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O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) tem seus critérios diagnósticos atuais baseados no Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM 5). Sendo um transtorno global do neurodesenvolvimento, da reciprocidade social e da comunicação, com comportamentos repetitivos, interesses restritos e inflexibilidade comportamental. O diagnóstico do TEA vem aumentando em todo o mundo trazendo uma nova realidade para a família, modificando a sua dinâmica emocional, social e financeira. Esse estudo teve por objetivo delinear um perfil e demonstrar as principais dificuldades e repercussões do cuidado da pessoa com diagnóstico de Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e suas famílias. Tratou-se de um estudo realizado através da coleta de dados nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2023 em quatro clínicas multidisciplinares de tratamento do TEA da saúde suplementar. Foram coletados dados quantitativos e qualitativos de 208 famílias, sendo os quantitativos apresentados percentuais em tabelas contendo: idade atual do paciente, idade no início das terapias e idade dos cuidadores; raça dos pacientes, sexo do paciente e dos cuidadores, idade dos pais na concepção, escolaridade dos cuidadores, tipo de parto, renda familiar, formação escolar do cuidador, presença ou não de fé declarada e estado civil do cuidador (os últimos dois considerados enquanto fatores de resiliência familiar). Os dados qualitativos foram trabalhados através da análise de conteúdo de Bardin, ilustrando e auxiliando no melhor entendimento das demandas familiares e suas dinâmicas. Os resultados encontrados concordam, em parte, com o perfil da população TEA relatada em literatura, mas com particularidades como, por exemplo, em referência a idade dos pais na concepção da criança TEA e a quantidade de diagnósticos no sexo feminino. Conseguiu-se, também, identificar fatores de resiliência familiar, como uma estrutura da dinâmica familiar e a presença de uma religião / fé. A partir da hipótese que a presença de um membro com TEA traz impacto em toda família, a autora espera, assim, contribuir na construção de políticas públicas e instituições de apoio ao TEA, norteando condutas mais assertivas frente ao atendimento às necessidades desta população; minimizando os impactos da violência sofrida através da exclusão, suas dificuldades econômicas e sociais.

The current diagnostic criteria of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). Being a global disorder of neurodevelopment, social reciprocity and communication, with repetitive behaviors, restricted interests and behavioral inflexibility. The diagnosis of ASD has been increasing throughout the world, bringing a new reality to families, changing their emotional, social and financial dynamics. This study aimed to outline a profile and demonstrate the main difficulties and repercussions of caring for people diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their families. This was a study carried out through data collection in the months of September and October 2023 in four multidisciplinary ASD treatment clinics in supplementary health. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 208 families, with the quantitative data presented in percentages in tables containing: current age of the patient, age at the beginning of therapies and age of caregivers; race of patients, sex of patient and caregivers, age of parents at conception, education of caregivers, type of birth, family income, educational background of the caregiver, presence or absence of declared faith and marital status of the caregiver (the last two considered as family resilience factors). The qualitative data were worked through Bardin's content analysis, illustrating and helping to better understand family demands and their dynamics. The results found agree, in part, with the profile of the ASD population reported in the literature, but with particularities such as, for example, in reference to the age of the parents at the conception of the ASD child and the number of diagnoses in females. It was also possible to identify factors of family resilience, such as the structure of family dynamics and the presence of a religion/faith. Based on the hypothesis that the presence of a member with ASD has an impact on the entire family, the author hopes to contribute to the construction of public policies and institutions to support ASD, guiding more assertive behaviors in meeting the needs of this population; minimizing the impacts of violence suffered through exclusion, economic and social difficulties.

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Introducción: El contexto tecnocientífico cubano actual promueve proyectos de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, que tributan al progreso del modelo de desarrollo económico social socialista que propone el país. Pero, en la práctica, estos proyectos evidencian poca sistematicidad en la evaluación de impacto social, lo que da al traste con la transformación social que se pretende. Debido a esto, se considera necesaria la superación de los profesionales que, desde las universidades cubanas, gestionan proyectos. Objetivo: Proponer un entrenamiento para el desarrollo de competencias en evaluación de impacto social para gestores de proyectos de las universidades cubanas. Materiales y métodos: El diagnóstico realizado con métodos científicos teóricos y con la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas a gestores de proyectos, y el análisis documental a proyectos en ejecución y a sus resultados, así como a los documentos rectores del posgrado en Cuba, permitieron conformar la propuesta de entrenamiento que se presenta. Resultados: Se identificó un nivel bajo de conocimientos y habilidades en evaluación de impacto social de los proyectos, y una alta disposición hacia la superación profesional en el tema. Esto conduce a la propuesta de un entrenamiento que consta de acciones para el desarrollo de competencias en los gestores de proyecto. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento que se propone resulta una vía esencial para atender demandas y necesidades de superación profesional en torno a conocimientos, habilidades y valores, para la evaluación de impacto social por gestores de proyectos de las universidades cubanas.

Introduction: The current Cuban techno-scientific context promotes projects of science, technology and innovation, which contribute to the progress of the model of socialist social economic development the country proposes. But, in practice, these projects show little systematicity in the social impact assessment, which ruins the social transformation that is pretended. Due to this, it is considered necessary the upgrading of the professionals who manage projects of Cuban universities. Objective: To propose training for the development of skills in social impact assessment for project managers of Cuban universities. Materials and methods: The diagnosis, carried out with scientific-theoretical methods, and with the application of inquiries and interviews to project managers, and the documentary analysis of projects in execution and their results, as well as of leading documents of post-graduate studies in Cuba, allowed to elaborate the training proposal presented. Results: A low level of knowledge and skills in the social impact assessment of the projects and a high disposition towards professional upgrading on the topic were identified. This leads to the proposal of a training that consists on actions for the development of skills in project managers. Conclusions: The training proposed results an essential way to meet demands and needs of professional upgrading regarding knowledge, skills and values, for the assessment of the social impact by project managers of Cuban universities.

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Introducción: La concepción del impacto social de las tesis doctorales en ciencias biomédicas ha requerido un enfoque integrador que privilegie una orientación de ciencia e innovación tecnológica en salud, para la transferencia de progresos e innovaciones biomédicas. Objetivo: Describir la concepción del impacto social en las tesis doctorales en ciencias biomédicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, desde diciembre del 2022 hasta marzo del 2023, de 40 informes de tesis doctorales -seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple- publicados en el Repositorio de Tesis en Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud en Cuba. A tal efecto, la variable concepción del impacto social en dichas tesis fue evaluada según 3 indicadores medidos en las categorías alto, medio y bajo. Resultados: En las tesis doctorales estudiadas, 22,5 % correspondió a las ciencias médicas, 5,0 % a las de la enfermería, 22,5 % a las estomatológicas y 25,0 %, tanto a las ciencias de la educación médica, como a las de la salud, respectivamente. Se obtuvo un predominio de los informes de las ciencias estomatológicas en la categoría bajo en los 2 indicadores relacionados con el aporte y la relevancia del problema social que abordaban (con 55,5 % en cada uno). Conclusiones: Se verificó que la concepción del impacto social en las tesis doctorales de las ciencias biomédicas fue limitada, pues lo más importante en estas fue sustentar el impacto científico.

Introduction: The conception of the social impact in the doctoral theses in biomedical sciences has required an integrative approach that favors a science orientation and technological innovation in health, for the transfer of biomedical progress and innovations. Objective: To describe the conception of social impact in biomedical sciences dissertations. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, from December 2022 to March 2023, of 40 doctoral theses reports -selected by simple random sampling- published in the Repository of Biomedical and Health Sciences Theses in Cuba. For this purpose, the variable conception of social impact in these theses was evaluated according to 3 indicators measured in high, medium and low categories. Results: In the doctoral theses analyzed, 22.5% corresponded to medical sciences; 5.0% to nursing; 22.5% to stomatology and 25.0% either to medical education sciences or to health sciences, respectively. A predominance of reports from dental sciences in the low category was obtained in the 2 indicators related to the contribution and relevance of the social problem they addressed (with 55.5% in each one). Conclusions: It was verified that the conception of social impact in biomedical sciences dissertations was limited, since the most important thing in these ones was to support the scientific impact.

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COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.

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Conflicts cause immense human suffering, violate human rights, and affect people's stability. Colombia is affected for decades by a high level of armed conflicts and violence. The political and socio-economic situation, drug trafficking in the Colombian economy, and natural disasters events affect the country and foster general violence. In this work, we aim to evaluate the role of the socioeconomic, political, financial, and environmental determinants of conflicts in the Colombian context. To achieve these aims, we apply a spatial analysis to explore patterns and identify areas that suffer from high levels of conflict. We investigate the role of determinants and their relationship with conflicts through spatial regression models. In this study, we do not consider only the entire Colombian territory, but we extend the analysis to a restricted area (Norte de Santander department) to explore the phenomena locally. Our findings indicate a possible diffusion process of conflicts and the presence of spillover effects among regions by comparing the two most known spatial regression models. As regards possible key drivers of conflicts, our results show that surprisingly socioeconomic variables present very little relationship with conflicts, while natural disasters and cocaine areas show a relevant impact on them. Despite some variables seeming to be the more informative to explain the process globally, they highlight a strong relationship for only a few specific areas while considering a local analysis. This result proves the importance of moving to a local investigation to strengthen our understanding and bring out additional interesting information. Our work emphasizes how the identification of key drivers of violence is crucial to have evidence to inform subnational governments and to support the decision-making policies that could assess targeted policy options.

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Biorefinery feasibility is highly influenced by the early design of the best feedstock transformation pathway to obtain value-added products. Pretreatment has been identified as the critical stage in biorefinery design since proper pretreatment influences subsequent reaction, separation, and purification processes. However, many pretreatment analyses have focused on preserving and valorizing six-carbon sugars for future use in bioconversion processes, leaving aside fractions such as hemicellulose and lignin. To date, there has been no pretreatment systematization for the removal of lignocellulosic fractions. This work defines pretreatment efficacy through operational, economic, environmental, and social indicators. Thus, using the data reported in the literature, as well as the results of the simulation schemes, a multi-criteria weighting of the best-performing schemes for the isolation or removal of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin was carried out. As a main result, it was concluded that dilute acid is the most effective for cellulose isolation and hemicellulose removal for producing platform products based on six- and five-carbon sugars, respectively. Additionally, the kraft process is the best methodology for lignin removal and its future use in biorefineries. The results of this work help to elucidate a methodological systematization of the pretreatment efficacy in the design of biorefineries as an early feasibility stage considering sustainability aspects.

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The objective of this study is to compare the environmental and social performance of two small-scale avocado biorefineries implanted in a rural zone in the North of Colombia. Two small-scale biorefineries were proposed. Small-B1 addressed to produce avocado oil and animal feed, and Small-B2 focused on the guacamole production. The environmental analysis was done by applying the life cycle assessment methodology. Then, agronomic information and process simulation were required to complete the analysis. Moreover, the water footprint of the avocado crops was estimated. Both biorefineries were compared with the direct avocados production and commercialization. The social assessment was achieved by the estimation of quantitative indicators related to wages, jobs, and working hours. The agricultural carbon and water footprints of the creole avocado crop were 0.59 kg CO2-eq/kg and 2.13 m3/kg. In the same way, Small-B1 and Small-B2 obtained a carbon and water footprints of 8.99 kg CO2-eq/kg and 6.63 m3/kg and 0.72 kg CO2-eq/kg and 1.38 m3/kg, respectively. The hotspots of the creole avocado crop are related to the use of fertilizers and fungicides. Then, new strategies should be implemented to reduce the farmer's dependency. The social analysis exhibit a high resilience of the Small-B1 biorefinery since a salary increase to worker about 50% can be proposed. In addition, the installation of this biorefinery can create more than ten jobs. A disjunction was found between the economic, environmental, and social analyses. Thus, the need to establish a multidimensional strategy to design sustainable biorefineries is presented.

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AIM: To explore and conduct a bibliometric mapping of scientific production on quality of life, social impact, and security in love relationships in patients with dental prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a bibliometric, retrospective, observational analysis of scientific publications indexed in Scopus from 2017 to 2022. The search was conducted on March 8, 2023, using the MESH thesaurus and a defined search strategy. Fifty-two relevant studies were identified and exported to the SciVal program for further analysis. Various bibliometric indicators were used to analyze scientific production, including number of citations, publication, authorship, institution and collaboration, journal quartile, country of origin, h-index, CiteScore 2020, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI), and Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP). RESULTS: Most of the articles (39) were in the highest quality quartiles (Q1 and Q2). Brazil produced a total of 15 scientific publications with a domain-weighted impact of 0.65, while Germany produced a total of 11 publications with a domain-weighted impact of 3.15. The results show that international collaboration (32.7%) and national collaboration (38.5%) are more frequent. The most influential author is Daniel Ralph Reißmann with a total of 72 publications followed by Oliver Schierz with 27 publications. German institutions (University of Hamburg, Leipzig University, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) lead in scientific productivity. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry (Q1) has the highest number of articles (7) and a citation-to-publication ratio of 14.7. CONCLUSION: Scientific production on quality of life in patients with dental prostheses is still scarce, although its dissemination is mainly in high-impact scientific journals. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provided a deeper understanding of how dental prostheses affect people's lives. This can provide practitioners with valuable information to make clinical treatment decisions to improve quality of life. In addition, it can guide future studies to deepen the understanding of this topic in the clinical setting.

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In Mozambique, as in other parts of the world, COVID-19 has had consequences in many areas, especially in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the comments made and discussed on Facebook after the first death from the disease, verifying the main topics, concerns, and feelings that users most expressed on that social network. Using the content analysis method, IRaMuTeQ® generated a dendrogram focused on death, diagnostic circumstances, disease prevention, and restrictive government measures. Users also raised concerns about health care professionals, family and community, and feelings of sadness. Although the feelings presented reflect the lan-guage used in comments on a social network, and it is impossible to diagnose from them, this study creates paths for further research in the area. Therefore, for the first time, it demonstrates results from a mental health study with data analyzed from a social network in Mozambique. These results can guide and alert local health entities about health communications, strategies, and attention that should be given to the mental health of individuals during this pandemic and in the long term

En Mozambique, como en otras partes del mundo, el COVID-19 trajo consecuencias en muchas áreas, principalmente en el sector de la salud. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los comentarios realizados y discutidos en Facebook después de la primera muerte por la enfermedad, con el fin de verificar los principales temas, preocupaciones y sentimientos que los usuarios más expresaron en esa red social. Utilizando el método de análisis de contenido, IRaMuTeQ® generó un dendrograma con temas enfocados en las circunstancias de la muerte, las circunstancias del diagnóstico, la prevención de enfermedades, y las medidas restrictivas del gobierno. También hubo preocupaciones con los profesionales de la salud, la familia y la comunidad, además de sentimientos de tristeza. Aunque los sentimientos presentados reflejan el lenguaje utilizado en los comentarios en una red social, y no es posible dar un diagnóstico basado en ellos, este estudio abre caminos para futuras investigaciones en el área. Por lo tanto, por primera vez, se demuestra un estudio de salud mental con datos analizados en una red social en Mozambique, y puede servir como ayuda y alerta a las entidades locales de salud sobre comunicaciones de salud, estrategias y atención que se debe dar a la salud mental de las personas durante esta pandemia y a largo plazo

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Abstract Sustainable development is based on three pillars: environment preservation, cost-effective production and human development. Within this context, emerges Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a solid methodology for assessing the impact of products and services. Whereas Social LCA (S-LCA) is an early-stage approach, currently under development, requiring theoretical and methodological improvements. This study aimed at mapping the main gaps in S-LCA to identify potential contributions from the Psychology field. A preliminary literature review indicated several constraints: consensus between social indicators; methods for measuring subjective data; predominance of secondary data; underutilization of the Social Sciences, etc. Therefore, this study outlines multiples intersection points where the Social Sciences, more specifically, psychology could contribute to filling some of the theoretical and methodological gaps in S-LCA.

Resumo O desenvolvimento sustentável ocorre por três pilares: preservação do meio-ambiente, produção com custo econômico eficiente e desenvolvimento humano. Nesse contexto surge a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), que determina métodos para avaliação de impacto de produtos e serviços. A ACV Social (ACV-S) é uma abordagem em desenvolvimento, requerendo avanços à plena aplicação. Este estudo objetivou mapear as principais lacunas teórico-metodológicas da ACV-S para a identificação convergências com a psicologia. A revisão da literatura indicou diferentes lacunas: consenso entre indicadores sociais; métodos para mensuração de dados subjetivos; primazia de dados secundários; subemprego das Ciências Sociais etc. Assim, este estudo apontou pontos de interseção onde as Ciências Sociais, especificamente, a Psicologia poderá contribuir para preencher algumas das lacunas teórico-metodológicas da ACV-S.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to measure the proportion of patients who consulted for headache and of those who had a final diagnosis of migraine. We also assessed the proportion and characteristics of patients with migraine and the impact of migraine on the daily activities and the professional and social lives of patients visiting private/public medical centers in Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. BACKGROUND: Underdiagnosis of migraine is high in Central America and Caribbean urban communities. However, there is limited knowledge on characteristics of headache disorders for the appropriate classification of migraine, which is a prerequisite for targeted treatment. Hence, there is a need to improve migraine awareness among patients and medical professionals in this region. METHODS: Central America and Caribbean countries epidemioLogy study of Migraine (CALM) was a non-interventional, cross-sectional, multinational study in adults aged 18-65 years with a history of or current headache. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with migraine visiting medical centers due to headache disorders. Using a specially designed migraine survey questionnaire, patients self-reported migraine characteristics, duration, and severity of attacks and impact on work and social life. RESULTS: Of the 313 enrolled patients, 308 (98.4%) completed the study. Approximately 75.3% (232/308) of patients with headache visiting medical centers had migraine, with episodic migraine being the most common (193 [83.2%]). Overall, 34/308 (11.0%) patients had a new diagnosis of migraine. Among patients with migraine, 66 (28.4%) had a history of migraine for ≥20 years and 59 (25.4%) experienced severe pain. Overall, 52.2% (121/232) of patients reported that migraine affected their professional life and 78.4% (182/232) reported an impact on social life. CONCLUSION: The CALM study establishes that a high proportion of patients with migraine had a long duration and high severity of migraine attacks, leading to a direct impact on work/social life as well as on costs incurred by patients in these countries.

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Introducción: El impacto y la pertinencia social han constituido elementos relevantes al momento de conocer el desempeño de la educación superior en un país. En el caso de las universidades de ciencias médicas, que se encargan de la formación integral de los profesionales de la salud, el mejoramiento continuo de la calidad de los procesos académicos representa una prioridad para cumplir con el encargo social. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la evaluación del impacto social de la carrera de estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Posicionamiento de los autores: La carrera de estomatología tiene una tradición de más de cien años. Ha sido reconocida su calidad y excelencia a través de evaluaciones externas que han mostrado fortalezas en la variable pertinencia e impacto social. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar el impacto social no solo desde el punto de vista de la satisfacción de egresados y empleadores por la formación recibida, sino en aspectos como desempeño profesional, trabajo en equipo, impacto en la salud bucal de la población, entre otros. Conclusiones: La carrera de estomatología tiene un alto reconocimiento, que se demuestra en el vínculo de los profesores y estudiantes en la solución de los problemas de salud bucal. No obstante, no se ha estimado evaluar otros impactos vinculados al desarrollo de los egresados en la investigación científica, sus expectativas, sus motivaciones y su superación profesional, los cuales, definitivamente, contribuyen al perfeccionamiento, la pertinencia y la calidad de la carrera(AU)

Introduction: Social impact and pertinence have been relevant elements at the time of knowing the performance of higher education in a country. In the case of universities of medical sciences, responsible for the comprehensive training of health professionals, the continuous improvement of the quality of academic processes represents a priority for accomplishing the social task. Objective: To reflect about the evaluation of the social impact of the dental medicine major of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Authors' stance: The dental medicine major has a tradition of more than a hundred years. Its quality and excellence have been recognized through external evaluations that have shown strengths in the variable social impact and pertinence. However, it is necessary to evaluate social impact not only from the point of view of the graduates' and employers' satisfaction with the offered training, but also in terms of professional performance, teamwork, impact on the oral health of the population, among others. Conclusions: The dental medicine major has a high recognition, demonstrated thought the connection among professors and students for the solution of oral health problems. However, it has not been considered to evaluate other impacts associated to the development of graduates in scientific research, their expectations, their motivations and professional upgrading, which definitely contribute to the improvement, relevance and quality of the major(AU)

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Resumo Apesar de lançado em 2011, o título de impacto social (SIB, na sigla em inglês social impact bonds) é um instrumento ainda em desenvolvimento e que encontra inúmeros desafios. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar características dos SIBs e desafios relativos à sua implementação como mecanismo para financiamento de projetos públicos com propósito social. Após revisão bibliográfica e documental, foram identificadas e apresentadas as principais críticas ao modelo. Três casos internacionais de SIBs que já encerraram seus ciclos de maturidade foram selecionados para a análise de aspectos éticos e metodológicos, de métricas, de resultados e de atores. Implicações para projetos no Brasil foram consideradas com base nas análises dos casos internacionais.

Resumen A pesar de haber sido lanzado en 2011, el contrato de impacto social (SIB, acrónimo del término inglés social impact bond) es un instrumento inmaduro que enfrenta numerosos desafíos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las características de los SIB y los desafíos relativos a su implementación como mecanismos para financiar proyectos públicos con propósito social. Después de la revisión bibliográfica y documental, se identificaron y presentaron las principales críticas al modelo. Se seleccionaron tres casos internacionales de SIB que ya completaron sus ciclos de madurez para el análisis de aspectos éticos, metodológicos, de métricas de resultados y de actores. Las implicaciones para proyectos en Brasil se consideraron a partir del análisis de estos casos internacionales.

Abstract Despite being launched in 2011, the social impact bond (SIB) is an instrument under development that faces numerous challenges. This article presents the characteristics of SIBs and challenges related to their implementation as mechanisms to finance public projects with a social purpose. After a bibliographical and documentary review, three international cases of SIBs that have completed their maturity cycles, relevant for critical analysis of possible projects in Brazil, were selected. Ethical, methodological, metrics, results, and actor networks are analyzed in the three SIBs. Implications for projects in Brazil were considered from the analysis of these international cases.

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Haitians are the fourth largest Afro-Caribbean immigrant group in the USA, and there is a dearth of research focusing on the factors impacting their lives. As a marginalized group with extensive pre-existing conditions, Haitian immigrants are disproportionately affected by the pandemic in areas such as education, health, and economics. This paper provides a summary of existing disparities among Haitians in the USA and how COVID-19 has significantly impacted this group. It concludes with an analysis of how the Strategic Framework for Improving Racial and Ethnic Minority Health and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities can be used to guide, organize, and coordinate systematic planning for sustainable changes to address these disparities. Addressing immigrant and minority health in the USA requires a deeper dive into the various immigrant groups. This paper concludes with recommendations for research and policy changes necessary to eliminate disparities in the USA.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the instruments used to measure the quality of life related to oral health (HRQoL) as well as the measures that were adapted for the Portuguese language of Brazil. This is an integrative review whose inclusion criteria were papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published and indexed in databases Medline (PubMed) and Virtual Health Library (BVS). One thousand two hundred and sixty papers submitted, fifty-five were considered eligible for review, from which the following information was extracted: instrument; composition; community; sample size; measured domains / dimensions; and author, year, country. Subsequently, the data related to the translation and cultural adaptation processes for the Portuguese language of Brazil were collected in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of each study. The studies of this review show that the HRQoL theme has remained in evidence since the creation of the first instruments and seems not to be close to being exhausted. Of the 36 instruments presented, only 17 articles were identified in the databases assessed for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and validation of psychometric properties. Thus, despite the enormous dissemination of instruments, the need for translation, adaptation in the language and analysis of psychometric properties was pointed out in this study.

RESUMO Objetivou-se identificar os instrumentos utilizados para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) bem como as medidas que foram adaptadas para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujos critérios de inclusão foram artigos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados e indexados nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Dentre os 1.260 artigos levantados, 55 foram considerados elegíveis para a revisão dos quais se extraíram as seguintes informações: instrumento; composição; público-alvo; tamanho da amostra; domínios/dimensões medidas; e autor, ano, local. Posteriormente, foram levantados os dados referentes aos processos de tradução e adaptação cultural para o idioma português do Brasil com a finalidade de avaliar os dados referentes às propriedades psicométricas de cada estudo. Os estudos desta revisão mostram que a temática QVRSB se mantem em evidência desde a criação dos primeiros instrumentos e parece não estar perto de se esgotar. Dos 36 instrumentos apresentados, apenas 17 artigos foram identificados nas bases de dados avaliadas quanto a adaptação transcultural para o idioma português do Brasil e validação das propriedades psicométricas. Assim, apesar da enorme difusão de instrumentos, a necessidade de tradução, adaptação no idioma e análise das propriedades psicométricas foi apontada neste estudo.

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Resumen A raíz de la pandemia producida por el impacto del nuevo coronavirus, se adoptaron medidas de confinamiento estricto en España desde el 15 de marzo de 2020. Las medidas afectaron, entre otros sistemas, a la actividad y gestión de las entidades del tercer sector dedicadas a la atención a las personas con enfermedades raras. En este estudio se trató de conocer este impacto, mediante el uso de metodología cualitativa y el software MAXQDA a partir de una muestra de 81 entidades participantes en el estudio. Del análisis de la información obtenida se pudo extraer que el confinamiento no ha supuesto un impacto homogéneo en la gestión de las entidades. Destaca la reducción de sus actividades de visibilidad con el consiguiente impacto social y psicoafectivo. Ello pone de manifiesto una debilidad estructural previa que con esta situación se ha visto agravada. Este estudio también profundiza en los ajustes que estas entidades han realizado para poder seguir prestando sus servicios de apoyo, así como el impacto que ha tenido en sus escasas plantillas y equipos directivos.

Abstract As a result of the pandemic caused by the impact of the SAR-Cov-2 orthocoranavirus, strict containment measures were adopted in Spain from March 15, 2020. These measures affected, among other systems, the activity and management of third sector entities dedicated to the care of people with rare diseases. In this study we tried to know this impact, using qualitative methodology and MAXQDA software from a sample of 81 entities participating in the study. From the analysis of the information obtained, it was possible to draw the conclusion that confinement has not had a homogeneous impact on the management of the organizations. The reduction of their visibility activities stands out, with the consequent social and psycho-affective impact. This highlights a previous structural weakness that has been aggravated by this situation. The study also delves into the adjustments that these entities have made in order to be able to continue providing their support services, as well as the impact this has had on their scarce staff and management teams.

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La miopía es una alteración visual que se encuentra entre las cinco condiciones cuya atención clínica ha sido calificada de prioridad inmediata para la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Esta afección ocular ya ha alcanzado proporciones epidémicas en todo el mundo y se estima que las cifras de prevalencia de miopía global continúen creciendo. Los adolescentes y jóvenes resultan los más afectados. Para realizar un acercamiento al tema se utilizaron metabuscadores en inglés y en español de PUBMED, INFOMED, EBSCO, SCIELO, PRISMA, y UPTODATE, con el objetivo de identificar los factores asociados, la prevalencia y el impacto social de la miopía. Los estudios revisados mostraron que mientras más temprano comience el desarrollo de este error refractivo, mayores serán las probabilidades de padecer miopía magna y complicaciones asociadas a ella con posterioridad. Múltiples factores propician su aparición, algunos de ellos totalmente evitables asociados a patrones de comportamiento y estilos de vida, por lo que teniendo en cuenta lo alarmante del incremento de la afección se hace necesario trazar estrategias que permitan frenar su aparición y/o progresión(AU)

Myopia is one the five conditions of the eye whose clinical care has been declared an immediate priority by the World Health Organization. This condition has already reached epidemic proportions worldwide, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase in the future. Adolescents and young people are the most commonly affected groups. With the purpose of identifying the associated factors, prevalence and social impact of myopia, a search was conducted for articles about the topic published in English and Spanish in the databases PubMed, Infomed, EBSCO, SciELO, PRISMA and UpToDate. The studies retrieved showed that early development of the refractive error will result in a greater probability of suffering from myopia magna and related complications. Multiple factors may lead to the appearance of global myopia. Some of them are totally preventable, since they have to do with behavior patterns and lifestyles. Considering the alarming increase in the occurrence of this condition, it is necessary to devise strategies allowing to contain its appearance and/or progression(AU)

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PURPOSE: Several frameworks coincide in the importance of addressing social impacts to ensure sustainability. However, the agri-food sector, regarded as key in sustainable production, still neglects to identify potential social impacts when applying life cycle approaches. This work contributes to understanding the social performance of three agricultural products from a Latin American and Caribbean developing country as Costa Rica while recognising the challenges of Social-Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) application in this context. METHODS: S-LCA represents a powerful technique to evaluate the potential social impacts of a product. Three case studies were analysed through S-LCA, using the subcategory assessment method (SAM) to characterise the social impacts and detect hotspots in the production of green coffee, raw milk and leafy vegetables. Primary data was collected through questionnaires to relevant informants and observations. In addition to secondary information, these data and information were used to assess eight impact subcategories for the farmer and worker stakeholder groups and nine subcategories for the local community. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The main results suggest that the Costa Rican institutional and market frameworks provide an enabling environment for a generally positive social performance in the studied cases. The assessed stakeholders can fulfil basic needs through access to inputs and services and achieve fair-trading conditions. Child labour, forced labour and evidence of environmental or health risks for the surrounding communities were absent. Important efforts to address the delocalisation, migration and child labour were observed, suggesting the potential development of social handprints in further studies. However, the farm production phase, related to farmers and workers, entails hotspots regarding social security and women's empowerment. Moreover, farmers appear as the most vulnerable group because of their overall social performance. CONCLUSIONS: S-LCA helped identify relevant areas of intervention in the context of these particular case studies; however, further research and capacity building are recommended to tackle the detected challenges, both in the agri-food chains and in the use of S-LCA. Furthermore, these findings can aid in future decision and policy-making to improve and safeguard the positive social performance observed in the studied products. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11367-021-01964-4.

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Despite progress in global health, the general disease burden still disproportionately falls on low- and middle-income countries. The health needs of these countries' populations are unmet because there is a shortage in drug research and development, as well as a lack of access to essential drugs. This health disparity is especially problematic for diseases associated with poverty, namely neglected tropical diseases and microbial infections. Currently, the pharmaceutical landscape focuses on innovations determined by profit margins and intellectual property protection. To expand drug accessibility and catalyze research and development for neglected diseases, a team of researchers proposed the Health Impact Fund as a potential solution. However, the fund is predominantly considering partnerships with pharmaceutical giants in high-income countries. This commentary explores the limitations and benefits in partnering with pharmaceutical companies based in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC), with the goal of expanding the Health Impact Fund's vision to incorporate long-term, local partnerships. Identified limitations to a BRIC country partnership include lower levels of drug development expertise compared to their high-income pharmaceutical counterparts, and whether the Health Impact Fund and the participating stakeholders have the financial capability to assist in bringing a new drug to market. However, potential benefits include the creation of new incentives to fuel competitive local innovation, more equitable routes to drug discovery and development, and a product pipeline that could involve stakeholders in lower- and middle-income countries. Our commentary explores how partnership with pharmaceutical firms in BRIC countries might be advantageous for all: The Health Impact Fund, pharmaceutical companies in BRIC economies, and stakeholders in low- and middle- income countries.

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This article addresses the difficulties of musicians and measures taken by public and private authorities to mitigate the social impact of Covid-19 in the music sector of Belo Horizonte, capital city of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These are preliminary results of a research developed by the research lab on Sound, Communication, Textualities and Sociability [ESCUTAS (in Portuguese)] at the Social Communication Department of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. This study has two perspectives. First, we surveyed public sources about Brazilian measures for the sector, as we are interested in verifying policies used by the private and public sectors, not only at the national level, but also at regional (state of Minas Gerais) and local (city of Belo Horizonte) levels. Second, we investigate the impact of the pandemic on the city's music sector, considering various categories of the profession such as composers, interpreters, arrangers, music teachers, DJs, among others. This work is part of a scenario of academic research and economic reports on the impacts of the pandemic in the music industry. More specifically, it aims to contribute to discussion on the effects of the social distance on livelihood of professionals of that area.