RESUMO

PREMISE: Resource availability affects biomass allocation in ways that could influence plant responses to disturbance such as fire. This is important because fire also varies across landscapes in ways that are correlated to resource availability. We hypothesized that plants growing in landscape microsites with a shortage of nutrients and water allocate more biomass and resources to belowground structures (and thus promote traits that enhance post-fire resprouting ability) than plants in more mesic sites. METHODS: We selected sites in three contrasting topographies (3 gullies, 3 midslopes, and 3 ridges) that supported different vegetation types and fire regimes, in Jalisco, Mexico. At each site, we measured soil nutrient and water content and light availability. Then we sampled biomass and root starch allocation in three post-fire resprouting shrubs that grow across a wide range of microenvironmental conditions. RESULTS: The ridges showed the highest values of solar radiation and the lowest of soil N and water content. Overall, we found a significant tendency for higher root-to-shoot (R/S) ratios, greater fine root biomass, and higher root starch content, in individuals growing in ridges or midslopes compared to the values of the plants living in gullies. CONCLUSIONS: Plants located in open canopy sites, characterized by a shortage of nutrients and water, tend to allocate more biomass belowground than plants in wet and fertile sites. Thus, plants in wet and fertile forests should be more vulnerable to increased disturbance such as wildfires.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial biomass and total organic carbon and nitrogen of an irrigated Quartzarenic Neosol cultivated with two cowpea cultivars in Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized experimental block design in split plots. The plots consist of two cowpea cultivars (Aracê and Tumucumaque) and the subplots were composed of five different irrigation regimes (L1 = 108.2; L2 = 214.7; L3 = 287.9; L4 = 426.1, and L5 = 527.7 mm). Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.20 m in order to evaluate basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, content, and storage of soil carbon and nitrogen. Basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial metabolic quotient, and microbial quotient are influenced by the interaction between cowpea cultivars and irrigation. The cultivar Aracê showed greater stimulus to the microbial community, while the irrigation regimes with 214.7 and 287.9 mm (60 and 90% of ETo, respectively) provided the best moisture conditions for microbial activities.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biomassa microbiana e os estoques totais de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio de um Neossolo Flúvico irrigado, cultivado com duas cultivares de feijão-caupi, no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as subparcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação por aspersão (L1=108,2; L2 = 214,7; L3 = 287,9; L4 = 426,1 e L5 = 527,7 mm) e as parcelas duas cultivares de feijão-caupi (Aracê e Tumucumaque). Foram coletas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-0,20 m para as avaliações da respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico, quociente microbiano, teor e estoque de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. A respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico e quociente microbiano são influenciados pela interação entre cutivares de feijão-caupi e lâminas de irrigação. A cultivar Aracê apresentou maior estímulo a comunidade microbiana, enquanto as lâminas de irrigação com 214,7 e 287,9 mm (60 e 90% da ETo, respectivamente) proporcionaram as melhores condições de umidade a atividade microbiana.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial biomass and total organic carbon and nitrogen of an irrigated Quartzarenic Neosol cultivated with two cowpea cultivars in Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized experimental block design in split plots. The plots consist of two cowpea cultivars (Aracê and Tumucumaque) and the subplots were composed of five different irrigation regimes (L1 = 108.2; L2 = 214.7; L3 = 287.9; L4 = 426.1, and L5 = 527.7 mm). Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.20 m in order to evaluate basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, content, and storage of soil carbon and nitrogen. Basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial metabolic quotient, and microbial quotient are influenced by the interaction between cowpea cultivars and irrigation. The cultivar Aracê showed greater stimulus to the microbial community, while the irrigation regimes with 214.7 and 287.9 mm (60 and 90% of ETo, respectively) provided the best moisture conditions for microbial activities.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biomassa microbiana e os estoques totais de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio de um Neossolo Flúvico irrigado, cultivado com duas cultivares de feijão-caupi, no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as subparcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação por aspersão (L1=108,2; L2 = 214,7; L3 = 287,9; L4 = 426,1 e L5 = 527,7 mm) e as parcelas duas cultivares de feijão-caupi (Aracê e Tumucumaque). Foram coletas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-0,20 m para as avaliações da respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico, quociente microbiano, teor e estoque de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. A respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico e quociente microbiano são influenciados pela interação entre cutivares de feijão-caupi e lâminas de irrigação. A cultivar Aracê apresentou maior estímulo a comunidade microbiana, enquanto as lâminas de irrigação com 214,7 e 287,9 mm (60 e 90% da ETo, respectivamente) proporcionaram as melhores condições de umidade a atividade microbiana.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial biomass and total organic carbon and nitrogen of an irrigated Quartzarenic Neosol cultivated with two cowpea cultivars in Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized experimental block design in split plots. The plots consist of two cowpea cultivars (Aracê and Tumucumaque) and the subplots were composed of five different irrigation regimes (L1 = 108.2; L2 = 214.7; L3 = 287.9; L4 = 426.1, and L5 = 527.7 mm). Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.20 m in order to evaluate basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, content, and storage of soil carbon and nitrogen. Basal soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial metabolic quotient, and microbial quotient are influenced by the interaction between cowpea cultivars and irrigation. The cultivar Aracê showed greater stimulus to the microbial community, while the irrigation regimes with 214.7 and 287.9 mm (60 and 90% of ETo, respectively) provided the best moisture conditions for microbial activities.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biomassa microbiana e os estoques totais de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio de um Neossolo Flúvico irrigado, cultivado com duas cultivares de feijão-caupi, no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as subparcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação por aspersão (L1=108,2; L2 = 214,7; L3 = 287,9; L4 = 426,1 e L5 = 527,7 mm) e as parcelas duas cultivares de feijão-caupi (Aracê e Tumucumaque). Foram coletas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-0,20 m para as avaliações da respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico, quociente microbiano, teor e estoque de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. A respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico e quociente microbiano são influenciados pela interação entre cutivares de feijão-caupi e lâminas de irrigação. A cultivar Aracê apresentou maior estímulo a comunidade microbiana, enquanto as lâminas de irrigação com 214,7 e 287,9 mm (60 e 90% da ETo, respectivamente) proporcionaram as melhores condições de umidade a atividade microbiana.

RESUMO

An understanding of the stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the umbric epipedon of Oxisols located in the tropical forests surrounded by a semi-arid region is limited but essential because of their importance in the global cycle of carbon (C). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of climatic (temperature and rainfall), soil organic matter (SOM) composition and litter on the stability of C in surfaces and subsurfaces in five Humic Oxisols along a 475-km climosequence from 143 to 963ma.s.l. in a tropical environment in northeastern Brazil. We assessed vertical changes in SOC; soil total nitrogen (N); C from the microbial biomass; δ(13)C, δ(15)N and the humified composition of SOM; the composition of the humin (HUM) fraction by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR); and Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at depth. The elemental and isotopic composition of the litter samples were analyzed in all areas studied. The results indicated that the current climate and recalcitrant organic compounds are not preponderant factors in the formation of the umbric epipedon, as suggested by the partial influence of temperature and rainfall on SOM. In addition, SOM was dominated by easily decomposable compounds, as indicated by the predominance of aliphatic C-H groups in the HUM fraction in the FTIR spectra; by the thermal oxidation through DSC-TG, which revealed that approximately 50% of the HUM was composed easily decomposable compounds; and by the high proportion of organic C present in the microbial biomass. Values of δ(13)C showed a predominance of C3 plant-C in SOM whereas δ(15)N patterns indicated that N dynamics differ among the profiles and drive the accumulation of C. These findings can help to characterize the susceptibility of these soils to changes in climate and land use and the implications for the sequestration of soil C.

RESUMO

Soils of the Cerrado have chemical, physical, and biological limitations for agriculture, which, associated with climate factors, contribute to their impoverishment. The maintenance and accumulation of soil organic matter are considered the best option of addressing this problem and to ensure a sustainable production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different fractions of organic matter, and carbon and nitrogen contained in these compartments of a very clayey dystroferric Red Latossol under different crop rotations and at different depths under long-term no-tillage in Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications, and thetreatments in a 5x4 factorial design, with five crop rotation systems (1 vetch + oat + oilseed radish/ soybean/ radish/ maize/ vetch + oats + radish/ soybean; 2 sunflower/ soybean/ vetch + oat + radish/ maize/ sunflower/ soybean; 3 oat/ soybean/ sunflower/ maize/ oat/ soybean; 4 vetch + oat/ soybean/ brachiaria/ maize/ brachiaria/ soybean; 5 vetch/soybean/vetch/maize/vetch/soybean), in four soil layers (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 cm). Particle size was analyzed to determine the particulate fractio of organic matter (POM), and carbon (C-POM) and nitrogen (N-POM) in it. It was concluded that thelevels and stock of C-POM, and nitrogen contents in the soil are not influenced by the different crop rotation systems. Crop rotation 4 increased the levels and stock of total organic carbon (TOC), carbon associated with soil minerals (C-MOM) and the total C/N ratio and total C/N ratio associated with soil minerals. The highest levels of TOC, C-POM, C-MOM, total nitrogen, N-POM and nitrogen associated with soil minerals (N-MOM) were found in the 0-5cm layer.(AU)

Solos cultivados do Cerrado possuem limitações químicas, físicas e biológicas, que associadas a fatores climáticos contribuem para seu empobrecimento. A manutenção e acúmulo da matéria orgânica do solo têm sido considerados a melhor alternativa para que isto se reverta e resulte em produções sustentáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes frações da matéria orgânica do solo, e o carbono e nitrogênio contido nestes compartimentos, num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, muito argiloso, em diferentes rotações de culturas e em diferentes profundidades do solo sob plantio direto consolidado, no município de Dourados, MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, e os tratamentos organizados num esquema fatorial 5x4, sendo cinco sistemas de rotação de culturas: 1- ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ soja/ nabo/ milho/ ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ soja, 2 girassol/ soja/ ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ milho/ girassol/ soja, 3 aveia/ soja/ girassol/ milho/ aveia/ soja, 4 ervilhaca+aveia/ soja/ braquiária/ milho/ braquiária/ soja, 5- ervilhaca/ soja/ ervilhaca/ milho/ ervilhaca/ soja; e quatro profundidades do solo: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 cm. Foi utilizado o fracionamento granulométrico para determinação da fração particulada da matéria orgânica (MOP), e o carbono (C-MOP) e nitrogênio (N-MOP) nela contidos. Concluiu-se que os teores de C-MOP, seu estoque no solo e os teores de nitrogênio no solo não são influenciados pelos diferentes sistemas de rotação de culturas. A rotação de cultura 4 proporciona maiores teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono associado aos minerais do solo (C-MOM) e maior relação C/N total e associada aos minerais do solo. A maior concentração de COT, C- MOP, C-MOM, nitrogênio total, N-MOP e itrogênio associado aos minerais do solo (N-MOM) é verificada na profundidade de 0 a 5 cm.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Soils of the Cerrado have chemical, physical, and biological limitations for agriculture, which, associated with climate factors, contribute to their impoverishment. The maintenance and accumulation of soil organic matter are considered the best option of addressing this problem and to ensure a sustainable production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different fractions of organic matter, and carbon and nitrogen contained in these compartments of a very clayey dystroferric Red Latossol under different crop rotations and at different depths under long-term no-tillage in Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications, and thetreatments in a 5x4 factorial design, with five crop rotation systems (1 – vetch + oat + oilseed radish/ soybean/ radish/ maize/ vetch + oats + radish/ soybean; 2 – sunflower/ soybean/ vetch + oat + radish/ maize/ sunflower/ soybean; 3 – oat/ soybean/ sunflower/ maize/ oat/ soybean; 4 – vetch + oat/ soybean/ brachiaria/ maize/ brachiaria/ soybean; 5 – vetch/soybean/vetch/maize/vetch/soybean), in four soil layers (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 cm). Particle size was analyzed to determine the particulate fractio of organic matter (POM), and carbon (C-POM) and nitrogen (N-POM) in it. It was concluded that thelevels and stock of C-POM, and nitrogen contents in the soil are not influenced by the different crop rotation systems. Crop rotation 4 increased the levels and stock of total organic carbon (TOC), carbon associated with soil minerals (C-MOM) and the total C/N ratio and total C/N ratio associated with soil minerals. The highest levels of TOC, C-POM, C-MOM, total nitrogen, N-POM and nitrogen associated with soil minerals (N-MOM) were found in the 0-5cm layer.

Solos cultivados do Cerrado possuem limitações químicas, físicas e biológicas, que associadas a fatores climáticos contribuem para seu empobrecimento. A manutenção e acúmulo da matéria orgânica do solo têm sido considerados a melhor alternativa para que isto se reverta e resulte em produções sustentáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes frações da matéria orgânica do solo, e o carbono e nitrogênio contido nestes compartimentos, num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, muito argiloso, em diferentes rotações de culturas e em diferentes profundidades do solo sob plantio direto consolidado, no município de Dourados, MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, e os tratamentos organizados num esquema fatorial 5x4, sendo cinco sistemas de rotação de culturas: 1- ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ soja/ nabo/ milho/ ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ soja, 2 – girassol/ soja/ ervilhaca+aveia+nabo/ milho/ girassol/ soja, 3 – aveia/ soja/ girassol/ milho/ aveia/ soja, 4 – ervilhaca+aveia/ soja/ braquiária/ milho/ braquiária/ soja, 5- ervilhaca/ soja/ ervilhaca/ milho/ ervilhaca/ soja; e quatro profundidades do solo: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 cm. Foi utilizado o fracionamento granulométrico para determinação da fração particulada da matéria orgânica (MOP), e o carbono (C-MOP) e nitrogênio (N-MOP) nela contidos. Concluiu-se que os teores de C-MOP, seu estoque no solo e os teores de nitrogênio no solo não são influenciados pelos diferentes sistemas de rotação de culturas. A rotação de cultura 4 proporciona maiores teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono associado aos minerais do solo (C-MOM) e maior relação C/N total e associada aos minerais do solo. A maior concentração de COT, C- MOP, C-MOM, nitrogênio total, N-MOP e itrogênio associado aos minerais do solo (N-MOM) é verificada na profundidade de 0 a 5 cm.

Assuntos

RESUMO

There are few studies in natural ecosystems on how spatial maps of soil attributes change within a growing season. In part, this is due to methodological difficulties associated with sampling the same spatial locations repeatedly over time. We describe the use of ion exchange membrane spikes, a relatively nondestructive way to measure how soil resources at a given point in space fluctuate over time. We used this method to examine spatial patterns of soil ammonium (NH+4) and nitrate (NO-3) availability in a mid-successional coastal dune for four periods of time during the growing season. For a single point in time, we also measured soil NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations from soil cores collected from the mid-successional dune and from an early and a late successional dune. Soil nitrogen concentrations were low and highly variable in dunes of all ages. Mean NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations increased with the age of the dune, whereas coefficients of variation for NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations decreased with the age of the dune. Soil NO-3 concentration showed strong spatial structure, but soil NH+4 concentration was not spatially structured. Plant-available NH+4 and NO-3 showed relatively little spatial structure: only NO-3 availability in the second sampling period had significant patch structure. Spatial maps of NH+4 and NO-3 availability changed greatly over time, and there were few significant correlations among soil nitrogen availability at different points in time. NO-3 availability in the second sampling period was highly correlated (r = 0.90) with the initial soil NO-3 concentrations, providing some evidence that patches of plant-available NO-3 may reappear at the same spatial locations at irregular points in time.