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This article demonstrates the possibility of producing hybrid cementitious materials (pastes, mortars, concretes, and precast elements) based on fly ash (FA) and construction and demolition wastes (CDW) using alkaline activation technology. Sodium sulfate was used as an activator and fine and coarse aggregates were obtained from CDW residues. An addition of Portland cement (OPC) (10 to 30%) allowed for improvement in the mechanical behavior of the hybrid cements and them to be cured at room temperature (25 °C). The FA and CDW cementitious materials obtained compressive strengths of 37 MPa and 32 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength of FA and CDW alkali-activated concretes at 28 days of curing was 22 MPa and 18 MPa, respectively, which identifies them as structural concretes according to NSR-10 title C in Colombia. The potential use of these concretes was validated by obtaining and classifying precast materials.
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This paper aimed to analyze the reduction in the ballast layer permeability simulated in a laboratory in saturated conditions by the presence of rock dust as a contaminant of three types of rocks explored in different deposits in the northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through laboratory testing relating the physical properties of rock particles before and after sodium sulfate attack. Sodium sulfate attack is justified by the proximity of some sections of the planned EF-118 Vitória-Rio railway line to the coast and of the sulfated water table to the ballast bed, which could degrade the material used and compromise the railway track. Granulometry and permeability tests were performed to compare ballast samples with fouling rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40% rock dust by volume. A constant head permeameter was used to analyze hydraulic conductivity and establish correlations between the petrography and mercury intrusion porosimetry of the rocks, namely two types of metagranite (Mg1 and Mg3) and a gneisse (Gn2). Rocks, such as Mg1 and Mg3, with a larger composition of minerals susceptible to weathering according to petrography analyses, tend to be more sensitive to weathering tests. This, in conjunction with the climate in the region studied, with average annual temperature and rainfall of 27 °C and 1200 mm, could compromise track safety and user comfort. Additionally, the Mg1 and Mg3 samples showed greater percentage variation in wear after the Micro-Deval test, which could damage the ballast due to the considerable changeability of the material. The mass loss caused by abrasion due to the passage of rail vehicles was assessed by the Micro-Deval test, with Mg3 (intact rock) declining from 8.50 ± 1.5 to 11.04 ± 0.5% after chemical attack. However, Gn2, which exhibited the greatest mass loss among the samples, showed no significant variation in average wear, and its mineralogical characteristics remained almost unchanged after 60 sodium sulfate cycles. These aspects, combined with its satisfactory hydraulic conductivity rate, indicate that Gn2 is suitable for use as railway ballast in the EF-118 railway line.
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AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease is recurrent inflammation that affects the gastrointestinal tract causing changes in intestinal motility. The evolution of these changes is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatomical and functional changes in the colon during the development of acute and chronic DSS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in C57Bl/6 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were relocated into 5 groups: control (GC) and groups exposed to DSS 3 % for 2 (DSS2d), 5 (DSS5d) and 7 DSS7d) days (acute UC) or 3 cycles (DSS3C; Chronic UC). Mice were monitored daily. After euthanasia, colonic tissue was assessed with histological, immunofluorescence and colon manometry methods. KEY FINDINGS: Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic disease characterized by overt inflammation of the colon. Here we investigate whether the morphological changes caused by UC in the colonic wall, in tuft cells and in enteric neurons also promote any alteration in colonic motility patterns. UC Promotes thickening in the colonic wall, fibrosis, reduction in the number of tuft cells and consequently goblet cells also, without promoting neuronal death however there is a change in the chemical code of myenteric neurons. All of these morphological changes were responsible for causing a change in colonic contractions, colonic migration motor complex, total time of gastrointestinal transit and therefore promoting dysmotility. Further studies stimulating a hyperplasia of tuft cells may be the way to try to keep the colonic epithelium healthy, reducing the damage caused by UC. SIGNIFICANCE: Increasing disease pathology of DSS-induced UC induces structural and neuroanatomical changes and driven damage to cholinergic neurons causes colonic dysmotility, including increase of cholinergic myenteric neurons, followed by variations in the motility pattern of different regions of the colon that taking together characterize colonic dysmotility.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Colite , Camundongos , Animais , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/patologia , Colo/patologia , Inflamação/patologia , Doença Crônica , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
This article demonstrates the possibility of producing alkali-activated hybrid cements based on fly ash (FA), and construction and demolition wastes (concrete waste, COW; ceramic waste, CEW; and masonry waste, MAW) using sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) (2-6%) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (5-10%) as activators. From a mixture of COW, CEW, and MAW in equal proportions (33.33%), a new precursor called CDW was generated. The precursors were mixed with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (10-30%). Curing of the materials was performed at room temperature (25 °C). The hybrid cements activated with Na2SO4 reached compressive strengths of up to 31 MPa at 28 days of curing, and the hybrid cements activated with Na2CO3 yielded compressive strengths of up to 22 MPa. Based on their mechanical performance, the optimal mixtures were selected: FA/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, CDW/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, FA/30OPC-10%Na2CO3, and CDW/30OPC-10%Na2CO3. At prolonged ages (180 days), these mixtures reached compressive strength values similar to those reported for pastes based on 100% OPC. A notable advantage is the reduction of the heat of the reaction, which can be reduced by up to 10 times relative to that reported for the hydration of Portland cement. These results show the feasibility of manufacturing alkaline-activated hybrid cements using alternative activators with a lower environmental impact.
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RESUMO A mineração de scheelita, localizada em Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, tem gerado grandes volumes de resíduos sólidos que são destinados inadequadamente aos sistemas ambientais, causando impactos ambientais negativos ao município. Uma das alternativas encontradas para destinar adequadamente esses resíduos é o uso em argamassas de matriz cimentícia. No entanto, não há estudos consistentes sobre a viabilidade técnica quanto aos ataques químicos e à influência na sua durabilidade. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se as argamassas confeccionadas com resíduos da mineração de scheelita em substituição total ao agregado convencional são suscetíveis ao ataque por sulfato de sódio. A caracterização física, química e mineralógica do resíduo foi realizada fazendo uso das seguintes técnicas: análise granulométrica por peneiramento; determinação da massa unitária; obtenção do teor de material pulverulento; espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X, e difração de raios X. A investigação da ocorrência do ataque por sulfato de sódio foi avaliada pela variação dimensional dos corpos de prova quando imersos em solução de sulfato de sódio, de acordo com a metodologia da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas NBR 13583. Os resultados do traço 1:3 indicaram que os agregados oriundos dos resíduos da mineração de scheelita apresentaram comportamento reativo ao ataque por sulfato de sódio (expansão maior que 0,06%), bem como houve aumento da resistência à compressão simples em 4,74%. Portanto, embora tenha sido constatado que os corpos de prova incorporados com resíduos de scheelita tenham sido reativos ao sulfato, observou-se que não foram capazes de deteriorar mecanicamente os corpos de prova.
ABSTRACT The scheelite mining, located in Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, has generated large volumes of solid waste that are inadequately destined for environmental systems, causing negative environmental impacts to the municipality. One of the alternatives to destination of these residues is the use in cementitious matrix mortars. However, there are no consistent studies on the technical feasibility of chemical attacks and influence on their durability. In this context, this work aimed to verify whether mortars made with scheelite mining residues in total substitution to conventional aggregate are susceptible to attack by sodium sulfate. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the residue was carried out using the following techniques: sieve particle size analysis; determination of unit mass; obtaining the content of powdery material; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. In the investigation of the occurrence of sodium sulfate attack was evaluated by the dimensional variation of the specimens when immersed in sodium sulfate solution, according to the methodology of Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas NBR 13583. The results of mixture 1:3 indicated that the aggregates from scheelite mining residues showed a reactive behavior to attack by sodium sulfate (expansion greater than 0.06%), as well as an increase in resistance to simple compression by 4.74%. Therefore, although it was found that specimens incorporated with scheelite residues were reactive to sulfate, it was observed that they were not able to mechanically deteriorate the specimens.
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Non-responsiveness to anti-TNF-α therapies presents relevant rates in inflammatory bowel disease patients, presenting the need to find biomarkers involved in therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we demonstrate that higher levels of colonic formyl peptide receptor 1 and annexin A1 correlate with histological recovery in Crohn's disease patients under remission. Using the dextran sulfate sodium colitis model in mice, we suggest that infliximab induces annexin A1 expression and secretion in activated intestinal leukocytes. Conversely, this mechanism might stimulate epithelial formyl peptide receptors, inducing wound healing and consequent histological remission. Our data indicate that assessing intestinal expressions of formyl peptide receptors and annexin A1 might provide precious information on the disease activity and responsiveness to infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Assuntos
Anexina A1/metabolismo , Colite/etiologia , Colite/metabolismo , Doença de Crohn/etiologia , Doença de Crohn/metabolismo , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/metabolismo , Adulto , Animais , Anexina A1/genética , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Biópsia , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/patologia , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Infliximab/farmacologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Biológicos , Especificidade de Órgãos , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/genética , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In some areas of the world, high levels of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) are found in the soil together with sodium chloride (NaCl). However, most studies on salinity are performed utilizing only NaCl as a salinizing agent. Generally, plant species have different tolerance/susceptibility responses when grown in the presence of these salts. Some studies showed that Na2SO4 seems to be more inhibitory than NaCl for the growth of species such as barley, wheat, sugar cane, beet, tomato, wild potato, and others. However, studies focusing on how Na2SO4 can affect the biochemical and physiological processes of plants are very scarce. This review provides an overview on the effects of Na2SO4 on different crops and plants species with a special emphasis on the tolerance/non-tolerance mechanisms of the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera under elevated NaCl and Na2SO4. A better understanding of the tolerance mechanisms in this particular species will help to identify cultivars of crop species that are more tolerant to Na2SO4. This knowledge could be used to extent cultivation of certain crop plants on Na2SO4 containing soils.
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Prosopis , Cloreto de Sódio , Salinidade , Plantas Tolerantes a Sal , Sódio , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. Here, we described that in vitro atorvastatin (ATO) treatment was not toxic to splenocytes, constrained cell proliferation and modulated IL-6 and IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. Mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for colitis induction and treated with ATO shifted their immune response from Th17 towards Th2, improved the clinical and histological aspects of intestinal inflammation and reduced the number of circulating leukocytes. Both experimental and in silico analyses revealed that PPAR-α expression is reduced in experimental colitis, which was reversed by ATO treatment. While IBD patients also downregulate PPAR-α expression, the responsiveness to biological therapy relied on the restoration of PPAR-α levels. Indeed, the in vitro and in vivo effects induced by ATO treatment were abrogated in Ppara-/- mice or leukocytes. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of ATO in colitis are dependent on PPAR-α, which could also be a potential predictive biomarker of therapy responsiveness in IBD.
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Atorvastatina/farmacologia , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , PPAR alfa/imunologia , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/genética , Colite/imunologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , PPAR alfa/genética , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologiaRESUMO
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing incidence in the world, especially in developing countries. Although knowledge of its pathogenesis has progressed over the last years, some details require clarification. Studies have highlighted the role of microbial dysbiosis and immune dysfunction as essential factors that may initiate the typical high-grade inflammatory outcome. In order to better understand the immunopathophysiological aspects of UC, experimental murine models are valuable tools. Some of the most commonly used chemicals to induce colitis are trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, oxazolone and dextran sodium sulfate. These may also be used to investigate new ways of preventing or treating UC and therefore improving targeting in human studies. The use of functional foods or bioactive compounds from plants may constitute an innovative direction towards the future of alternative medicine. Considering the above, this review focused on updated information regarding the 1. gut microbiota and immunopathogenesis of UC; 2. the most utilized animal models of the disease and their relevance; and 3. experimental application of natural products, not yet tested in clinical trials.
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Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of hydrated wheat fiber replacing meat and fat in beef burgers on technological characteristics, sensory acceptance and hunger satisfaction. The different levels of hydrated wheat fiber (1â¯g fiber: 6â¯g water) were 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0â¯g of fiber/80â¯g burger portion. Results showed that the greater the addition of hydrated wheat fiber, the lower the protein (Pâ¯<â¯.0001) and lipid (Pâ¯=â¯.0006) content and consequently the greater the reduction in caloric value. Burgers with up to 3.75â¯g fiber/80â¯g portion showed the same (Pâ¯>â¯.05) sensory acceptance as the Control burgers (those without added fiber). Sandwiches comprised of burgers with 2.5 and 5.0â¯g fiber/80â¯g portion caused the same (Pâ¯>â¯.05) hunger satisfaction (satiety feeling) as those comprised of Control burgers for up to 3â¯h after consumption. Burgers containing 3.75â¯g fiber/80â¯g burger may represent an interesting alternative for people who want to reduce caloric intake and/or increase the proportion of insoluble fiber in their diet.
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Fibras na Dieta/análise , Produtos da Carne/análise , Saciação , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Comportamento do Consumidor , Substitutos da Gordura , Humanos , Lipídeos , Valor Nutritivo , Suínos , TriticumRESUMO
This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable films from myofibrillar proteins from whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) using stearic acid (SA) to improve its technological properties. The proteins extracted were lyophilized, characterized, and used to prepare the films. The filmogenic solutions were dried on a silicone stand at 35 °C for 14 h in an incubator oven according to the casting method. The region with the best mechanical, physical, and barrier properties in the films was defined by a full factorial design. The lyophilized myofibrillar proteins (LMP) had protein content of 96.03%. The analysis of the experimental design results indicated the best conditions to prepare the optimized film were 2.84% LMP, 3.18% SA, and 78.41% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The control films were prepared with 2.84% LMP and 30% plasticizer. The optimized film had significantly lower water vapor permeability (5.87E-11 g m m-2 s-1 Pa-1), higher tensile strength (6.35 MPa), and lower elongation (235.60%) compared with control (p≤0.05). It also had lower transparency values and excellent UV barrier property, which indicates a tendency to opaque. Thermal stability was good and the microstructure revealed a structural change in the filmogenic matrix, confirmed by x-ray diffraction, which indicates influence of SDS and SA on film crystallinity. Solubility increased by 22% and swelling decreased slightly in the optimized film compared to the control. The results obtained represent a positive contribution with the use of fish byproducts by applying alternative, sustainable technologies.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes biodegradáveis de proteínas miofibrilares de aparas da filetagem da corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) utilizando ácido esteárico (AE) para melhorar suas propriedades tecnológicas. As proteínas extraídas foram liofilizadas, caracterizadas e utilizadas na elaboração dos filmes. As soluções filmogênicas foram secas em suporte de silicone a 35°C por 14 horas em estufa incubadora, de acordo com o método casting. A região com as melhores propriedades mecânicas, físicas e de barreira dos filmes foi definida por planejamento fatorial completo. As proteínas miofibrilares liofilizadas (PML) apresentaram teor proteico de 96,03%. A análise dos resultados do planejamento experimental indicou que as melhores condições para elaborar o filme otimizado foram: 2,84% PML, 3,18% AE e 78,41% SDS (dodecil sulfato de sódio). Os filmes controles foram elaborados com 2,84% de PML e 30% de plastificante. O filme otimizado apresentou significativa diminuição da permeabilidade ao vapor de água (5,87E-11 g m m-2 s-1 Pa-1), com maior resistência a tração (6,35 MPa) e menor elongação (235,60%) quando comparado ao controle (p ≤ 0,05. Apresentando também menores valores de transparência e excelente propriedade de barreira UV, indicando tendência ao opaco. Apresentou boa estabilidade térmica e a microestrutura revelou mudança estrutural na matriz filmogênica, confirmado pela difração de raio-x, indicando a influência do SDS e AE na cristalinidade do filme. Houve aumento de 22% na solubilidade e ligeira diminuição do intumescimento do filme otimizado em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos representam contribuição positiva com o aproveitamento de subprodutos de peixe aplicando tecnologias alternativas e sustentáveis.
Assuntos
Animais , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio , Miofibrilas , Plásticos Biodegradáveis/análise , Técnica de Nutrientes em Filmes/métodos , Ácidos Esteáricos , Perciformes , Proteínas de PeixesRESUMO
This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable films from myofibrillar proteins from whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) using stearic acid (SA) to improve its technological properties. The proteins extracted were lyophilized, characterized, and used to prepare the films. The filmogenic solutions were dried on a silicone stand at 35 °C for 14 h in an incubator oven according to the casting method. The region with the best mechanical, physical, and barrier properties in the films was defined by a full factorial design. The lyophilized myofibrillar proteins (LMP) had protein content of 96.03%. The analysis of the experimental design results indicated the best conditions to prepare the optimized film were 2.84% LMP, 3.18% SA, and 78.41% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The control films were prepared with 2.84% LMP and 30% plasticizer. The optimized film had significantly lower water vapor permeability (5.87E-11 g m m-2 s-1 Pa-1), higher tensile strength (6.35 MPa), and lower elongation (235.60%) compared with control (p≤0.05). It also had lower transparency values and excellent UV barrier property, which indicates a tendency to opaque. Thermal stability was good and the microstructure revealed a structural change in the filmogenic matrix, confirmed by x-ray diffraction, which indicates influence of SDS and SA on film crystallinity. Solubility increased by 22% and swelling decreased slightly in the optimized film compared to the control. The results obtained represent a positive contribution with the use of fish byproducts by applying alternative, sustainable technologies.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes biodegradáveis de proteínas miofibrilares de aparas da filetagem da corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) utilizando ácido esteárico (AE) para melhorar suas propriedades tecnológicas. As proteínas extraídas foram liofilizadas, caracterizadas e utilizadas na elaboração dos filmes. As soluções filmogênicas foram secas em suporte de silicone a 35°C por 14 horas em estufa incubadora, de acordo com o método casting. A região com as melhores propriedades mecânicas, físicas e de barreira dos filmes foi definida por planejamento fatorial completo. As proteínas miofibrilares liofilizadas (PML) apresentaram teor proteico de 96,03%. A análise dos resultados do planejamento experimental indicou que as melhores condições para elaborar o filme otimizado foram: 2,84% PML, 3,18% AE e 78,41% SDS (dodecil sulfato de sódio). Os filmes controles foram elaborados com 2,84% de PML e 30% de plastificante. O filme otimizado apresentou significativa diminuição da permeabilidade ao vapor de água (5,87E-11 g m m-2 s-1 Pa-1), com maior resistência a tração (6,35 MPa) e menor elongação (235,60%) quando comparado ao controle (p ≤ 0,05. Apresentando também menores valores de transparência e excelente propriedade de barreira UV, indicando tendência ao opaco. Apresentou boa estabilidade térmica e a microestrutura revelou mudança estrutural na matriz filmogênica, confirmado pela difração de raio-x, indicando a influência do SDS e AE na cristalinidade do filme. Houve aumento de 22% na solubilidade e ligeira diminuição do intumescimento do filme otimizado em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos representam contribuição positiva com o aproveitamento de subprodutos de peixe aplicando tecnologias alternativas e sustentáveis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Técnica de Nutrientes em Filmes/métodos , Miofibrilas , Ácidos Esteáricos , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio , Plásticos Biodegradáveis/análise , Proteínas de Peixes , PerciformesRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Propolis has since long been utilized in numerous folk medicines with a variety of medicinal properties. In this study, the effects of ethanol-extracted (EEP) and water-extracted (WEP) Brazilian green propolis on the post-initiation phase of inflammation-associated rat colon tumorigenesis were directly compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male F344 rats at 6 weeks of age were subcutaneously injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at 40 mg/kg body weight twice during the first week, followed by 1% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for one week. After a 1-week no-treatment period, animals were administered either basal Oriental MF powdered diet, or 1% EEP or 1% WEP in the basal diet until week 32. RESULTS: Post-initiation treatment with EEP significantly reduced the multiplicity of colorectal carcinomas compared to the control (0.40±0.13/rat vs. 2.29±0.84/rat, respectively, p<0.05), and EEP also reduced the tumor volume. Immunohistochemically, expression of inflammation-associated proteins inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrotic factor alpha, nuclear factor kappa B and glutathione peroxidase-2 were significantly diminished in colorectal tumors from EEP-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress, which had been triggered by DMH and promoted by DSS, was a primary mechanism by which EEP suppressed carcinogenesis.
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Transformação Celular Neoplásica/efeitos dos fármacos , Colite/prevenção & controle , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias do Colo/prevenção & controle , Própole/farmacologia , 1,2-Dimetilidrazina , Animais , Carcinógenos , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana , Etanol/química , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Própole/isolamento & purificação , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Dextran sodium sulfate ( DSS: ) has been shown to be effective at inducing enteric inflammation in broiler chickens, resulting in increased leakage of orally administered fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran to circulation. In a previous study, 2 doses of DSS (0.45 g/dose) administered as oral gavage resulted in increased mucosal permeability. The main objective of the present study was to compare serum turbidity in control and DSS treated birds plus with feed restriction ( FR: ), and evaluate the associated serum chemistry. Three independent experiments were conducted with different combinations of treatment groups. In Experiment 1, control full-fed ( CON: ) and DSS full-fed ( FFD: ) with n = 15 birds/group were evaluated, Experiment 2 had groups (n = 15/group) CON, FFD, feed restriction ( FRS: for 34 h), and DSS with feed restriction ( FRD: ), and Experiment 3 (n = 15/group) had CON, FFD, and FRS (29 h FRS). All DSS treated birds received one or 2 doses of DSS by oral gavage (0.45 g/dose/bird). Results showed that, compared to CON group, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in serum turbidity in FFD birds, even though the difference between FRS and FRD was not apparent (P > 0.05). Administration of DSS did not result in increase of serum enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH: ), nonetheless, the FFD showed lower (P < 0.05) LDH level compared to CON in Experiment 2. Among the various serum chemistry parameters evaluated triglycerides had the highest positive correlation (r2 = 0.85; P < 0.05) with serum turbidity. DSS administration resulted in decreased serum protein levels, especially albumin. These results suggest that oral gavage with DSS in broiler chicks could result in changes to serum chemistry parameters which could be developed as potential marker/s for gut leakage.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/diagnóstico , Administração Oral , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Sulfato de Dextrana/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/diagnóstico , Nefelometria e Turbidimetria/veterinária , Permeabilidade , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/induzido quimicamente , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
El proceso de curtido consiste en transformar la piel de ganado vacuno u otros animales, en cuero, mediante la aplicación de taninos que son sustancias de origen vegetal, o también de cromo. Este elemento es un contaminante cuya concentración máxima permisible en vertimientos industriales es de 1 mg/L, según la Resolución 1074 de 1997 del Departamento Administrativo de Medio Ambiente (DAMA), para el Distrito Capital, por la cual se establecen estándares ambientales en materia de vertimientos. Se evaluó la factibilidad técnica para recuperar y reutilizar cromo de las aguas residuales del proceso de curtido de una curtiembre en San Benito (Bogotá), precipitándolo con soda cáustica 4 M y regenerándolo con sulfato de sodio y ácido fórmico grado industrial en reemplazo de ácido sulfúrico, regulado por estupefacientes, para reutilizar la sal de cromo en el mismo proceso de curtido. Su implementación minimiza contaminación de aguas con cromo y disminuye costos de producción. Se redujo el contenido de cromo del agua residual del proceso de curtido en 99,9% desde concentraciones promedio de 2.475 mg/L hasta niveles inferiores a 1,0 mg/L, permitiendo reutilización del agua para lavado de pieles saladas que ingresan al proceso, después de tratamiento con hidroxicloruro de aluminio e hipoclorito de sodio, disminuyendo significativamente su consumo. Se determinó la calidad del cuero obtenido mediante pruebas de encogimiento y resistencia a la flexión. Los procesos de reutilización de materiales producidos como desecho en procesos de curtiembres son fundamentales en la sostenibilidad ambiental de estas industrias.
The tan processes consist in the transformation of cattle or other animal skin in leather through the application of tannins which are substances from vegetal origin, or also with chromium. This element is a pollutant which maximum allowed concentration from industrial disposal is 1 mg/L, under Resolution 1074 of 1997 from the Administrative Department of the Environment (ADE) for the Capital District which establishes environmental standards on dumping. Technical feasibility for chrome recovery and reuse of wastewater from the tanning process in a tannery in San Benito (Bogotá) was evaluated, accelerating it with 4 M caustic soda and regenerating it with sodium sulfate and formic acid (industrial grade) in place of sulfuric acid, regulated by drugs, to reuse the chromium salt in the tanning process. Its implementation minimizes water pollution with chromium and decreases production costs. Chromium content of residual water in the tanning process decreased 99.9% from average concentrations of 2,475 mg / L to levels below 1,0 mg/L, allowing reuse water for salted skins wash that start the process after treatment with aluminum chloride hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, reducing its consumption significantly. The quality of leather obtained was determined by shrinkage tests and bending strength. Processes of materials produced reuse as waste in tan processes are fundamental to the environmental sustainability of these industries.
Assuntos
Humanos , Águas Residuárias , Uso de Águas Residuárias , Cromo , CurtumeRESUMO
Background: Colitis murine models have become essential tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced colitis model faithfully reproduces many of the clinical presentation and immunological disturbances observed in UC. Notwithstanding mice can show differential susceptibilities and responsiveness to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and varying DSS concentration and molecular weights appear to be associated with the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the features of mice induced colitis using different DSS concentrations and molecular weights. Materials, Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice received 2% of high molecular weight DSS (36 000 - 50 000) in drinking water (HDSS2%) or 5% of the same molecular weight (HDSS5%); other group received 5% of low molecular weight DSS (10 000) (LDSS5%). During the 7 days of DSS administration, animals were observed for weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood feces to determine the disease activity index (DAI). On day 8, colons were removed, measured and weighed for indirect assessment of inflammation. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Our results demonstrated that HDSS5% group began to show significant clinical signs sta
Background: Colitis murine models have become essential tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced colitis model faithfully reproduces many of the clinical presentation and immunological disturbances observed in UC. Notwithstanding mice can show differential susceptibilities and responsiveness to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and varying DSS concentration and molecular weights appear to be associated with the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the features of mice induced colitis using different DSS concentrations and molecular weights. Materials, Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice received 2% of high molecular weight DSS (36 000 - 50 000) in drinking water (HDSS2%) or 5% of the same molecular weight (HDSS5%); other group received 5% of low molecular weight DSS (10 000) (LDSS5%). During the 7 days of DSS administration, animals were observed for weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood feces to determine the disease activity index (DAI). On day 8, colons were removed, measured and weighed for indirect assessment of inflammation. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Our results demonstrated that HDSS5% group began to show significant clinical signs sta
RESUMO
Background: Colitis murine models have become essential tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced colitis model faithfully reproduces many of the clinical presentation and immunological disturbances observed in UC. Notwithstanding mice can show differential susceptibilities and responsiveness to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and varying DSS concentration and molecular weights appear to be associated with the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the features of mice induced colitis using different DSS concentrations and molecular weights. Materials, Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice received 2% of high molecular weight DSS (36 000 - 50 000) in drinking water (HDSS2%) or 5% of the same molecular weight (HDSS5%); other group received 5% of low molecular weight DSS (10 000) (LDSS5%). During the 7 days of DSS administration, animals were observed for weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood feces to determine the disease activity index (DAI). On day 8, colons were removed, measured and weighed for indirect assessment of infl ammation. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Our results demonstrated that HDSS5% group began to show significant clinical signs starting from day 1, HDSS2% on day 2 and LDSS5% on day 3 (P < 0.05). However, from day 3, HDSS5% group presented DAI significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.001). In addition, DSS administration for 7 days was associated with significant (P < 0.05) changes in mice body weight compared to control animals. Group HDSS2% showed a weight loss of 23.8%±3.0, and HDSS5% and LDSS5% groups, presented weight loss of 32.65%±0.0 and 8.7%±1.7, respectively. From day 6, HDSS5% group presented weight loss significantly greater than HDSS2% and LDSS5% groups (P < 0.05). In colon macroscopic analysis, high molecular weight DSS groups showed a significantly macroscopic colon changes (P = 0.001) and hematological parameters alteration (P < 0.005) compared to control group. In histological features of colitis, these groups presented a higher histological score compared to normal colon (P < 0.001), with crypt damage, mucosal ulceration and cell inflammatory infiltration. Mice from group LDSS5% did not present significant macroscopic colon changes, hematological parameters alteration, and histological score compared to control group. Discussion: Results of the present study evidenced that acute colonic mucosal injury induced by DSS is dependent on the concentration and molecular weight of DSS administered in drinking water, and these findings are important consideration for reproducible induction of experimental colitis with this model. Moreover, DSS with high molecular weight and high concentration can initiate a severe colitis, which may not be an appropriate model for studies of therapeutic regeneration of the colonic mucosa. Thus, identification of differences in mice response to DSS could provide the basis for investigations of susceptibility or resistance to colitis. DSS-induced colitis model study contributes to the understanding of IBD and in the finding for new therapies targeting the reduction of inflammation.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Background: Colitis murine models have become essential tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced colitis model faithfully reproduces many of the clinical presentation and immunological disturbances observed in UC. Notwithstanding mice can show differential susceptibilities and responsiveness to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and varying DSS concentration and molecular weights appear to be associated with the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the features of mice induced colitis using different DSS concentrations and molecular weights. Materials, Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice received 2% of high molecular weight DSS (36 000 - 50 000) in drinking water (HDSS2%) or 5% of the same molecular weight (HDSS5%); other group received 5% of low molecular weight DSS (10 000) (LDSS5%). During the 7 days of DSS administration, animals were observed for weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood feces to determine the disease activity index (DAI). On day 8, colons were removed, measured and weighed for indirect assessment of inflammation. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Our results demonstrated that HDSS5% group began to show significant clinical signs sta
Background: Colitis murine models have become essential tools to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC). DSS-induced colitis model faithfully reproduces many of the clinical presentation and immunological disturbances observed in UC. Notwithstanding mice can show differential susceptibilities and responsiveness to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and varying DSS concentration and molecular weights appear to be associated with the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the features of mice induced colitis using different DSS concentrations and molecular weights. Materials, Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice received 2% of high molecular weight DSS (36 000 - 50 000) in drinking water (HDSS2%) or 5% of the same molecular weight (HDSS5%); other group received 5% of low molecular weight DSS (10 000) (LDSS5%). During the 7 days of DSS administration, animals were observed for weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood feces to determine the disease activity index (DAI). On day 8, colons were removed, measured and weighed for indirect assessment of inflammation. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis and blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. Our results demonstrated that HDSS5% group began to show significant clinical signs sta
RESUMO
From January to March of 2005 one experiment was developed in a screen house to evaluate the effect of sources and levels of water salinity on emergence and initial development of papaya seedlings cv. Sunrise Solo. A completely randomized experimental design was used and treatments were distributed in a factorial arrangement 3×5, corresponding to three sources (dam water, water salinized with sodium and water salinized with sodium sulfate) and five water saline levels (0.4; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 e 8.0 dS.m-1) and five replications. At 60 days after seedling emergence the following variables were evaluated: soil electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, plant height, stem diameter and dry mass of shoots and roots. The soil electrical conductivity increased independently of salt source, with more expressiveness for dam water, and all evaluated variables of plant growth were inhibited with water salinity increase.
No período, de janeiro a março de 2005, foi desenvolvido um experimento em abrigo telado para avaliar o efeito de fontes e níveis de salinidade sobre a emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de mamão Havaí cv. Sunrise Solo. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3×5, correspondente a três fontes (água salina de barragem (AS), água concentrada em cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e água rica em sulfato de sódio (Na2SO4) e cinco níveis de salinidade (0,4; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) em cinco repetições. Aos 60 dias após a emergência foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: Condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes), % de emergência de sementes, altura de plantas, diâmetro caulinar na altura do colo e biomassa seca de parte aérea e raízes. A CEes do substrato foi elevada, independentemente da fonte utilizada, com maior expressividade para a água de barragem, e as variáveis de crescimento vegetativo avaliadas foram inibidas, independentemente da fonte utilizada, com o incremento da salinidade da água de irrigação.
RESUMO
From January to March of 2005 one experiment was developed in a screen house to evaluate the effect of sources and levels of water salinity on emergence and initial development of papaya seedlings cv. Sunrise Solo. A completely randomized experimental design was used and treatments were distributed in a factorial arrangement 3×5, corresponding to three sources (dam water, water salinized with sodium and water salinized with sodium sulfate) and five water saline levels (0.4; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 e 8.0 dS.m-1) and five replications. At 60 days after seedling emergence the following variables were evaluated: soil electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, plant height, stem diameter and dry mass of shoots and roots. The soil electrical conductivity increased independently of salt source, with more expressiveness for dam water, and all evaluated variables of plant growth were inhibited with water salinity increase.
No período, de janeiro a março de 2005, foi desenvolvido um experimento em abrigo telado para avaliar o efeito de fontes e níveis de salinidade sobre a emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de mamão Havaí cv. Sunrise Solo. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3×5, correspondente a três fontes (água salina de barragem (AS), água concentrada em cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e água rica em sulfato de sódio (Na2SO4) e cinco níveis de salinidade (0,4; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) em cinco repetições. Aos 60 dias após a emergência foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: Condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes), % de emergência de sementes, altura de plantas, diâmetro caulinar na altura do colo e biomassa seca de parte aérea e raízes. A CEes do substrato foi elevada, independentemente da fonte utilizada, com maior expressividade para a água de barragem, e as variáveis de crescimento vegetativo avaliadas foram inibidas, independentemente da fonte utilizada, com o incremento da salinidade da água de irrigação.