLUSIONS: The option of treating open wounds of the lower limbs by using local flaps is very valid. Selection of the flap type depended on local conditions in the leg, and the anatomical region affected. In the upper third of the leg, we used fasciocutaneous flaps, based on the vascular network of the knee, or gastrocnemius flaps. In the middle third of the leg, we used the soleus muscle as the primary flap, and fasciosubcutaneous flaps in the calf region. In the lower third of the leg, a fasciosubcutaneous flap of the calf was primarily used.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , História do Século XXI , Ferimentos e Lesões , Prontuários Médicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Músculo Esquelético , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Estudo de Avaliação , Extremidade Inferior , Tela Subcutânea , Retalho Perfurante , Perna (Membro) , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapia , Prontuários Médicos/normas , Músculo Esquelético/cirurgia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Extremidade Inferior/cirurgia , Tela Subcutânea/anatomia & histologia , Tela Subcutânea/cirurgia , Tela Subcutânea/lesões , Retalho Perfurante/cirurgia , Perna (Membro)/cirurgia , Perna (Membro)/patologiaRESUMO
Extracellular matrix and costamere proteins transmit the concentric, isometric, and eccentric forces produced by active muscle contraction. The expression of these proteins after application of passive tension stimuli to muscle remains unknown. This study investigated the expression of laminin and dystrophin in the soleus muscle of rats immobilized with the right ankle in plantar flexion for 10 days and subsequent remobilization, either by isolated free movement in a cage or associated with passive stretching for up to 10 days. The intensity of the macrophage response was also evaluated. One hundred and twenty-eight female Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups: free for 10 days; immobilized for 10 days; immobilized/free for 1, 3, or 10 days; or immobilized/stretched/free for 1, 3, or 10 days. After the experimental procedures, muscle tissue was processed for immunofluorescence (dystrophin/laminin/CD68) and Western blot analysis (dystrophin/laminin). Immobilization increased the expression of dystrophin and laminin but did not alter the number of macrophages in the muscle. In the stretched muscle groups, there was an increase in dystrophin and the number of macrophages after 3 days compared with the other groups; dystrophin showed a discontinuous labeling pattern, and laminin was found in the intracellular space. The amount of laminin was increased in the muscles treated by immobilization followed by free movement for 10 days. In the initial stages of postimmobilization (1 and 3 days), an exacerbated macrophage response and an increase of dystrophin suggested that the therapeutic stretching technique induced additional stress in the muscle fibers and costameres.
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Animais , Feminino , Distrofina/metabolismo , Imobilização/métodos , Laminina/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Exercícios de Alongamento Muscular/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Western Blotting , Distrofina/isolamento & purificação , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Imunofluorescência , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Laminina/isolamento & purificação , Mecanotransdução Celular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/lesões , Ratos WistarRESUMO
This study investigated how different types of remobilization after hind limb immobilization, eccentric exercise and passive static stretching, influenced the adaptive responses of muscles with similar function and fascicle size, but differing in their contractile characteristics. Female Wistar weanling rats (21 days old) were divided into 8 groups: immobilized for 10 days, maintaining the ankle in maximum plantar flexion; immobilized and submitted to eccentric training for 10 or 21 days on a declining treadmill for 40min; immobilized and submitted to passive stretching for 10 or 21 days for 40min by maintaining the ankle in maximum dorsiflexion; control of immobilized; and control of 10 or 21 days. The soleus and plantaris muscles were analyzed using fiber distribution, lesser diameter, capillary/fiber ratio, and morphology. Results showed that the immobilization reduced the diameter of all fiber types, caused changes in fiber distribution and decreased the number of transverse capillaries in both muscles. The recovery period of the soleus muscle is longer than that of the plantaris after detraining. Moreover, eccentric training induced greater hypertrophic and angiogenic responses than passive stretching, especially after 21 days of rehabilitation. Both techniques demonstrated positive effects for muscle rehabilitation with the eccentric exercise being more effective.
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Membro Posterior/irrigação sanguínea , Exercícios de Alongamento Muscular , Atrofia Muscular/terapia , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Animais , Capilares/patologia , Capilares/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Atrofia Muscular/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to determine the modeling of muscle fibers in rats submitted to different exercise protocols. Fifty-five Wistar rats were submitted divided into four different groups: Control group (CG; N=16); endurance training group (ETG; N=13), strength training group (STG; N=13) and concurrent training group (CTG; N=13). The intensity of endurance training was determined by the critical workload. Statistical analysis involved the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons, followed by Dunn's post test (p<0.05). All animals submitted to training exhibited an increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers. The largest increase (p>0.05) occurred in the STG and CTG at both four (mean:2952,95 ± 878,39 mean:2988,84 ± 822,58) and eight weeks respectively (mean:3020,26 ± 800.91; mean:3104,91 ± 817,87). The findings demonstrate similar results obtained with strength training and concurrent training, with a greater increase in muscle fiber area in both groups in comparison to the control group and group submitted to endurance training.
O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a modelação das fibras musculares de ratos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico. Foram utilizados 55 animais da raça Wistar, dos quais foram submetidos a quatro diferentes tratamentos, sendo estes: o grupo controle (CTLE), treinamento aeróbio (TAE), treinamento de força (TAN) e treinamento concorrente (TCc). A intensidade do treinamento aeróbio foi determinada pela carga crítica de trabalho. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruscal-Wallis para comparações múltiplas, com pós-teste de Dunn, adotou-se o valor de significância de 5% (p=0,05). Observou-se que os grupos de animais treinados mostraram aumento na área de secção transversa (AST) das fibras musculares. Não foi verificada diferença significante (p>0,05) entre os grupos TAN e TCc, tanto em quatro (média:2952,95 ± 878,39 média:2988,84 ± 822,58) como após oito semanas (média:3020,26 ± 800,91; média:3104,91 ± 817,87). Os protocolos de TAN e TCc não se diferenciaram entre si e demonstraram aumento da AST quando comparados aos demais grupos de animais.
Nota el modelado de las fibras musculares en ratas sometidas a diferentes protocolos del entrenamiento físico. Se utilizaron 55 ratas Wistar, que fueron sometidas a cuatro tratamientos diferentes: grupo de control (CTLE), entrenamiento aeróbico (TAE), entrenamiento de fuerza (TF) y la entrenamiento concurrente (TC). La intensidad de entrenamiento aeróbico se determinó por el carga crítica del trabajo. Se utilizó la prueba Kruscal-Wallis para comparaciones múltiples con Dunn del postest, se adoptó el nivel del significancia en 5% (p=0,05). Se observó que lós grupos de animales entrenados mostraron una mayor área de sección transversal (AST) en las fibras musculares. No hubo diferencia significativa (p>0,05) entre el TF y TC, tanto en cuatro (media:2952,95 ± 878,39; media:2988,84 ± 822,58) y después de ocho semanas (media:3020,26 ± 800,91; media:3104,91 ± 817,87). Se concluyó que los protocolos de TF y TC no difirieron. Además, demostraron aumento del AST en comparación con los otros grupos de animales.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/fisiologia , Resistência Física/fisiologiaRESUMO
The enzymatic dissociation of short muscles from mice, such as flexor digitorum brevis, has allowed a great accumulation of physiological, pharmacological and biochemical knowledge about skeletal muscle. However, this body of knowledge has been restricted to the types of fibers present in these muscles. Information about the other fiber types has been limited and has been primarily obtained by the manual isolation of fibers from other species, typically rats, via a difficult and time-consuming procedure. In this report, the author describes a technique for the enzymatic dissociation of long muscles, such as soleus or extensor digitorum longus (EDL), which can be applied to study a wider spectrum of fiber types and larger quantities of cells. Additionally, the kinetics of Ca2+ transients obtained in soleus and EDL fibers are compared in this report. The usefulness of this methodology for other physiological, biochemical and molecular biology experiments is also discussed. This methodology introduces the possibility of using the whole spectrum of fiber types to study normal muscle biology and the pathophysiology of muscle diseases.
La disociación enzimática de músculos cortos de ratón, como el flexor digitorum brevis, ha permitido la acumulación de gran cantidad de información fisiológica, farmacológica y bioquímica sobre el músculo esquelético, la cual, sin embargo, ha estado limitada a los tipos de fibras presentes en estos músculos. La acumulación de información sobre los demás tipos de fibras ha sido escasa y se ha logrado mediante el aislamiento manual de fibras en otras especies, clásicamente en ratas: un procedimiento difícil y que toma mucho tiempo. En este trabajo se presenta una descripción de la técnica que permite la disociación enzimática de músculos largos de ratón como el soleus o el extensor digitorum longus (EDL), lo cual aumenta el espectro de tipos de fibras y el número de ellas disponibles para el estudio de los fenómenos biológicos en el músculo esquelético. Además se compara la cinética de los transitorios de Ca2+ en fibras de soleus y EDL y se prueba la utilidad del modelo en otros experimentos que utilizan técnicas de fisiología, bioquímica y biología celular. Esto abre la posibilidad de utilizar todo el espectro de fibras musculares para estudiar la biología muscular y la fisiopatología de las enfermedades musculares.
Assuntos
Camundongos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , CamundongosRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar las posibilidades quirúrgicas que existen en el tercio distal de la pierna y presentar la experiencia en los últimos 15 años con estos colgajos. Materiales y métodos: Se revisó durante 15 años los colgajos de sóleo directo e invertido, fasciocutáneos, de sural invertido y algunos colgajos libres para cubrir defectos en el tercio distal de la pierna y pie. Resultados: Se revisó a 112 pacientes con seguimiento mínimo de 3 meses; 18 tenían compromiso del tobillo y pie y el resto tenía exposiciones de tendones y/o de elementos neurovasculares. Los colgajos más usados fueron el sóleo, el sural invertido y el fasciocutáneo invertido. Se presentaron complicaciones menores, como necrosis distal de bordes, en cuatro colgajos, sin afectar la cobertura final. Un colgajo libre sufrió necrosis total. Discusión: Fracturas abiertas de tibia requieren cobertura rápida para disminuir los índices de infección y favorecer la curación. El sóleo sigue siendo de los más usados entre los colgajos locales para los defectos del tercio medio de la tibia. En esta serie se muestra que es apto para muchas reconstrucciones en la pierna distal, ya que se evita muchas veces el uso de un colgajo libre. El colgajo sural invertido es de gran seguridad y versatilidad, y llega a cubrir muchas veces defectos grandes en el dorso del pie y en el talón. Los colgajos libres son de mayor complejidad, debido a que se requiere personal especializado, así que es recomendable solucionar estos problemas con colgajos locales musculares, fasciocutáneos o neurocutáneos.
Abstract Objectives: report the surgical possibilities that exist in the distal third of the leg and present the experience in the past 15 years with these flaps Materials and methods: During 15 years we performed different flaps like soleus flaps, reversed fasciocutaneous flaps, reversed sural flaps and some microsurgical free flaps to cover defects in the distal third of the leg and the foot Results: We reviewed 112 patients followed at least 3 months, 18 had ankle joint or foot exposure and the other had exposure tendons and / or neurovascular elements. The most used flaps were the soleus, the reversed sural and the reversed fasciocutaneous. Distal necrosis was observed in the edge of the four flaps, but not affecting the final coverage. One of the free flaps suffered a total necrosis. Discussion: Open tibial fracture required fast coverage to reduce infection and promote healing.The soleus muscle is still the main flap to cover the defects of the middle third of the tibia. This series shows that this flap is suitable for many distal leg reconstructions, often avoiding the use of a free flap. The reverse sural flap is very safe and versatile, and is a good option to cover defects on the dorsum of the foot and heel. Free flaps are of greater complexity requiring specialized staff. It is recommended to solve these problems with local flaps, muscle flaps, fasciocutaneous or neurocutaneous flaps.
RESUMO
The large size of superficial group of muscles of back of leg is a characteristic feature of the musculature of man being related directly to its erect posture and mode of progression. Triceps surae is one of the powerful muscles of the body after Gluteus maximus and Quadriceps femoris. To make the muscle more powerful nature has devised a unique method of packing the fibers in a small space by pennation. There exists a bipenniform mass as a peculiarly human feature. Its feathered fasciculi arise from the deep (anterior) surface of the soleus muscle. Most of the textbooks of Anatomy and the available literature on the triceps surae or the tendoachillis do not appreciate and describe this fascinating aspect of the muscle. It was Schafer et al. (1923) who gave a detailed account of this muscle. Standring et al. (2005) have also described this muscle in great detail. We have studied the unique features of this part of soleus muscle. Bipennate arrangement was seen in 86 percent (right-83 percent; left-89 percent); and its maximum width was found to be 3.63 cm (Rt-3.71cm; Lt-3.55cm). Median tendinous septum was directed backwards and medially. Thus this muscle will further increase the power of contraction of soleus, which is so very important for a bipedal gait.
El gran tamaño de los grupos musculares superficiales de la parte posterior de la pierna es un rasgo característico de la musculatura del hombre siendo relacionado directamente con su postura erguida y el modo de progresión. El músculo tríceps sural es uno de los músculos más potentes del cuerpo después de los músculos glúteo magno y cuadríceps femoral. Para hacer al músculo más potente, la naturaleza ha ideado un método único de empaquetamiento de las fibras en un pequeño espacio por pennación. Existe una masa bipenniforme como una característica peculiarmente humana. Los fascículos pennados surgen desde la superficie profunda (anterior) del músculo sóleo. La mayoría de los textos de Anatomía y la literatura disponible sobre el músculo tríceps sural o el tendón de Aquiles no se aprecia ni se describe este aspecto fascinante que tienen los músculos. Fue Schafer (1923) quien dió una detallada descripción del músculo sóleo y posteriormente, Standring et al. (2005) también describieron detalladamente al músculo. Estudiamos las características únicas de esta parte del músculo sóleo, observando una disposición bipenniforme en el 86 por ciento de los casos (derecha 83 por ciento; izquierda 89 por ciento). El ancho máximo del músculo fue de 3,63 cm (derecha 3,71cm; izquierda 3,55cm). El septo tendinoso mediano se dirigió hacia posterior y medial, aumentando así aún más el poder de contracción del músculo sóleo, el cual es muy importante para la bipedestación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Perna (Membro)/anatomia & histologia , CadáverRESUMO
Hydatid cysts may occasionally be confused with soft tissue tumors such as sarcomas. We report a 43 years oíd female living in a rural zone, presenting with a painful tumor in her left leg. A CAT sean showed the presence of a solid-eystic lesion in the left soleus muscle. A biopsy of the zone was informed as eosinophilic fasceitis and steroids were indicated. Two months later a new CAT sean showed that the lesion was increasing in size. An IgG for hydatidosis was positive. The patient was subjected to a cystectomy and the pathology report informed a hydatid cyst.
En nuestro país la hidatidosis sigue siendo un importante problema de salud pública. Generalmente compromete el hígado y el pulmón, sin embargo, se han reportado casos con compromiso de diversos órganos, como bazo, peritoneo y otras ubicaciones. Excepcionalmente puede presentarse como un tumor de partes blandas simulando un sarcoma u otro tumor. Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente con hidatidosis de la musculatura de la pierna derecha tratado en el Hospital Base Osorno, que simuló una fasceítis eosinofílica; además se revisa el estado del arte de la hidatidosis muscular.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Doenças Musculares/cirurgia , Doenças Musculares/diagnóstico , Equinococose/cirurgia , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças Musculares/parasitologia , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologiaRESUMO
Todos os tipos de imobilização contribuem para a atrofia muscular e, em apenas alguns dias, os músculos passam por diminuição de volume ou perda de função, conhecidos como atrofia. Assim, com uma ou duas semanas de imobilização, as atividades metabólicas são consideravelmente reduzidas e suas fibras musculares substituídas por tecido cicatricial fibroso denso. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito da imobilização articular do músculo sóleo do membro posterior de ratos no perfil morfométrico, em diferentes períodos. Foram utilizados dez Rattus navergicus albinus machos, variedade Wistar, que foram divididos em dois grupos com cinco animais cada, sendo o primeiro grupo submetido à imobilização por sete dias e o segundo por 14 dias. O controle do experimento foi obtido a partir do membro contralateral direito do respectivo animal. A imobilização do membro posterior esquerdo foi por meio de uma órtese adaptada. A análise morfométrica do sóleo foi realizada por meio de cortes transversais não seriados de 5 µm de espessura. Foram analisadas, por meio das imagens obtidas, a área das fibras musculares, juntamente com a densidade do tecido conjuntivo, comparando-as ao Grupo-controle, referentes à perna contralateral. Com sete e 14 dias de imobilização, pode-se observar redução significativa (p < 0,05) na área das fibras musculares, associada a um aumento dos espaços intersticiais, principalmente ao redor dos fascículos musculares. Isto sugere ampliação na densidade do tecido conjuntivo e hipotrofia muscular. Com isso, conclui-se que a imobilização, mesmo que por curto período de tempo, pode alterar a integridade da musculatura esquelética, com importantes implicações funcionais.
All types of immobilization contribute to muscular atrophy and, in a few days, the muscles undergo volume reduction or loss of function, known as atrophy. Thus, with one or two weeks of immobilization, metabolic activities are considerably reduced and muscle fibers are replaced by dense fibrous scar tissue. This study has as objective to analyze the effect of joint immobilization of the soleus muscle of posterior members of rats on morphometric profile view, at periods of 7 and 14 days. Ten male Rattus navergicus albinus, Wistar variety, were used, separated into two groups of 5 animals each, with the first group submitted to immobilization for 7 days and the second for 14 days. The experiment control was acquired from the right contralateral member of each animal. The immobilization of the left posterior member was done by adapted orthesis. The morphometric analysis of soleus was by non-serial cross sections, 5µm thick. From the obtained images, the muscle fibers areas were analyzed, including connective tissue density, comparing with the control group. With 7 and 14 days of immobilization, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in muscle fiber area can be observed, associated with an increase in interstitial spaces, mostly around muscle fascicules. This suggests there is an increase in conjunctive tissue density and muscular hypotrophy. Thus, it can be concluded that immobilization, even for a short period of time, can change skeletal musculature, with important functional implications.
Assuntos
Ratos , Imobilização , Músculo Esquelético , Atrofia MuscularRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of joint immobilization on morphometric parameters and glycogen content of soleus muscle treated with clenbuterol. Male Wistar (3-4 months old) rats were divided into 4 groups (N = 6 for each group): control, clenbuterol, immobilized, and immobilized treated with clenbuterol. Immobilization was performed with acrylic resin orthoses and 10 µg/kg body weight clenbuterol was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. The following parameters were measured the next day on soleus muscle: weight, glycogen content, cross-sectional area, and connective tissue content. The clenbuterol group showed an increase in glycogen (81.6 percent, 0.38 ± 0.09 vs 0.69 ± 0.06 mg/100 g; P < 0.05) without alteration in weight, cross-sectional area or connective tissue compared with the control group. The immobilized group showed a reduction in muscle weight (34.2 percent, 123.5 ± 5.3 vs 81.3 ± 4.6 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (31.6 percent, 0.38 ± 0.09 vs 0.26 ± 0.05 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (44.1 percent, 2574.9 ± 560.2 vs 1438.1 ± 352.2 µm²; P < 0.05) and an increase in connective tissue (216.5 percent, 8.82 ± 3.55 vs 27.92 ± 5.36 percent; P < 0.05). However, the immobilized + clenbuterol group showed an increase in weight (15.9 percent; 81.3 ± 4.6 vs 94.2 ± 4.3 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (92.3 percent, 0.26 ± 0.05 vs 0.50 ± 0.17 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05), and cross-sectional area (19.9 percent, 1438.1 ± 352.2 vs 1724.8 ± 365.5 µm²; P < 0.05) and a reduction in connective tissue (52.2 percent, 27.92 ± 5.36 vs 13.34 ± 6.86 percent; P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and homoscedasticity tests. For the muscle weight and muscle glycogen content, two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test were used. For the cross-sectional area and connective tissue content, Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests were used. This study emphasizes the importance of anabolic pharmacological...