RESUMO
Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms might suppress the immune system and propagate infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of polyphenolic extracts from spent coffee grounds (SCG) against oxidative stress, induced by H2O2, in C. viridis brain cells, through an in vitro model. Hydrophilic extracts from SCG are rich in quinic, ferulic and caffeic acids and showed antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays. Furthermore, pretreatment of C. viridis brain cells with the polyphenolic extracts from SCG (230 and 460 µg/mL) for 24 h prior to 100 µM H2O2 exposure (1 h) significantly increased antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and reduced lipid peroxidation (measured by MDA levels). These results suggest that polyphenols found in SCG extracts exert an antioxidative protective effect against oxidative stress in C. viridis brain cells by stimulating the activity of SOD and CAT.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Café/química , Perciformes/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Encéfalo/citologia , Catalase/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Coffea/química , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Pesqueiros , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/isolamento & purificação , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polifenóis , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The common snook Centropomus undecimalis is one of the main commercial fish species in the Caribbean region, including Colombia, where its populations have drastically decreased due to overfishing and environmental degradation. Thus, there is a market imbalance between the availability of snook products and their demand by consumers, which creates an opening for fraudulent actions such as species substitutions. Legislation in Colombia (and most Caribbean countries) lacks effective tools for the easy and rapid detection of frauds. Furthermore, there are very few studies published in scientific journals addressing this issue, of which none include C. undecimalis as the target species. Therefore, in order to investigate the existence of mislabeling in common snook products in Santa Marta, the present study analysed 44 frozen snook fillets from the five commercial brands available in the city. Moreover, 15 fresh snook fillets from six of the main fish markets were also analysed. To discover the frequency of possible frauds in labeling, samplings were carried out in July, September and November of 2019. Sample analyses involved the identification of each fillet at species level through molecular barcodes (16S-rRNA and COI), whose sequences were verified using BLAST and BOLD, and corroborated by a phylogenetic analysis. As a result, an astonishing 98% of the supermarkets fillets were found to be fraudulent, contrasting with a single case registered in the fish shop samples. The species used to substitute snook include the Pacific bearded brotula Brotula clarkae (38 samples), the Nile perch Lates niloticus (4 samples) and the acoupa weakfish Cynoscion acoupa (1 sample). Based on these results, there is a high rate of fraudulent labeling in the marketing of common snook in the city of Santa Marta, which calls for urgent actions to be taken by the corresponding authorities.
RESUMO
Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique. Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery begins (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analysis was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P > 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG < MIG; P < 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG < TG; P < 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG < MIG) (P < 0.05). Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons non-proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster with less surgical trauma.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Dor Pós-Operatória/veterinária , Ovariectomia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Nociceptividade , Histerectomia/veterinária , CãesRESUMO
Centropomus irae sp. nov. (Centropomidae) is described from two localities in the state of Amapá, northern Brazil. The new species differs from all its congeners by the typically brown-colored lateral line, the relatively smaller mean interorbital width (4.1% of SL vs. 5.2-6.9%), mean snout length (8.9% of SL vs. 9.8-11.1%), mean diameter of the orbit (4.5% of SL vs. 5.4-7.3%), and mean mandible length (15.7% of SL vs.19.9-21.6%). The new species can also be distinguished from the similar Centropomus undecimalis by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (18-23, usually 19-21, vs. 22-28, usually 24-27). With Centropomus irae sp. nov., seven species of the genus are now known to occur in the western Atlantic. The distribution of Centropomus in Brazilian waters is updated and a key to the species of this genus is presented. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3D497B38-48A5-4A6E-B377-6D57E82D4DE4[.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Animais , Brasil , Peixes , América do NorteRESUMO
To examine the pathogenicity of Vibrio strains, several doses of Vibrio harveyi (CAIM 1622 and CAIM 1508), Vibrio ponticus (CAIM 1751) and Vibrio anguillarum (CAIM 8) were used to challenge Pacific white snook Centropomus viridis Lockington, 1877 juveniles, and survival, gross signs and histological lesions were observed. Susceptibility of pathogenic vibrios CAIM 1508 and CAIM 1751 to antibiotics used in aquaculture was also evaluated. The growth ability of the tested strains was not related to their pathogenicity. One of the V. harveyi strains (CAIM 1508) was the most virulent, causing per-acute septicaemia in C. viridis even at a low dose (1.4 × 104 CFU g-1). Although the V. ponticus strain (CAIM 1751) was less virulent, this is the first report of it as a pathogen of white snook. Fish challenged with V. ponticus displayed external, generalized haemorrhaging. Necrosis of the digestive tract and intravascular haemosiderosis were the most remarkable histological lesions in fish challenged with both strains. Multifocal necrosis of the internal organs and bacterial masses was also observed. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of the pathogenic strains (CAIM 1508 and CAIM 1751) was calculated for enrofloxacin (20 and 10 µg ml-1, respectively), and both bacteria were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Vibrioses/veterinária , Vibrio , Animais , Aquicultura , VirulênciaRESUMO
Objective: Nematodes of the Anisakidae family are parasites found in aquatic organisms. The lack of studies on anisakidosis and Anisakis in Colombia has meant this type of parasitosis is not widely known by health personnel and underreporting of the disease is highly likely. The objective of this study was to identify anisakid nematodes in the armed snook fish (Centropomus armatus) obtained by artisanal fishing and sold commercially in the coastal port city of Buenaventura. Material and methods: Morphological identification of these worms was performed using taxonomic keys and supplemented with microscopic study using the histochemical Hematoxylin-Eosin technique. Results: Nematodes of the genus Anisakis were found in 42% and the mean abundance was 2.8 in the C. armatus. Conclusions: The findings confirm the presence of Anisakis sp. in fish for human consumption in Buenaventura, the main fishing port in the Colombian Pacific region. This finding in itself warrants further investigation into the possibility of an emerging disease in Colombia.
Objetivos: Los nematodos de la familia Anisakidae son parásitos de organismos acuáticos. La falta de estudios en anisakidosis y anisakidos en Colombia ha resultado en el desconocimiento de esta infección por parte del personal de salud y un posible subregistro de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar nematodos anisakidos en el pez róbalo (Centropomus armatus), obtenido por pesca artesanal y comercializado en la localidad de Buenaventura. Materiales y métodos: La identificación morfológica se realizó usando claves taxonómicas para estos gusanos complementada con estudio microscópico mediante técnica histoquímica de Hematoxilina-Eosina. Resultados: Se encontraron nemátodos del género Anisakis en 42% y una abundancia promedio de 2.8 en el hospedero C. armatus. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos confirman la presencia de Anisakis sp. en peces de consumo humano de Buenaventura, principal puerto pesquero en la región Pacífica colombiana, lo cual abre el camino en la investigación de una posible enfermedad emergente en este país.
Assuntos
Animais , Anisakis , Organismos Aquáticos , Pesqueiros , Peixes , Parasitos , Bass , Colômbia , Amarelo de Eosina-(YS) , Hematoxilina , Infecções , Larva , NematoidesRESUMO
ResumenLos róbalos (C. undecimalis y C. ensiferus) son recursos pesqueros de importancia en toda su área de distribución. En Venezuela son capturados por pesquerías artesanales a lo largo de toda la costa, sin embargo, los estudios sobre su biología que permitan orientar regulaciones de su pesca son escasos. Para analizar aspectos de la reproducción de ambas especies se analizaron 1 325 individuos de C. undecimalis y 2 025 de C. ensiferus, provenientes de la pesca artesanal en la Laguna de Tacarigua, en el norte de Venezuela, desde julio 2009 a septiembre 2010. Se midió la longitud total, peso total, sexo y madurez sexual de cada individuo. La proporción sexual varió a lo largo del año, se observó una diferencia significativa en favor de los machos para C. undecimalis (1:1.5) y de las hembras para C. ensiferus (1:3.3). Se evidenciaron diferencias en la proporción sexual de la talla para ambas especies: los machos dominan las tallas inferiores, mientras que las hembras dominan las superiores. Lo cual señala un patrón típico de hermafroditismo secuencial (protándrico) en ambas. Se estimaron las tallas de madurez sexual (Lm50) para C. undecimalis (♀= 73.6 y ♂= 59.3 cm) y C. ensiferus (♀= 26 y ♂= 21.5 cm). C. ensiferus se reproduce durante todo el año con dos periodos de mayor intensidad (agosto a septiembre y febrero a abril), mientras para C. undecimalis fueron escasos los individuos maduros, mostrando febrero el pico de reproducción más importante. Se encontró diferencia en el crecimiento entre machos y hembras de C. undecimalis: alométrico positivo para hembras (P= 0.0022*L3.353) y negativo para machos (P= 0.0108*L2.945), mientras no se encontraron diferencias para C. ensiferus, que presentó alometría positiva (P= 0.0049*L3.235) para ambos sexos. La falta de regulación y controles de pesca, la evidencia de importantes volúmenes de individuos inmaduros en las capturas, así como el carácter particular de la biología reproductiva de estas especies, sugiere la necesidad de establecer regulaciones para garantizar su aprovechamiento responsable, como un periodo de veda durante el primer trimestre de año y tallas mínimas de captura para ambas especies.
Abstract:Snooks C. undecimalis and C. ensiferus are important fishery resources in their distribution area. In Venezuela they are caught by artisanal fisheries along the entire coast. However, studies on their biology that would help establish fishing regulations are scarce. To study reproduction aspects of these species, we analyzed 1 325 individuals of C. undecimalis and 2 025 of C. ensiferus caught by artisanal fishing in the Laguna de Tacarigua in Northern Venezuela, from July 2009 to September 2010. Total length, total weight, sex and stage of gonadal development were recorded. The sex ratio varied throughout the year: there was a significant difference in favor of C. undecimalis males (1.5:1), and C. ensiferus females (1:3.3). Differences were also evident in the sexual proportion at each size group. For both species, males dominated in the lower size ranges while females dominated in the larger size ranges. These results suggested sequential hermaphroditism (protrandry) in both species. Size at sexual maturity (Lm50) for C. undecimalis was ♀= 73.6 and ♂= 59.3 cm, and ♀= 26 and ♂= 21.5 cm for C. ensiferus. C. ensiferus reproduced throughout the year with two periods of higher intensity (August to September and February to April). Although we found very few mature individuals for C. undecimalis, February showed an important reproduction peak. Growth differences were found between males and females of C. undecimalis: positive allometry for females (P= 0.0022*L3.353) and negative allometry for males (P= 0.0108*L2.945). Both males and females of C. ensiferus showed a positive allometric relationship (P= 0.0049*L3.235). Lack of fishing regulations and controls, evidenced in this study by significant volumes of immature individuals in the catches, and the particular reproductive biology of these species, strongly indicates the need to establish regulations to ensure their responsible use. We recommend establishing a closed season during the first quarter of the year and minimum catch sizes for both species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 181-194. Epub 2017 March 01.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Reprodução/fisiologia , Perciformes/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Estações do Ano , Maturidade Sexual , Razão de Masculinidade , Fatores de Tempo , Venezuela , Fatores Sexuais , Tamanho Corporal , Distribuição Animal , Gônadas/fisiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: This study analyzed the effectiveness of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (EOA) as an anesthetic and stress reducing agent in the transport of fat snook ( Centropomus parallelus ). Juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of EOA (seawater-adapted: 25-300μL L-1; freshwater-adapted: 200μL L-1) to identify the anesthetic induction and recovery times. In an additional experiment, seawater-adapted fat snook were transported in plastic bags with 10 or 20μL L-1 EOA for 6 or 24h. The increased concentration of EOA proportionally decreased the time required for anesthesia induction. Mortality was 30 and 70% in fat snook transported with 10 and 20µL L-1, respectively, 24h after transport. The addition of 20µL L-1 EOA significantly reduced plasma cortisol levels during transport compared to the control group, but increased blood glucose levels after 6 and 12h of transport. The EOA reduced total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels at the end of transport compared to control fish. The EOA is recommended for sedation (25-50µL L-1) and anesthesia (100-300µL L-1) but not for transport of fat snook because it increased mortality.
RESUMO: Este estudo verificou a eficácia do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEA) como um anestésico e redutor de estresse no transporte de robalo-pevas ( Centropomus parallelus ). Os juvenis foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de OEA (adaptados à água do mar: 25-300µL L-1; adaptados à água doce: 200µL L-1) para identificar os tempos de indução e recuperação da anestesia. Em um experimento adicional, robalos-peva adaptados à água do mar foram transportados em sacos plásticos com 10 ou 20µL L-1 OE por 6 ou 24h. O aumento da concentração do OEA diminuiu proporcionalmente o tempo necessário para a indução da anestesia. A mortalidade foi de 30 e 70% em robalo-pevas transportados com 10 e 20µL L-1, respectivamente, 24h após o transporte. A adição de 20µL L-1 OEA reduziu significativamente o cortisol plasmático durante o transporte, comparado ao grupo controle, mas aumentou os níveis de glicose sanguínea após 6 e 12h de transporte. O OEA reduziu os níveis de amônia total e de oxigênio dissolvido ao final do transporte em comparação com o grupo controle. O OEA é recomendado para sedação (25-50µL L-1) e anestesia (100-300µL L-1), mas não para o transporte de robalo-peva, porque aumentou a mortalidade.
RESUMO
Estuaries are subjected to continual environmental impacts from activities in the catchment areas. This research assessed the quality of two estuarine habitats located in Ilha do Maranhão, Brazil, through histological and genotoxic biomarkers in Centropomus undecimalis, comparing the data obtained to metal, physical, and chemical concentrations of water samples. The gill histological alterations were analyzed by the histological alteration index and genotoxic lesions in erythrocytes were detected by the Micronucleus Test. The analysis of metals revealed that all water samples contained at least two elements with concentrations higher than that allowed by the current Brazilian law. For gill histological analysis, snook of both areas assessed exhibited moderate lesions, indicating that the local fish are affected by environmental stress. Micronucleus analysis of snook showed that the Bacanga river basin is the most affected. In addition to assessing the health of commercial fish populations, the information about the biomarkers used for the species can serve to contribute to the preparation and/or application of health assessment models and implementation of environmental recovery policies for coastal aquatic environments.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Perciformes , Animais , Biomarcadores , Brasil , Ecossistema , Estuários , Feminino , Brânquias/patologia , Masculino , Metais/análise , Testes para Micronúcleos , Perciformes/anatomia & histologia , Perciformes/genética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The influence of habitat, diel period, tidal phase and moon phase on the spatial distribution of Centropomus undecimalis was investigated at the mouth of the Timbo estuary, north-east Brazil. Underwater visual censuses were conducted in three areas comprising a mix of mud, sand and beach rock substrata; with one of the areas having additional structural complexity in the form of unused wooden debris. The area with debris housed significantly higher densities of juvenile and adult C. undecimalis whereas sub-adults were more abundant in an area lacking the wooden debris. Juvenile abundance was greatest during the day, whereas sub-adult and adults were more abundant at night. There were significant interactions between habitat, diel period, tidal phase and moon phase for all ages of C. undecimalis. These results emphasize the need to account for a range of environmental factors when planning for the conservation of estuarine and coastal habitats.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Perciformes , Animais , Brasil , Estuários , LuaRESUMO
The mitogenome of the tenguayaca, Petenia splendida (GenBank accession number KJ914664) has a total length of 16,518 bp, and the arrangement consist of 15 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Gene order was equal to the mitogenomes of other new world cichlids.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Mitocôndrias/genética , Animais , Composição de Bases , Ordem dos Genes , Tamanho do Genoma , FilogeniaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the addition of sodium acetate and sodium citrate in the diets of fingerling fat snook (Centropomus parallelus), through growth performance and modification of the intestinal microbiota. In the experiment, 3,000 fat snook fingerlings were used, with an initial average weight of 0.57 ± 0.10 g. The fish were stocked into 12 tanks (50 L) at a density of 5 fingerlings L-1 per tank distributed in three treatments with four replicates. The treatments were as follows: control group (without supplementation), one group supplemented with sodium acetate, and another group supplemented with sodium citrate. The diets supplemented with organic salts were sprayed with cod liver oil previously homogenized with 3% sodium acetate or sodium citrate. The fish supplemented with sodium acetate showed higher final weight, length, and yield, compared with the control group fish. The intestine of fingerling fat snook showed lower counts of total heterotrophic marine bacteria in the fish supplemented with acetate and citrate in relation to fish of the control group. Lower counts of sucrose non-fermenting vibrios were also observed in fish supplemented with acetate. Through this study, it was possible to evaluate for the first time the dietary inclusion of organic salts in the diets of marine fish in Brazil, with the dietary inclusion of 3% sodium acetate showing benefits for performance of fingerling fat snook.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adição de acetato de sódio e citrato de sódio na dieta de alevinos robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus), através do desempenho zootécnico e modificação da microbiota intestinal. No experimento, foram utilizados 3000 alevinos de robalo peva, com peso médio inicial de 0,57 ± 0,10 g. Os peixes foram estocados em 12 tanques (50 L) a uma densidade de cinco alevinos L-1 por tanque, distribuídos em três tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: grupo controle (sem suplementação), um grupo com suplementação dietética de acetato de sódio, e outro grupo suplementado com citrato de sódio. As dietas suplementadas com sais orgânicos foram pulverizadas com óleo de fígado de bacalhau previamente homogeneizadas com 3% de acetato de sódio ou citrato de sódio. Os peixes suplementados com acetato de sódio apresentaram maior peso final, comprimento e produtividade, em comparação com o peixe do grupo controle. Os intestinos dos alevinos de robalo apresentaram menores contagens de bactérias marinhas heterotróficas totais quando foram suplementados com acetato e citrato em relação aos peixes do grupo controle. Menores contagens de víbrios não fermentadores de sacarose também foram observadas nos peixes suplementados com acetato. Através deste estudo, foi possível avaliar pela primeira vez a inclusão na dieta de sais orgânicos para peixes marinhos brasileiros, com a inclusão na dieta de acetato de sódio 3% mostrando benefícios para o desempenho de robalo-peva.
Assuntos
Animais , Acetatos/análise , Perciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Perciformes/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Vibrio , Ácido Cítrico/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Peixes/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the addition of sodium acetate and sodium citrate in the diets of fingerling fat snook (Centropomus parallelus), through growth performance and modification of the intestinal microbiota. In the experiment, 3,000 fat snook fingerlings were used, with an initial average weight of 0.57 ± 0.10 g. The fish were stocked into 12 tanks (50 L) at a density of 5 fingerlings L-1 per tank distributed in three treatments with four replicates. The treatments were as follows: control group (without supplementation), one group supplemented with sodium acetate, and another group supplemented with sodium citrate. The diets supplemented with organic salts were sprayed with cod liver oil previously homogenized with 3% sodium acetate or sodium citrate. The fish supplemented with sodium acetate showed higher final weight, length, and yield, compared with the control group fish. The intestine of fingerling fat snook showed lower counts of total heterotrophic marine bacteria in the fish supplemented with acetate and citrate in relation to fish of the control group. Lower counts of sucrose non-fermenting vibrios were also observed in fish supplemented with acetate. Through this study, it was possible to evaluate for the first time the dietary inclusion of organic salts in the diets of marine fish in Brazil, with the dietary inclusion of 3% sodium acetate showing benefits for performance of fingerling fat snook.(AU)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adição de acetato de sódio e citrato de sódio na dieta de alevinos robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus), através do desempenho zootécnico e modificação da microbiota intestinal. No experimento, foram utilizados 3000 alevinos de robalo peva, com peso médio inicial de 0,57 ± 0,10 g. Os peixes foram estocados em 12 tanques (50 L) a uma densidade de cinco alevinos L-1 por tanque, distribuídos em três tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: grupo controle (sem suplementação), um grupo com suplementação dietética de acetato de sódio, e outro grupo suplementado com citrato de sódio. As dietas suplementadas com sais orgânicos foram pulverizadas com óleo de fígado de bacalhau previamente homogeneizadas com 3% de acetato de sódio ou citrato de sódio. Os peixes suplementados com acetato de sódio apresentaram maior peso final, comprimento e produtividade, em comparação com o peixe do grupo controle. Os intestinos dos alevinos de robalo apresentaram menores contagens de bactérias marinhas heterotróficas totais quando foram suplementados com acetato e citrato em relação aos peixes do grupo controle. Menores contagens de víbrios não fermentadores de sacarose também foram observadas nos peixes suplementados com acetato. Através deste estudo, foi possível avaliar pela primeira vez a inclusão na dieta de sais orgânicos para peixes marinhos brasileiros, com a inclusão na dieta de acetato de sódio 3% mostrando benefícios para o desempenho de robalo-peva.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Perciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Perciformes/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Ácido Cítrico/análise , Acetatos/análise , Vibrio , Dieta/veterinária , Peixes/metabolismoRESUMO
This study analyzed the effectiveness of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (EOA) as an anesthetic and stress reducing agent in the transport of fat snook ( Centropomus parallelus ). Juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of EOA (seawater-adapted: 25-300L L-¹; freshwater-adapted: 200L L-¹) to identify the anesthetic induction and recovery times. In an additional experiment, seawater-adapted fat snook were transported in plastic bags with 10 or 20L L-¹ EOA for 6 or 24h. The increased concentration of EOA proportionally decreased the time required for anesthesia induction. Mortality was 30 and 70% in fat snook transported with 10 and 20µL L-¹, respectively, 24h after transport. The addition of 20µL L-¹ EOA significantly reduced plasma cortisol levels during transport compared to the control group, but increased blood glucose levels after 6 and 12h of transport. The EOA reduced total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels at the end of transport compared to control fish. The EOA is recommended for sedation (25-50µL L-¹) and anesthesia (100-300µL L-¹) but not for transport of fat snook because it increased mortality.(AU)
Este estudo verificou a eficácia do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEA) como um anestésico e redutor de estresse no transporte de robalo-pevas ( Centropomus parallelus ). Os juvenis foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de OEA (adaptados à água do mar: 25-300µL L-¹; adaptados à água doce: 200µL L-¹) para identificar os tempos de indução e recuperação da anestesia. Em um experimento adicional, robalos-peva adaptados à água do mar foram transportados em sacos plásticos com 10 ou 20µL L-¹ OE por 6 ou 24h. O aumento da concentração do OEA diminuiu proporcionalmente o tempo necessário para a indução da anestesia. A mortalidade foi de 30 e 70% em robalo-pevas transportados com 10 e 20µL L-¹, respectivamente, 24h após o transporte. A adição de 20µL L-¹ OEA reduziu significativamente o cortisol plasmático durante o transporte, comparado ao grupo controle, mas aumentou os níveis de glicose sanguínea após 6 e 12h de transporte. O OEA reduziu os níveis de amônia total e de oxigênio dissolvido ao final do transporte em comparação com o grupo controle. O OEA é recomendado para sedação (25-50µL L-¹) e anestesia (100-300µL L-¹), mas não para o transporte de robalo-peva, porque aumentou a mortalidade.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Perciformes , Estresse Psicológico/prevenção & controle , AnestésicosRESUMO
This study evaluated the correlation of hematological parameters with the mean abundance of the monogenean helminth Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus in Centropomus undecimalis reared at different temperatures and salinities. The experimental conditions were: 28 °C/0 ppt (parts per thousand); 28 °C/15 ppt; 28 °C/32 ppt; 25 °C/0 ppt; 25 °C/15 ppt; and 25 °C/32 ppt. The prevalence was 100.0% in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt, 28 °C/32 ppt and 25 °C/15 ppt, which was significantly different (p 0.05) from those at 25 °C/32 ppt. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit and total leukocyte (WBC) count were significantly higher in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt and 28 °C/32 ppt. The mean abundance of R. rhabdosynochus, hematocrit and RBC showed positive correlations (P 0.05) with temperature (= 0.3908; = 0.4771 and = 0.2812). Mean abundance showed negative correlations with hemoglobin (= -0.3567) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) ( = -0.2684). No correlation between abundance and salinity was detected among the experimental conditions ( = -0.0204). The low numbers of monogeneans recorded (min -1 and max -33) explain the few changes to fish health. This suggests that these experimental conditions may be recommended for development of rearing of C. undecimalis in Brazil, without any influence or economic losses from R. rhabdosynochus.(AU)
Este estudo avaliou a correlação dos parâmetros hematológicos com a abundância média de helmintos monogenea Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus em robalo-flecha, Centropomus undecimalis, cultivado em diferentes temperaturas e salinidades. As condições experimentais foram: 28 °C/0 ; 28 °C/15 ; 28 °C/32 ; 25 °C/0 ; 25 °C/15 ; 25 °C/32 . A prevalência (P) foi de 100,0% nos peixes de 28 °C/15 , 28 °C/32 , 25 °C/15 significativamente diferente (p 0,05) dos peixes de 25 °C/32 (P=75,0%). O número de eritrócitos, hematócrito e leucócitos totais foram significativamente maiores nos peixes mantidos a 28 °C/15 e 28 °C/32 . A abundância média de R. rhabdosynochus, hematócrito e número de eritrócitos mostraram correlação positiva (p 0,05) com a temperatura ( = 0,3908; = 0,4771 e = 0,2812, respectivamente). Houve correlação negativa da abundância média com a hemoglobina ( = -0,3567) e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) ( = -0,2684). Não houve correlação entre a abundância e a salinidade entre os tratamentos ( = -0,0204). O baixo número de Monogenea registrado (mín: 1 e máx: 33) justifica as poucas alterações na saúde dos animais avaliados. Isso sugere que essas condições experimentais de cultivo podem ser recomendadas para um futuro desenvolvimento do cultivo de C. undecimalis no Brasil, sem que haja influência e perdas econômicas associadas a mortalidades, por parasitos R. rhabdosynochus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Trematódeos/fisiologia , SalinidadeRESUMO
This study evaluated the correlation of hematological parameters with the mean abundance of the monogenean helminth Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus in Centropomus undecimalis reared at different temperatures and salinities. The experimental conditions were: 28 °C/0 ppt (parts per thousand); 28 °C/15 ppt; 28 °C/32 ppt; 25 °C/0 ppt; 25 °C/15 ppt; and 25 °C/32 ppt. The prevalence was 100.0% in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt, 28 °C/32 ppt and 25 °C/15 ppt, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) from those at 25 °C/32 ppt. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit and total leukocyte (WBC) count were significantly higher in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt and 28 °C/32 ppt. The mean abundance of R. rhabdosynochus, hematocrit and RBC showed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with temperature (ρ= 0.3908; ρ= 0.4771 and ρ = 0.2812). Mean abundance showed negative correlations with hemoglobin (ρ= -0.3567) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (ρ = -0.2684). No correlation between abundance and salinity was detected among the experimental conditions (ρ = -0.0204). The low numbers of monogeneans recorded (min -1 and max -33) explain the few changes to fish health. This suggests that these experimental conditions may be recommended for development of rearing of C. undecimalis in Brazil, without any influence or economic losses from R. rhabdosynochus.
Este estudo avaliou a correlação dos parâmetros hematológicos com a abundância média de helmintos monogenea Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus em robalo-flecha, Centropomus undecimalis, cultivado em diferentes temperaturas e salinidades. As condições experimentais foram: 28 °C/0 ‰; 28 °C/15 ‰; 28 °C/32 ‰; 25 °C/0 ‰; 25 °C/15 ‰; 25 °C/32 ‰. A prevalência (P) foi de 100,0% nos peixes de 28 °C/15 ‰, 28 °C/32 ‰, 25 °C/15 ‰ significativamente diferente (p<0,05) dos peixes de 25 °C/32 ‰ (P=75,0%). O número de eritrócitos, hematócrito e leucócitos totais foram significativamente maiores nos peixes mantidos a 28 °C/15 ‰ e 28 °C/32 ‰. A abundância média de R. rhabdosynochus, hematócrito e número de eritrócitos mostraram correlação positiva (p<0,05) com a temperatura (ρ = 0,3908; ρ = 0,4771 e ρ = 0,2812, respectivamente). Houve correlação negativa da abundância média com a hemoglobina (ρ = -0,3567) e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) (ρ = -0,2684). Não houve correlação entre a abundância e a salinidade entre os tratamentos (ρ = -0,0204). O baixo número de Monogenea registrado (mín: 1 e máx: 33) justifica as poucas alterações na saúde dos animais avaliados. Isso sugere que essas condições experimentais de cultivo podem ser recomendadas para um futuro desenvolvimento do cultivo de C. undecimalis no Brasil, sem que haja influência e perdas econômicas associadas a mortalidades, por parasitos R. rhabdosynochus.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Trematódeos/fisiologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Temperatura , Nível de Saúde , SalinidadeRESUMO
This study evaluated the correlation of hematological parameters with the mean abundance of the monogenean helminth Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus in Centropomus undecimalis reared at different temperatures and salinities. The experimental conditions were: 28 °C/0 ppt (parts per thousand); 28 °C/15 ppt; 28 °C/32 ppt; 25 °C/0 ppt; 25 °C/15 ppt; and 25 °C/32 ppt. The prevalence was 100.0% in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt, 28 °C/32 ppt and 25 °C/15 ppt, which was significantly different (p 0.05) from those at 25 °C/32 ppt. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit and total leukocyte (WBC) count were significantly higher in fish at 28 °C/15 ppt and 28 °C/32 ppt. The mean abundance of R. rhabdosynochus, hematocrit and RBC showed positive correlations (P 0.05) with temperature (= 0.3908; = 0.4771 and = 0.2812). Mean abundance showed negative correlations with hemoglobin (= -0.3567) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) ( = -0.2684). No correlation between abundance and salinity was detected among the experimental conditions ( = -0.0204). The low numbers of monogeneans recorded (min -1 and max -33) explain the few changes to fish health. This suggests that these experimental conditions may be recommended for development of rearing of C. undecimalis in Brazil, without any influence or economic losses from R. rhabdosynochus.
Este estudo avaliou a correlação dos parâmetros hematológicos com a abundância média de helmintos monogenea Rhabdosynochus rhabdosynochus em robalo-flecha, Centropomus undecimalis, cultivado em diferentes temperaturas e salinidades. As condições experimentais foram: 28 °C/0 ; 28 °C/15 ; 28 °C/32 ; 25 °C/0 ; 25 °C/15 ; 25 °C/32 . A prevalência (P) foi de 100,0% nos peixes de 28 °C/15 , 28 °C/32 , 25 °C/15 significativamente diferente (p 0,05) dos peixes de 25 °C/32 (P=75,0%). O número de eritrócitos, hematócrito e leucócitos totais foram significativamente maiores nos peixes mantidos a 28 °C/15 e 28 °C/32 . A abundância média de R. rhabdosynochus, hematócrito e número de eritrócitos mostraram correlação positiva (p 0,05) com a temperatura ( = 0,3908; = 0,4771 e = 0,2812, respectivamente). Houve correlação negativa da abundância média com a hemoglobina ( = -0,3567) e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) ( = -0,2684). Não houve correlação entre a abundância e a salinidade entre os tratamentos ( = -0,0204). O baixo número de Monogenea registrado (mín: 1 e máx: 33) justifica as poucas alterações na saúde dos animais avaliados. Isso sugere que essas condições experimentais de cultivo podem ser recomendadas para um futuro desenvolvimento do cultivo de C. undecimalis no Brasil, sem que haja influência e perdas econômicas associadas a mortalidades, por parasitos R. rhabdosynochus.
RESUMO
The Common Snook, Centropomus undecimalis, inhabits riverine and marine areas of Southern Gulf of Mexico, where it is subject to intense use and exploitation. It has been reported that the genetic identification of fish stocks constitutes a valuable tool for wild population management; nevertheless, there is no available information on the genetic identification on fish stocks of this species in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic relationship between C. undecimalis captured in marine and freshwater environments of the Gulf of Mexico and the San Pedro River. For this, muscle tissue samples of 79 specimens were obtained from areas located more than 300km apart. The genotype of each individual was determined using seven microsatellite primer pairs. Five primers amplified efficiently presenting between six and 28 alleles per locus. High levels of heterozygosis were observed in samples from both environments. Deviation from HWE due to an excess of heterozygotes was observed. The values of genetic difference indicate an absence of population structure (F ST=0.0075 and R ST=0.016, p=0.051) and similarity in the allele frequencies, defined by Neis index (0.805). Data showed the existence of a high gene flow due to the number of migrants (Nm=18.7). Our results suggest that individuals living in these environments belong to the same genetic population. We suggest the development of management and protection plans for this fish species population in the wild. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 627-636. Epub 2014 June 01.
El robalo común Centropomus undecimalis habita en áreas ribereñas y marinas del sur del Golfo de México donde es sujeto a explotación intensiva. Aunque la identificación de las poblaciones de peces representa una valiosa herramienta para el manejo de las poblaciones silvestres, no hay información disponible para identificar genéticamente las poblaciones de peces de esta especie en la región. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación genética entre C. undecimalis capturado en ambiente marino y dulceacuícola del Golfo de México y río San Pedro. Muestras de tejido muscular de 79 individuos fueron obtenidas en áreas separadas por más de 300km. El genotipo de cada individuo fue determinado usando siete pares de cebadores microsatélites. Cinco cebadores amplificaron eficientemente presentando entre seis y 28 alelos por locus. Altos niveles de heterocigosidad se observaron en las muestras de ambos ambientes. Se observó desviación del equilibrio HW debido a exceso de heterocigotos. Los valores de diferenciación genética indican ausencia de estructuración poblacional F ST (0.0075) y R ST (0.016, p=0.051) y similitud en las frecuencias alélicas definidas por el índice de Nei (0.805). Los datos mostraron elevado flujo genético debido al número de migrantes (Nm=18.7). Estos resultados sugieren que los individuos en estos ambientes provienen de la misma población genética. La información obtenida en este estudio, por lo tanto contribuirá con elementos que pueden ser considerados en el desarrollo de programas de manejo y protección de las poblaciones de peces silvestres.
Assuntos
Animais , Variação Genética/genética , Perciformes/genética , México , Repetições de Microssatélites , Perciformes/classificaçãoRESUMO
Centropomus undecimalis is distributed in the coastal waters of the western Atlantic between North Carolina and São Paulo, although very little is known of the genetic structure of its populations. Here, 148 C. undecimalis samples were obtained from six sites in the southwestern Atlantic, representing the Brazilian distribution of this species. Segments of three mitochondrial (Cytb, COI and 16S) and one nuclear (IGF1) gene were sequenced. The results of all analyses indicated the presence of a previously undetected lineage of Centropomus in the northern extreme of Brazil (Amapá) in the region of the Oiapoque estuary. This taxon is genetically distinct from all 12 recognized species of Centropomus. The populations from the Brazilian states of Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were genetically similar to C. undecimalis from coastal areas of the Caribbean and USA. Nucleotide divergence between C. undecimalis and the new Oiapoque taxon are greater than or similar to those found between a number of valid Centropomus species. The estimated time of divergence between C. undecimalis and the new taxon is approximately 2 millionyears. The findings of the present study emphasize the need for a thorough taxonomic revision of this genus.
Assuntos
Perciformes/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Variação Genética , Haplótipos , Filogeografia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Two neotropical estuaries affected by different anthropogenic factors were studied. We report levels of metals and metalloids in water and sediment as well as their influence on genetic, biochemical and morphological biomarkers in the native fish Centropomus parallelus. Biomarkers reflected the fish health status. Multivariate statistics indicated both spatial and temporal changes in both water and sediment, which are linked to the elemental composition and health status of inhabitant fish, showing the biggest influence of surface water, followed by sediments and interstitial water. Bioaccumulation in fish muscle was useful to identify elements that were below detection limits in water, pointing out the risk of consuming fish exceeding allowance limits for some elements (As and Hg in this case). Multivariate statistics, including physical, chemical and biological issues, presents a suitable tool, integrating data from different origin allocated in the same estuary, which could be useful for future studies on estuarine systems.