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Mexican-origin youth, as a large and growing population among U.S. youth, have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Understanding what, when, and how sociocultural factors may influence their COVID-19 vaccine uptake could inform current and future pandemic-response interventions promoting vaccination behaviors among Mexican-origin youth. The current study takes a developmental approach to reveal the long-term and short-term sociocultural antecedents of 198 Mexican-origin adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination uptake behaviors and explores the underlying mechanism of these associations based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior model. The current study adopted Wave 1 (2012-2015) and Wave 4 (2021-2022) self-reported data from a larger study. Analyses were conducted to examine four mediation models for four sociocultural antecedents-daily discrimination, ethnic discrimination, foreigner stress, and family economic stress-separately. Consistent indirect effects of higher levels of concurrent sociocultural risk factors on a lower probability of COVID-19 vaccine uptake were observed to occur through less knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccines and less positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccines at Wave 4. Significant direct effects, but in opposite directions, were found for the associations between Wave 1 ethnic discrimination/Wave 4 daily discrimination and the probability of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The findings highlight the importance of considering prior and concurrent sociocultural antecedents and the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior pathway leading to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among Mexican-origin youth and suggest that the impact of discrimination on COVID-19 vaccination uptake may depend on the type (e.g., daily or ethnic) and the context (e.g., during the COVID-19 pandemic or not) of discrimination experienced.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Los factores sociodemográficos y socioculturales influyen en la donación de sangre en diversos países, nuestro objetivo de estudio fue determinar cuáles son los factores que influyen en la donación de sangre en el Perú. El estudio: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal en personas entre 18 a 60 años a nivel nacional, se analizaron los datos mediante SPSS v.20 Hallazgos: La muestra de estudio fue de 739 personas, el 50,4% hombres; se determinó que hay buen conocimiento acerca de la donación de sangre con un porcentaje mayor al 50% de preguntas contestadas correctamente, así mismo existe una actitud positiva frente a la donación de sangre Conclusiones: Los factores socioculturales que influyen en la donación de sangre es el desconocimiento, un 40% de los participantes desconoce los requisitos básicos para ser donante de sangre, otro factor es la falsa creencia que al estar tomando medicamentos no se puede donar sangre (47%).

ABSTRACT Background: Sociodemographic and sociocultural factors influence blood donation in various countries, our objective of study was to determine what are the factors that influence blood donation in Peru. The study: An observational, crosssectional study was conducted in people between 18 and 60 years at the national level, the data were analyzed using SPSS v.20 Findings: The study sample was 739 people, 50.4% men; It was determined that there is good knowledge about blood donation with a percentage greater than 50% of questions answered correctly, likewise there is a positive attitude towards blood donation Conclusions: The sociocultural factors that influence blood donation is ignorance, 40% of the participants do not know the basic requirements to be a blood donor, another factor is the false belief. because they are taking medication, they cannot donate blood (47%).

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Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los factores socioculturales en usuarias de 50 años para la toma de Papanicolaou en el hospital Ricardo Cruzado Rivarola de Nasca durante el periodo Diciembre 2021 - Febrero 2022. Materiales y métodos : Realizamos un estudio observacional, analítica, y prospectivo. La población de estudio está constituida por 80 usuarias de 50 años que acuden al hospital Ricardo Cruzado Rivarola para controles de Papanicolaou al consultorio de Ginecología-Obstetricia. La muestra estuvo conformada por 67 usuarias, seleccionadas por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Resultados: Para el primer análisis, en la regresión simple, se encontró que las mujeres con nivel de conocimientos altos tenían 153% mayor frecuencia de haberse realizado alguna vez un pap y las mujeres con nivel de conocimientos altos tenían 384% mayor frecuencia de haberse realizado alguna vez un PAP, en comparación a quienes tenían un nivel de conocimientos bajo. Luego, en la regresión múltiple se observó que las mujeres con nivel de conocimientos altos tenían 382% mayor frecuencia de haberse realizado alguna vez un PAP, en comparación a quienes tenían un nivel de conocimientos bajo. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento sobre el PAP influye de una manera relevante al haberse realizado un PAP; pero además las mujeres que tuvieron mayor educación fueron las que tuvieron mayor frecuencia de haberlo realizado. Esto sumado a la cantidad de hijos; posiblemente porque en los círculos de mujeres con hijos uno de los temas a tratar es sobre la salud materna y dentro ellos el PAP.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the sociocultural factors in 50-year-old users for pap smears at the Ricardo Cruzado Rivarola de Nasca Hospital during the period December 2021 - February 2022. Material and methods: Observational, analytical, and prospective study. The study population is made up of 80 50-year-old users who attend the Ricardo Cruzado Rivarola Hospital for PAP tests at the gynecology-obstetrics office and the sample is 67 users, selected by non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. Results: For the first analysis, in simple and multiple regression, it was found that women with high levels of knowledge had a 384% and 382% higher frequency of having ever undergone a PAP test compared to those with low levels of knowledge. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about the PAP has a relevant influence on having carried out a PAP; but also the women who had a high level were the ones who had the highest frequency of having done it. This added to the number of children; possibly because in the circles of women with children one of the topics to be discussed is about maternal health and within them the PAP.

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The purpose of the research is to describe the sociocultural factors that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Twitter is used as an instrument for data collection. The study is qualitative and uses the netnographic method. To analyze the flow of messages posted on Twitter, the model proposed by Perez-Cepeda and Arias-Bolzmann (2020), which describes sociocultural factors, is taken as a basis. The semantics that people use are a type of functional knowledge that reveals sociocultural factors. Sentiments were analyzed through lexicon-based methods, which are the most suitable. The categorization and classification of the data are performed based on the information that users post on Twitter. The tweets related to COVID-19 describe the sociocultural issues and the level of sentiment around the pandemic. The discussion centers on the COVID-19 pandemic, information consumption, lexicon, sociocultural factors and sentiment analysis. The study was limited to the social media Twitter; another limitation was not to consider the social group of the users who interact with @pandemic_Covid-19, official account of the World Health Organization (WHO). This research contributes to the social sciences, focusing on sociocultural interaction through the use of the social network Twitter. It describes the link between sociocultural factors and the level of sentiment on issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the predictive relationship of socio-demographic variables, cultural adaptation and hope on general well-being (GWB), subjective (SWB), social (SoWB) and psychological (PWB) and in the meaning of life. The participants consisted of 108 immigrants. The instruments used were: bio sociodemographic questionnaire, Mental Health Continuum - Short Form, Dispositional Hope Scale, Acculturation Measures and Meaning of Life Questionnaire. In general, only sociocultural adaptation showed a positive predictive relationship with all types of well-being studied, nonetheless this measure presented a negative predictive relationship regarding the presence of meaning in life. Psychological adaptation was predictively and positively related only to SWB. The perception of cultural distance negatively affected SoWB. The presence of meaning was also negatively predicted by the type of immigration and age. The search for meaning was negatively predicted only by income. The results are important for a better understanding of factors that influence the experience of immigrants in Brazil. (AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a relação preditiva de variáveis sociodemográficas, adaptação cultural e esperança sobre o bem-estar geral (BEG), subjetivo (BES), social (BESo) e psicológico (BEP) e no sentido de vida. Os participantes consistiram em 108 imigrantes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário biossociodemográfico, Mental Health Continuum - Short Form, Escala de Esperança, Acculturation Measures e Questionário de Sentido de Vida. De forma geral, apenas a adaptação sociocultural apresentou relação preditiva positiva com todos os tipos de bem-estar estudados, além de uma relação preditiva negativa com a presença de sentido de vida. A adaptação psicológica relacionou-se preditiva e positivamente apenas com BES. A percepção de distância cultural afetou negativamente BESo. A presença de sentido de vida foi negativamente predita pelo tipo de imigração e idade. A busca por sentido foi negativamente predita pela renda. Os resultados são importantes para a melhor compreensão de fatores que influenciam a vivência de imigrantes no Brasil. (AU)

El presente estudio objetivó evaluar la relación predictiva de variables sociodemográficas, adaptación cultural y esperanza sobre el bienestar general (BEG), subjetivo (BES), social (BESo) y psicológico (BEP) y en el sentido de la vida. Participaron 108 inmigrantes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario biossociodemográfico, Mental Health Continuum - Short Form, Escala de Esperanza, Acculturation Measures y Cuestionario de Sentido de la Vida. En general, solo la adaptación sociocultural mostró una relación predictiva positiva con todos los tipos de bienestar estudiados, además de una relación predictiva negativa con la presencia de sentido de vida. La adaptación psicológica solamente se relaciona de manera predictiva y positiva con el BES. La percepción de distancia cultural afectó negativamente al BESo. La presencia de sentido de vida fue predicha negativamente por el tipo de inmigración y edad. La búsqueda por sentido fue predicha negativamente por los ingresos. Los resultados son importantes para una mejor comprensión de los factores que influyen en la experiencia de los inmigrantes en Brasil. (AU)

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In the Atacama Desert from northern Chile (19-24°S), Prosopis (Leguminosae) individuals are restricted to oases that are unevenly distributed and isolated from each other by large stretches of barren landscape constituting an interesting study model as the degree of connectivity between natural populations depends on their dispersal capacity and the barriers imposed by the landscape. Our goal was to assess the genetic diversity and the degree of differentiation among groups of Prosopis individuals of different species from Section Algarobia and putative hybrids (hereafter populations) co-occurring in these isolated oases from the Atacama Desert and determine whether genetic patterns are associated with dispersal barriers. Thirteen populations were sampled from oases located on three hydrographic basins (Pampa del Tamarugal, Rio Loa, and Salar de Atacama; northern, central, and southern basins, respectively). Individuals genotyped by eight SSRs show high levels of genetic diversity (H O = 0.61, A r = 3.5) and low but significant genetic differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.128, F ST-ENA = 0.129, D JOST = 0.238). The AMOVA indicates that most of the variation occurs within individuals (79%) and from the variance among individuals (21%); almost, the same variation can be found between basins and between populations within basins. Differentiation and structure results were not associated with the basins, retrieving up to four genetic clusters and certain admixture in the central populations. Pairwise differentiation comparisons among populations showed inconsistencies considering their distribution throughout the basins. Genetic and geographic distances were significantly correlated at global and within the basins considered (p < .02), but low correlation indices were obtained (r < .37). These results are discussed in relation to the fragmented landscape, considering both natural and non-natural (humans) dispersal agents that may be moving Prosopis in the Atacama Desert.

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U.S. Latinas are the second most affected ethnic group by cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. Cervical cancer is caused by high risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) strains and HPV vaccines are an effective form of primary prevention. Parents are the primary decision makers of vaccination uptake as vaccination is recommended for children between the ages of 11-12. The purpose of our study is to investigate the influence of sociocultural factors particularly salient to U.S. Latinos and their role in facilitating or hindering communication about sexuality and vaccination uptake. We conducted a mixed methods sequential study with Latina mother-daughter dyads of Mexican descent (50% who had vaccinated). Our study was informed by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model of preventive behavior. We assessed the influence of communication about sexuality on uptake and the influence of relationship factors such as familism, mother-daughter connectedness, and children's autonomy and cultural factors such as acculturation and ethnic identity on sexuality-related communication. Our results indicated that mothers who engaged in conversations about birth control methods with their daughters had 5.69 times the odds of having vaccinated their daughters. Our qualitative data indicated that mothers who had vaccinated communicated about sexuality emphasizing that sexuality is a normal part of life, perceived that their child is likely to be sexually active one day, and viewed themselves as a primary source of sexuality-related information compared to mothers who had not vaccinated. Findings highlighted potential sociocultural approaches to motivate open communication about sexuality and adoption of sexual health preventative measures for children.

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Introducción: La salud sexual y reproductiva es importante para el bienestar general de las mujeres y la toma de decisiones sobre la planificación familiar; sin embargo, existen factores socioculturales que condicionan desfavorablemente los aspectos antes mencionados. Objetivo: Determinar los factores socioculturales que condicionaron desfavorablemente la salud reproductiva de estudiantes de la Universidad de Guayaquil. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y observacional de 120 estudiantes, quienes asistieron a la consulta de ginecoobstetricia de la Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, durante el 2019. Resultados: La edad de los encuestados osciló entre los 18 y 29 años (82,0 %); 55% no recibió o desconocía la existencia de los servicios de orientación sexual que se brindaban a los adolescentes de dicha universidad. Asimismo, 60,0 % de las féminas dejaron de acudir a centros de salud para prepararse sobre temas de salud sexual y reproductiva y abandonaron la protección al tener relaciones sexuales por falta de medios económicos. Conclusiones: Los factores socioculturales influyeron significativamente en el acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva que se brindaron a los adolescentes en la universidad con énfasis en la ausencia de medios económicos.

Introduction: The sexual and reproductive health is important for the general well-being of women and decisions making on the family planning; however, there are sociocultural factors that condition unfavorably the abovementioned aspects. Objective: To determine the sociocultural factors that conditioned unfavorably the reproductive health of students at Guayaquil University. Methods: A descriptive and observational investigation of 120 students was carried out, they attended the gynecoobstetrics service of Guayaquil University, Ecuador, during 2019. Results: The interviewed aged 18 and 29 (82.0 %); 55 % didn't receive or ignored the existence of sexual orientation services that were offered to the adolescents of this university. Also, 60.0 % of women stopped going to health centers to get ready on topics of sexual and reproductive health and they abandoned the protection when having sexual relationships due to lack of economic means. Conclusions: The sociocultural factors influenced significantly in the access to the services of sexual and reproductive health that were offered to the adolescents in the university with emphasis in the absence of economic means.

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Este estudio es un extracto de la Tesis Doctoral 'Mención Europea' - "El Ocio como Ámbito de Integración de los Inmigrantes" en el que hemos investigado las representaciones y vivencias de ocio añadido por mujeres inmigrantes brasileñas que viven matrimonio mixto o transnacional con hombres del País Vasco. El alcance de esta investigación comprueba que el ocio favorece a los inmigrantes acceder sentimientos de libertad (fuente de experiencias valiosas, evolución de papeles psicosociales y conquista de autonomía personal) y sensaciones de felicidad (disfrute, satisfacción y visión lúdico-creativa de la realidad); desde el punto de vista de la integración, la génesis del ocio radica el centro que cambia el 'Sentido de Ser-Estar' de los inmigrantes, posibilitando que desarrollen conocimientos, actualicen competencias y potencialicen habilidades articulando experiencias al vivido y devenido. Por lo tanto, hemos creado un modelo empírico de representación del ocio a partir de la aproximación entre culturas de origen-destino migratorias; desde ahí, se recogieron datos a través de encuesta, entrevistas en profundidad y dinámicas de intervención grupal 'Talleres de Ocio' validando el reconociendo de las concepciones de sentido del ocio identificado con la experiencia (contexto del Ser inmigrante) y apuntado como confluencia intercultural (ámbito del Estar/pertenecer).

Este estudo é um extrato da Tese Doutoral 'Menção Europeia' - "O Ócio como Âmbito de Integração de Imigrantes" em que pesquisamos as representações e vivências de ócio de mulheres imigrantes brasileiras que vivem matrimonio misto ou transnacional com homens do País Basco. O alcance desta pesquisa comprova que o ócio favorece aos imigrantes promover sentimentos de liberdade (fonte de experiências valiosas, evolução de papéis psicossociais e conquista de autonomia pessoal) e sensações de felicidade (desfrute, satisfação e visão lúdico-criativa da realidade); desde o ponto de vista da integração, a gêneses do ócio radica o centro que modifica o 'Sentido de Ser-Estar' de imigrantes, possibilitando que desenvolvam conhecimentos, atualizem competências e potencializem habilidades articulando experiências ao vivido e ao devir. Para tanto, criamos um modelo empírico de representação do ócio a partir da aproximação entre culturas de origem-destino migratórias; assim, se coletou dados através de questionários, entrevistas em profundidade e dinâmicas de intervenção grupal 'Oficinas de Ócio' validando o reconhecimento das concepções de sentido do ócio identificado com a experiência (contexto do Ser imigrante) e apontado como confluência intercultural (âmbito do Estar/pertencer).

This study is an extract from the Doctoral Thesis 'European Mention' - 'Leisure as a Scope of Integration of Immigrants' in which we investigate the representations and experiences of leisure of Brazilian immigrant women living in a mixed or transnational marriage with men from the Basque Country. The scope of this research proves that leisure favors immigrants to promote feelings of freedom (source of valuable experiences, evolution of psychosocial roles and conquest of personal autonomy) and feelings of happiness (enjoyment, satisfaction and playful vision of reality); from the point of view of integration, the genesis of leisure is the center that modifies the 'sense of being' of immigrants, enabling them to develop knowledge, update skills and potentiate skills by articulating experiences to lived and to become. To do so, we created an empirical model of idle representation based on the approximation of migratory source-destination cultures; Thus, data were collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews and group intervention dynamics 'Leisure Workshops', validating the recognition of the conceptions of sense of leisure identified with the experience (context of the immigrant Being) and identified as intercultural confluence /to belong).

Cette étude est un extrait de la Thèse de Doctorat "Mention Européenne" - "L'Otium comme Domaine d'Intégration d'Immigrantes" pour laquelle nous avons effectué des recherches sur les représentations et vécus de l'otium de femmes immigrées brésiliennes qui vivent un mariage mixte ou transnational avec des hommes du Pays Basque. L'apport de cette recherche prouve que l'otium est favorable à l'égard des immigrantes quant aux sentiments de liberté (source d'expériences riches, développement de rôles psychosociaux et conquête d'une autonomie personnelle) et des sensations de bonheur (jouissance, satisfaction et vision ludique-créative de la réalité) ; sous le point de vue de l'intégration, la genèse de l'otium enracine le noyau qui modifie le «Sens d'Être et d'Être l༠des immigrantes, leur donnant la possibilité de développer des savoirs, mettre à jour des compétences et renforcer des habilités en articulant des expériences au vécu et au devenir. Pour cela, nous avons créé un modèle empirique de représentation de l'otium à partir de l'approche entre les cultures d'origine-destination migratoires; les données ont été collectées au moyen de questionnaires, entrevues en profondeur et dynamiques d'interventions groupales «Les Ateliers de l'Otium¼ qui ont validé la reconnaissance des conceptions du sens de l'otium identifié avec le vécu (contexte d'Être immigrante) et pointé sur la confluence interculturelle (portée d'Être/appartenir).

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RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os fatores que influenciam a apreciação corporal entre adolescentes e mulheres jovens. Métodos: As participantes (n = 242) responderam a questionários que avaliaram apreciação corporal, insatisfação corporal, influência sociocultural, atitudes alimentares e autoestima. Resultados: A análise de correlação revelou que todas as variáveis se associaram à apreciação corporal. O modelo de regressão linear múltipla apontou a satisfação corporal como principal preditor de maior apreciação corporal, seguido da autoestima, das atitudes alimentares e de menor influência da mídia. Conclusões: Esses resultados contribuem para o entendimento da imagem corporal positiva entre adolescentes e jovens brasileiras, apontando importantes questões e desafios para pesquisas futuras.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the factors that influence the body appreciation among adolescents and young women. Methods: Participants (n = 242) answered questionnaires that assessed body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, sociocultural influence, eating attitudes and self-esteem. Results: The correlation analysis revealed that all variables were associated with body appreciation. The multiple linear regression model pointed to body satisfaction as the main predictor of greater body appreciation, followed by self-esteem, eating attitudes and a lower influence of the media. Conclusions: These results contribute to the understanding of positive body image among Brazilian adolescents and youngsters, pointing out important issues and challenges for future research.

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Este estudo comparou o conhecimento e a autoeficácia de memória (metamemória) medidos por meio do Questionário de Metamemória em Adultos (MIA), em adultos entre 28 e 59 anos de idade, divididos em dois grupos de escolaridade: até o Ensino Médio (n = 20) e com Ensino Superior (n = 20) completos. Também foi investigada a associação entre metamemória e nível socioeconômico (NSE) e entre frequência de hábitos de leitura (HL) e escrita (HE) na amostra total. Os resultados mostraram que adultos com Ensino Superior completo relataram maior percepção de Controle, maiores Conhecimento e uso de Estratégias de memória em comparação ao outro grupo. Adultos com mais altos NSE, HL e HE relataram conhecer mais estratégias de memória e controlar melhor suas habilidades mnemônicas. Esses indicadores socioeducacionais podem estar associados a um funcionamento metacognitivo mais adaptado. O estudo discute o papel do perfil educacional e das atividades intelectuais de adultos saudáveis economicamente ativos.

This study compared Memory Knowledge and Memory Self-Efficacy (Metamemory), assessed by the Metamemory in Adulthood Questionnaire (MIA), in adults aged from 28 to 59 years, allocated in two educational level groups: up to complete Secondary Education (n = 20) and complete Undergraduates (n = 20). Moreover, we have examined the association between Metamemory and socioeconomic status (SES), and frequency of reading (RH) and writing (WH) habits in the total sample. Results showed that Undergraduate adults perceived themselves with more control over memory and more memory knowledge and usage of strategies compared to the other group. In general, adults with higher SES, RH and WH reported more memory Strategies and more Control over mnemonic abilities. These educational and socioeconomic indicators may be associated with a refined cognitive functioning. We discuss the role of educational profile and intellectual activities in healthy and economically active adults.

Este estudio comparó el Conocimiento y la Eficacia de la memoria (metamemoria), medido por el Cuestionario de Metamemoria para Adultos (MIA). Se evaluaron adultos entre 28 y 59 años, divididos en dos grupos: educación hasta la secundaria (n = 20) y educación superior completa (n = 20). También se investigó la asociación entre metamemoria y el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y la frecuencia de los hábitos de lectura (HL) y escritura (HE) en la muestra total. Los resultados mostraron que los adultos con educación superior informaron una mayor percepción de Control, mayor Conocimiento y uso de Estrategias de memoria en comparación con el otro grupo. Los adultos con mayor NSE, HL, y HE relataron conocer más estrategias de memoria y controlar mejor sus habilidades mnemónicas. Estos indicadores sociales y educativas pueden estar asociados con un funcionamiento metacognitivo más adecuado. Este estudio analizó el papel del perfil educativo y de las actividades intelectuales de los adultos sanos económicamente activos.

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Resumen: La imagen corporal es un tópico relevante en el desarrollo de la identidad durante la adolescencia, donde los factores sociales son decisivos en la determinación de las expectativas individuales. Este estudio describe y analiza la percepción que mujeres adolescentes tienen acerca de la influencia de los aspectos socioculturales en su imagen corporal. El enfoque de investigación fue cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, basado en la teoría fundamentada. Se entrevistó a cinco mujeres adolescentes de entre 16 y 18 años de edad. Los resultados muestran que existe una experiencia de la imagen corporal caracterizada por sentimientos ambivalentes y diferentes grados de insatisfacción corporal. En general, las participantes sobrevaloran la importancia del aspecto físico y, específicamente, la delgadez es considerada signo de atractivo, éxito y perfección; prototipo estético que favorece la insatisfacción corporal. Los parámetros socioculturales percibidos como más influyentes fueron los medios masivos de comunicación, especialmente las redes sociales digitales, que superan a los pares y a la familia. Se concluye que el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de juicio crítico para discernir entre los ideales corporales y los cuerpos reales podría favorecer la prevención de problemas alimentarios en las mujeres adolescentes.

Abstract: Body image is a relevant topic in the development of identity during the adolescence, where social factors are significant in determining individual expectations. This study aims to describe and analyze the perception that female adolescents have about the influence of sociocultural factors on their own body image. This research has a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive approach based on the Grounded Theory. Five adolescent girls aged between 16 and 18 years were interviewed. Results show that body image is characterized by ambivalent feelings and different degrees of body dissatisfaction. In general, participants overvalue physical aspects, for instance, thinness is believed as a sign of attractiveness, success and perfection, prototype linked to body dissatisfaction. The more influential sociocultural parameters were mass media, especially online social networks, peers and family. It is concluded that strengthening critical judgment skills to distinguish between the ideal body and the real body could enhance the prevention of eating disturbances in adolescent women.

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Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación cuyo objetivo consistió en determinar la incidencia de los factores asociados al desarrollo de la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de noveno grado de la Institución Educativa Distrital Jesús Maestro Fe y Alegría de Barranquilla. Asumiendo que la comprensión lectora está presente en la vida como fuente de entendimiento y placer, esta investigación surge porque los docentes en aula han identificado que los estudiantes presentan dificultades en el proceso lector que pueden estar asociadas a factores académicos, socioculturales y personales. El diseño es de carácter mixto (cualitativo-cuantitativo) y las técnicas de recolección de información fueron: entrevista y encuestas con preguntas cerradas y abiertas. Los resultados evidenciaron que el 50 % de los estudiantes poseen la habilidad para comprender lo que leen, pero su contexto familiar no acompaña los procesos y en lo escolar no hay ambientes que motiven la lectura. Lo anterior se evidencia en su desempeño escolar. Ante este problema, la institución debe gestionar estrategias pedagógicas para fomentar procesos lectores en los que se integren las áreas del conocimiento, así como crear espacios para el desarrollo de la lectura y su comprensión.

Abstract This article is the result of research and its main work objective is to determine the incidence of the factors associated with the development of reading comprehension for ninth grade students of School District Jesús Maestro Fe y Alegría of Barranquilla. Based on the fact that reading comprehension is present in life as a source of understanding and pleasure, because when learners read, they are generally motivated to think and respond with answers; this research arises because teachers in the classroom identify those students that have difficulties in the reading process, which in turn may be associated with academic, cultural and personal factors that significantly affect the teaching-learning process.The design is of a mixed nature (qualitative - quantitative) and the techniques of data collection were made through interviews and surveys with closed and open questions. The results proved that 50 % of students have the ability to understand what they read, but from the familiar context does not accompany the process and from the school point of view no favorable environments encourage reading. This of course is evident in school performance thereof. Faced with this situation the institution must manage educational strategies to promote reading processes in the areas of knowledge, thus creating enough spaces for the development of integrated reading and understanding.

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Se exponen las características y fases de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, así como las etapas de construcción, siendo estas la especificación, identificación, estimación de parámetros, evaluación del ajuste, reespecificación del modelo y la interpretación de resultados. Se presenta el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio como parte para la construcción de un modelo. Se detallan algunos paquetes computacionales como el LISREL, AMOS y SPSS. A modo de ejemplificar los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se realiza un estudio en la población docente de tiempo completo del departamento de ingeniería Industrial y Manufactura de una universidad pública de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Se estudia el impacto de los factores socioculturales y ergoambientales en la satisfacción laboral, obteniendo un modelo resultante en el que se detallan las variables más y menos significativas. No se rechazan las cuatro hipótesis cuyos valores son 0,06, 0,06, 0,071, 0,074, respectivamente.

The characteristics and phases of structural equation modeling and construction phases, and these are the specification, identification, parameter estimation, assessment of adjustment, re-specification of the model and the interpretation of results are shown. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as part for the construction of a model is presented. Some software packages like LISREL, AMOS and SPSS are detailed. By way of illustrating the structural equation modeling, a study was performed on the population of full-time faculty of the Department of Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing of a public university in Ciudad juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The impact of sociocultural and ergoambientales factors in getting a job satisfaction resulting model in which more and less significant variables detailed studied. The four scenarios whose values are 0,06, 0,06, 0,071, 0,074 respectively can not refuse.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o envolvimento paterno em famílias de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Participaram 81 pais de crianças entre 4 e 6 anos, que foram classificados em três níveis socioeconômicos de acordo com a escala Hollingshead. Os pais responderam ao Questionário de Engajamento Paterno e à Ficha de Dados Sociodemográficos. Foram utilizados os testes ANCOVA e Kruskal-Wallis para verificar as diferenças no envolvimento paterno entre os grupos. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças no envolvimento paterno entre os grupos de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos, exceto na dimensão cuidados básicos. Discute-se a semelhança entre os três grupos e como as novas concepções e expectativas sobre a paternidade estão sendo compartilhadas por diferentes estratos da sociedade.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize paternal involvement in families from different socioeconomic levels. Participated 81 fathers of children between 4 and 6 years, which were classified into three socioeconomic levels, according to Hollingshead scale. Fathers responded to Paternal Engagement Questionnaire and Socio-Demographic Data Sheet. ANCOVA and Kruskal- Wallis tests were used to verify differences in paternal involvement among groups. The results revealed no differences in paternal involvement among groups from different socioeconomic levels, except in the dimension basic care. Therefore is discussed the similarity among the three groups and how new ideas and expectations about parenthood are shared by different strata of society.

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RESUMO Apesar das controvérsias sobre o conceito e a avaliação da inteligência, o desempenho cognitivo assume um papel fundamental no contexto educativo e são múltiplos os fatores que lhe estão associados. Este estudo toma uma amostra aleatória e representativa de 1201 crianças do 2.º ciclo do ensino básico de escolas públicas portuguesas, com idades entre 9 e 14 anos. Discute-se o impacto das variáveis sociofamiliares (profissão da mãe e do pai, escolaridade da mãe e do pai e meio de pertença urbano vs rural). Os resultados destacam a relevância dessas variáveis para a explicação do desempenho cognitivo dos alunos, especialmente a escolaridade da mãe e o meio urbano de proveniência. Apresentam-se considerações práticas voltadas à equidade do sistema educativo.

ABSTRACT Despite the controversies over the concept and evaluation of intelligence, cognitive achievement plays a fundamental role in educational context, and multiple factors are related to it. The current study uses a random and representative sample of 1201 2nd grade children from Portuguese public schools, between 9 and 14 years old. This study aims to discuss the impact of social and familial variables (mother and father's jobs, mother and father's educational level, and urban or rural environment of belonging). The results highlight the importance of social and familial variables as an explanation to students' cognitive achievement, with great relevance to mother's educational level and urban environment of belonging. Practical considerations aiming a better equity in educational system are presented.

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As representações sociais do envelhecimento podem ser diferentes de acordo com a cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as representações do envelhecimento no Brasil e na Itália. Participaram 360 sujeitos distribuídos igualmente entre as nacionalidades, sexo e grupo etário. O questionário apresentou questões fechadas e abertas. Os resultados indicam associação das variáveis sociais (sexo, grupo etário e contexto cultural) com duas representações de envelhecimento: uma, na qual as relações sociais e a atividade completam a ideia de um momento exitoso, em que experiência de vida produziu sabedoria diante da vida, e outra como um processo que, embora traga experiência e sabedoria, resulta em declínio, doenças, inatividade e incapacidades, indicando o fim da vida.

The social representations of aging may differ according to culture. The aim of this study was to compare the representations of aging in Brazil and in Italy. The participants were 360 subjects equally distributed between nationalities, sex and age group. The questionnaire presented closed and open ended questions. The results indicate the association of social variables (sex, age group and cultural context) with two representations of aging: one, where social relations and activity complete the idea of a successful moment in which life experience produced wisdom toward life, and another as a process that, although bring experience and wisdom, results in decline, illness, inactivity and incapacity, indicating the end of life.

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As representações sociais do envelhecimento podem ser diferentes de acordo com a cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as representações do envelhecimento no Brasil e na Itália. Participaram 360 sujeitos distribuídos igualmente entre as nacionalidades, sexo e grupo etário. O questionário apresentou questões fechadas e abertas. Os resultados indicam associação das variáveis sociais (sexo, grupo etário e contexto cultural) com duas representações de envelhecimento: uma, na qual as relações sociais e a atividade completam a ideia de um momento exitoso, em que experiência de vida produziu sabedoria diante da vida, e outra como um processo que, embora traga experiência e sabedoria, resulta em declínio, doenças, inatividade e incapacidades, indicando o fim da vida.(AU).

The social representations of aging may differ according to culture. The aim of this study was to compare the representations of aging in Brazil and in Italy. The participants were 360 subjects equally distributed between nationalities, sex and age group. The questionnaire presented closed and open ended questions. The results indicate the association of social variables (sex, age group and cultural context) with two representations of aging: one, where social relations and activity complete the idea of a successful moment in which life experience produced wisdom toward life, and another as a process that, although bring experience and wisdom, results in decline, illness, inactivity and incapacity, indicating the end of life.(AU)

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All humans share a universal, evolutionarily ancient approximate number system (ANS) that estimates and combines the numbers of objects in sets with ratio-limited precision. Interindividual variability in the acuity of the ANS correlates with mathematical achievement, but the causes of this correlation have never been established. We acquired psychophysical measures of ANS acuity in child and adult members of an indigene group in the Amazon, the Mundurucú, who have a very restricted numerical lexicon and highly variable access to mathematics education. By comparing Mundurucú subjects with and without access to schooling, we found that education significantly enhances the acuity with which sets of concrete objects are estimated. These results indicate that culture and education have an important effect on basic number perception. We hypothesize that symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical thinking mutually enhance one another over the course of mathematics instruction.

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El objetivo fue analizar las concepciones culturales del VIH/Sida de jóvenes que son parte de grupos culturales juveniles de Guadalajara, México. Se realizó un estudio antropológico cultural con 80 jóvenes seleccionados por muestreo propositivo. Se utilizaron las técnicas de listados libres y pile sort. Se aplicó análisis de consenso, conglomerados jerárquicos y escalas multidimensionales. Los jóvenes participantes coincidieron en conceptualizar al VIH/Sida como una enfermedad producida por un virus, que implica la muerte. Se asoció a la sexualidad, al contacto con grupos de riesgo (homosexuales y prostitutas), a la población en general (amigos, pareja, hijos, etc.), al uso de drogas inyectables y al contacto con sangre infectada. La principal forma de protección citada, fue el uso del condón durante las relaciones sexuales.

The goal was to analyze the HIV/Aids cultural conceptions of youth people belong of cultural youth groups from Guadalajara, Mexico. A cultural anthropological study was done, 80 participants were selected by purposeful sampling. Free association lists and pile sorts were utilized. Consensus analysis was performed and dimensional analysis through hierarchical clusters and multidimensional scales. The youths agreed a HIV/Aids concept like an illness caused by a virus, which conducted to the dead. It was associated to sexual practices, contact with risk groups (homosexuals and prostitutes) and general population (friends, partner, children, etc.), injecting drugs consumption and infected blood. The main protection cited was de condom use in sexual intercourse.

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