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OBJECTIVE: To examine whether objective sleep parameters are associated with cognitive function (CF) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with chronic insomnia (CI) and whether the severity of these disorders is related to CF. METHOD: Thirty patients with MDD with CI attending a tertiary care institution underwent two consecutive nights of polysomnographic (PSG) recording and a battery of neuropsychological tests, which included episodic memory, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function. The severity of MDD and CI was assessed by clinical scales. We examined the relationship between PSG parameters and CF, as well as whether the severity of the disorders is related to CF. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis revealed that total sleep time (TST) was positively associated with higher learning and recall of episodic memory, as well as better attention. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) showed a positive association with better working memory. Furthermore, wake after sleep onset (WASO) was negatively associated with episodic memory and lower attention. No significant relationships were found between the severity of MDD or CI with CF. CONCLUSION: Both sleep duration and depth are positively associated with several aspects of CF in patients with MDD with CI. Conversely, a lack of sleep maintenance is negatively related to CF in these patients. These findings could help identify modifiable therapeutic targets to reduce CF impairment.
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Cognição , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Polissonografia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Atenção , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/complicações , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Memória Episódica , Memória de Curto Prazo , Gravidade do Paciente , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/complicações , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/fisiopatologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/psicologia , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Ibogaine is a potent atypical psychedelic that has gained considerable attention due to its antiaddictive and antidepressant properties in preclinical and clinical studies. Previous research from our group showed that ibogaine suppresses sleep and produces an altered wakefulness state, which resembles natural REM sleep. However, after systemic administration, ibogaine is rapidly metabolized to noribogaine, which also shows antiaddictive effects but with a distinct pharmacological profile, making this drug a promising therapeutic candidate. Therefore, we still ignore whether the sleep/wake alterations depend on ibogaine or its principal metabolite noribogaine. To answer this question, we conducted polysomnographic recordings in rats following the administration of pure noribogaine. Our results show that noribogaine promotes wakefulness while reducing slow-wave sleep and blocking REM sleep, similar to our previous results reported for ibogaine administration. Thus, we shed new evidence on the mechanisms by which iboga alkaloids work in the brain.
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Ibogaína , Polissonografia , Sono REM , Vigília , Animais , Sono REM/efeitos dos fármacos , Vigília/efeitos dos fármacos , Vigília/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ibogaína/análogos & derivados , Ibogaína/farmacologia , Ibogaína/administração & dosagem , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sono de Ondas Lentas/efeitos dos fármacos , Sono de Ondas Lentas/fisiologia , Alucinógenos/farmacologia , Alucinógenos/administração & dosagem , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Gender and age are well-established determinants of health and sleep health that influence overall health, which also often varies by gender and age. Sleep architecture is an important component of sleep health. The goal of this analysis was to examine whether associations between age and sleep stages differ by gender in the absence of moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a rural setting in Brazil. This study conducted polysomnography recordings in the Baependi Heart Study, a cohort of Brazilian adults. Our sample included 584 women and 309 men whose apnea-hypopnea index was ≤15 events/h. We used splines to distinguish non-linear associations between age, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset (WASO), N2, N3, and rapid-eye-movement sleep. The mean (standard deviation; range) age was 47 (14; 18-89) years. All sleep outcomes were associated with age. Compared to men, women had more N3 sleep and less WASO after adjusting for age. Model-based comparisons between genders at specific ages showed statistically higher mean WASO for men at ages 60 (+13.6 min) and 70 years (+19.5 min) and less N3 for men at ages 50 (-13.2 min), 60 (-19.0 min), and 70 years (-19.5 min) but no differences at 20, 30, 40 or 80 years. The other sleep measures did not differ by gender at any age. Thus, even in the absence of moderate-severe OSA, sleep architecture was associated with age across adulthood, and there were gender differences in WASO and N3 at older ages in this rural community.
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Closed-loop acoustic stimulation (CLAS) during sleep has shown to boost slow wave (SW) amplitude and spindle power. Moreover, sleep SW have been classified based on different processes of neuronal synchronization. Thus, different types of SW events may have distinct functional roles and be differentially affected by external stimuli. However, the SW synchronization processes affected by CLAS are not well understood. Here, we studied the effect of CLAS on the dissociation of SW events based on two features of neuronal synchronization in the electroencephalogram (topological spread and wave slope). We evaluated and classified individual SW events of 14 healthy subjects during a CLAS stimulated (STM) and a control night (CNT). Three main categories of SW events were found denoting (C1) steep slope SW with global spread, (C2) flat-slope waves with localized spread and homeostatic decline, and (C3) multipeaked flat-slope events with global spread. Comparing between conditions, we found a consistent increase of event proportion and trough amplitudes for C1 events during the time of stimulation. Furthermore, we found similar increases in post-stimulus spectral power in θ, ß, and σ frequencies for CNT vs STIM condition independently of sleep stage or SW categories. However, topological analysis showed differentiated spatial dynamics in N2 and N3 for SW categories and the co-occurrence with spindle events. Our findings support the existence of multiple types of SW with differential response to external stimuli and possible distinct neuronal mechanisms.
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Fases do Sono , Sono , Humanos , Estimulação Acústica , Sono/fisiologia , Fases do Sono/fisiologia , Eletroencefalografia , Voluntários SaudáveisRESUMO
According to the active systems consolidation theory, memories undergo reactivation during sleep that can give rise to qualitative changes of the representations. These changes may generate new knowledge such as gaining insight into solutions for problem solving. targeted memory reactivation (TMR) uses learning-associated cues, such as sounds or odors, which have been shown to improve memory consolidation when re-applied during sleep. Here we tested whether TMR during slow wave sleep (SWS) and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increases problem solving. Young healthy volunteers participated in one of two experiments. Experiment 1 tested the effect of natural sleep on problem solving. Subjects were trained in a video game-based problem solving task until being presented with a non-solved challenge. Followed by a ~10-h incubation interval filled with nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness, subjects were tested on the problem solving challenge again. Experiment 2 tested the effect of TMR on problem solving, with subjects receiving auditory TMR either during SWS (SWSstim), REM sleep (REMstim), or wakefulness (Wakestim). In Experiment 1, sleep improved problem solving, with 62% of subjects from the Sleep group solving the problem compared to 24% of the Wake group. Subjects with higher amounts of SWS in the Sleep group had a higher chance to solve the problem. In Experiment 2, TMR did not change the sleep effect on problem solving: 56 and 58% of subjects from the SWSstim and REMstim groups solved the problem compared to 57% from the Wakestim group. These findings indicate that sleep, and particularly SWS, facilitates problem solving, whereas this effect is not further increased by TMR.
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RESUMEN Esta es una revisión de algunos ensayos clínicos realizados acerca de las repercusiones en la estructura, arquitectura y percepción del sueño en los consumidores de cannabis. Para la búsqueda bibliográfica se consultó bases de datos, con especial énfasis en revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, estudios de cohortes, ensayos controlados aleatorios y estudios de casos y controles. Las palabras claves incluyeron términos que describen el uso del cannabis combinado con otros que se refieren al sueño o anormalidades del sueño (por ejemplo: sueño, insomnio, polisomnografía, tiempo total de sueño, latencia del sueño, sueño de onda lenta, sueño de movimiento ocular rápido y su latencia). Se extrajeron datos relevantes de cada uno de los artículos consultados. Se resumió la literatura disponible sobre mediciones subjetivas y objetivas, correlaciones clínicas y paraclínicas, diferencias entre el consumo agudo, crónico y la abstinencia, y otros puntos de discusión. Se realizaron varias correlaciones moleculares y anatómicas que explican los cambios en el sueño desde el punto de vista del sistema nervioso central. Finalmente, los resultados demuestran una disminución de la latencia del sueño con el uso agudo a dosis bajas, además menor tiempo de vigilia luego del inicio del sueño, aumento del sueño de ondas lentas y disminución del sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos; estos efectos no permanecen con el uso crónico, ya que posteriormente se presenta una peor calidad del sueño; el escenario también varía con la abstinencia, puede presentarse insomnio, disminución del tiempo total del sueño de onda lenta y del sueño total.
ABSTRACT This is a review of some clinical trials conducted on the impact on sleep structure, architecture and perception in cannabis users. For the literature search, consult database queries with special emphasis on systematic reviews, meta-analyzes, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and case-control studies. Keywords include terms that describe cannabis use combined with others that specify sleep or sleep abnormalities (for example: sleep, insomnia, polysomnography, total sleep time, sleep latency, slow wave sleep, motion sleep fast eyepiece and its latency). Relevant data was extracted in each of the articles consulted. The available literature is summarized on: subjective and objective measurements, clinical and paraclinical correlations, differences between acute and chronic consumption and abstinence, and other points of discussion. Tese are various molecular and anatomical correlations that explain changes in sleep from the point of view of the central nervous system. Finally, results frequently decrease sleep latency with acute use at low doses, plus shorter waking time after sleep onset, increased slow wave sleep and decreased rapid eye movement sleep, these effects do not persist with chronic use since later there is a worse quality of sleep; The setting also changes with abstinence where insomnia may occur, decreased total time for slow wave sleep and total sleep.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and sleep parameters in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) at predicting sleep pattern. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with mild to severe OSA were included in the study (Nâ¯=â¯296). Sleep pattern was analyzed by polysomnography and subjective sleep parameters. DII scores were calculated from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and generalized linear models were conducted. RESULTS: DII scores were efficient at predicting apnea severity (P < 0.05) and daytime sleepiness (Pâ¯=â¯0.02) in age stratification and predicting rapid eye movement latency in obese individuals (Pâ¯=â¯0.03). No significant associations were found between DII scores and the majority of sleep parameters. The DII was only associated with daytime sleepiness; patients with a more proinflammatory diet (quintile 4) showed more subjective sleepiness than the group with a more anti-inflammatory diet (quintile 1; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Findings from this study indicated that the DII could be sensitive and specific for predicting apnea severity in individuals commonly associated with OSA. Although the DII was not associated with most of the sleep parameters, the few associations found demonstrated the need for more studies that evaluate whether DII is associated with the risk for OSA symptoms.
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Dieta/efeitos adversos , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/complicações , Inflamação/complicações , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Dieta/métodos , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polissonografia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Sono , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/fisiopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the association between habitual meal timing and sleep parameters, as well as habitual meal timing and apnea severity in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Patients in whom mild to severe OSA was diagnosed were included in the study (n = 296). Sleep parameters were analyzed by polysomnography. Dietary pattern was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire and meal timing of the participants. Individuals with OSA were categorized by meal timing (early, late, and skippers). RESULTS: Dinner timing was associated with sleep latency (ß = 0.130, P = .022), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (ß = 1.284, P = .033) and poor sleep quality (ß = 1.140, P = .015). Breakfast timing was associated with wake after sleep onset (WASO) (ß = 3.567, P = .003), stage N1 sleep (ß = 0.130, P < .001), and stage R sleep (ß = -1.189, P = .001). Lunch timing also was associated with stage N1 sleep (ß = 0.095, P = .025), sleep latency (ß = 0.293, P = .001), and daytime sleepiness (ß = 1.267, P = .009). Compared to early eaters, late eaters presented lower duration of stage R sleep and greater values of sleep latency, WASO, stage N1 sleep, and AHI, in addition to increased risk of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness (P < .005). CONCLUSIONS: Late meal timing was associated with worse sleep pattern and quality and apnea severity than early meal timing. Despite some of these results having limited clinical significance, they can lead to a better understanding about how meal timing affects OSA and sleep parameters.
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Comportamento Alimentar , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/etiologia , Latência do Sono , Sono , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polissonografia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Here our goal was to determine the magnitude of sleep-related motor skill enhancement. Performance on the finger tapping task (FTT) was evaluated after a 90 min daytime nap (n=15) or after quiet wakefulness (n=15). By introducing a slight modification in the formula used to calculate the offline gains we were able to refine the estimated magnitude of sleep׳s effect on motor skills. The raw value of improvement after a nap decreased after this correction (from ~15% to ~5%), but remained significantly higher than the control. These results suggest that sleep does indeed play a role in motor skill consolidation.
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STUDY OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms that underlie differences in sleep characteristics between European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA) are not fully known. Although social and psychological processes that differ by race are possible mediators, the substantial heritability of sleep characteristics also suggests genetic underpinnings of race differences. We hypothesized that racial differences in sleep phenotypes would show an association with objectively measured individual genetic ancestry in AAs. DESIGN: Cross sectional. SETTING: Community-based study. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy AA adults (mean age 59.5 ± 6.7 y; 62% female) and 101 EAs (mean age 60.5 ± 7 y, 39% female). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Multivariate tests were used to compare the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and in-home polysomnographic measures of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and indices of sleep depth including percent visually scored slow wave sleep (SWS) and delta EEG power of EAs and AAs. Sleep duration, efficiency, and sleep depth differed significantly by race. Individual % African ancestry (%AF) was measured in AA subjects using a panel of 1698 ancestry informative genetic markers and ranged from 10% to 88% (mean 67%). Hierarchical linear regression showed that higher %AF was associated with lower percent SWS in AAs (ß (standard error) = -4.6 (1.5); P = 0.002), and explained 11% of the variation in SWS after covariate adjustment. A similar association was observed for delta power. No association was observed for sleep duration and efficiency. CONCLUSION: African genetic ancestry is associated with indices of sleep depth in African Americans. Such an association suggests that part of the racial differences in slow-wave sleep may have genetic underpinnings.
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População Negra/genética , Negro ou Afro-Americano/genética , Sono/genética , Sono/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polissonografia , Características de Residência , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
Some individuals are able to successfully reach very old ages, reflecting higher adaptation against age-associated effects. Sleep is one of the processes deeply affected by aging; however few studies evaluating sleep in long-lived individuals (aged over 85) have been reported to date. The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep patterns and biochemical profile of oldest old individuals (N = 10, age 85-105 years old) and compare them to young adults (N = 15, age 20-30 years old) and older adults (N = 13, age 60-70 years old). All subjects underwent full-night polysomnography, 1-week of actigraphic recording and peripheral blood collection. Sleep electroencephalogram spectral analysis was also performed. The oldest old individuals showed lower sleep efficiency and REM sleep when compared to the older adults, while stage N3 percentage and delta power were similar across the groups. Oldest old individuals maintained strictly regular sleep-wake schedules and also presented higher HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels than older adults. The present study revealed novel data regarding specific sleep patterns and maintenance of slow wave sleep in the oldest old group. Taken together with the favorable lipid profile, these results contribute with evidence to the importance of sleep and lipid metabolism regulation in the maintenance of longevity in humans.
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OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships among blood pressure (BP), adiposity, and sleep quality with the use of overnight polysomnography in obese adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Overnight polysomnogram and morning BP measurements were performed in obese (body mass index [BMI] >95th percentile) nondiabetic adolescents (eligible age range 12-18 years, n = 49). Subjects were stratified into 2 groups, one with normal BP, and one with elevated BP, and demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the effects of sleep quality on BP. RESULTS: Participants (n = 27) had a normal morning BP, and 22 (44.9%) had elevated morning BP. There were no differences in age (P = .53), sex (P = .44), race (P = .58), or BMI (P = .56) between the 2 BP groups. The group with elevated BP spent shorter percentages of time in rapid eye movement (REM; P = .006) and slow-wave sleep (SWS; P = .024). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a lower percentage of both REM and SWS was associated with increased morning BP after we adjusted for pubertal stage, sex, race, and BMI. CONCLUSION: Lack of deeper stages of sleep, REM sleep, and SWS is associated with greater morning BP in obese adolescents, independent of BMI. Poor sleep quality should be considered in the work-up of obese youth with hypertension. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate whether improving the quality of sleep will decrease BP elevation.
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Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , PolissonografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pre-training rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation affects memory acquisition and/or consolidation. It also produces major REMS rebound at the cost of waking and slow wave sleep (SWS). Given that both SWS and REMS appear to be important for memory processes, REMS rebound after training may disrupt the organization of sleep cycles, i.e., excessive amount of REMS and/or little SWS after training could be harmful for memory formation. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether lithium, a drug known to increase SWS and reduce REMS, could prevent the memory impairment induced by pre-training sleep deprivation. DESIGN: Animals were divided in 2 groups: cage control (CC) and REMS-deprived (REMSDep), and then subdivided into 4 subgroups, treated either with vehicle or 1 of 3 doses of lithium (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) 2 h before training on the multiple trial inhibitory avoidance task. Animals were tested 48 h later to make sure that the drug had been already metabolized and eliminated. Another set of animals was implanted with electrodes and submitted to the same experimental protocol for assessment of drug-induced sleep-wake changes. SUBJECTS: Wistar male rats weighing 300-400 g. RESULTS: Sleep deprived rats required more trials to learn the task and still showed a performance deficit during test, except from those treated with 150 mg/kg of lithium, which also reduced the time spent in REM sleep during sleep recovery. CONCLUSION: Lithium reduced rapid eye movement sleep and prevented memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation. These results indicate that these phenomena may be related, but cause-effect relationship cannot be ascertained.
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Carbonato de Lítio/farmacologia , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Privação do Sono/complicações , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroencefalografia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sono/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The inferior colliculus (IC) is a mesencephalic auditory nucleus involved in several functions including the analysis of the frequency and intensity of sounds as well as sound localization. In addition to auditory processes, the IC controls the expression of defensive responses. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the IC contributes to the maintenance of wakefulness. For this purpose, several experimental approaches were performed in urethane-anesthetized guinea pigs. Electrical or chemical stimulation of the IC resulted in electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization, theta rhythm in the hippocampus and an increase in heart rate; all of these effects suggest an arousal reaction. Furthermore, by means of extracellular unit recordings, we determined that most IC neurons increased their spontaneous and tone-evoked responses in association with EEG desynchronization. We also studied the effect on sleep and wakefulness of bilateral acute inhibition of the IC by microinjections of muscimol (a GABAA agonist), as well as the effect of bilateral IC lesions in chronically-instrumented (drug-free) guinea pigs. Acute (via muscimol microinjections), but not chronic (via electrolytic lesions) inhibition of the IC decreased wakefulness., We conclude that the IC plays an active role in the maintenance of wakefulness. Further, we propose that this nucleus may mediate arousal responses induced by biologically significant sounds.
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Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Colículos Inferiores/fisiologia , Vigília/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Nível de Alerta/efeitos dos fármacos , Bicuculina/farmacologia , Estimulação Elétrica , Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/farmacologia , Cobaias , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Colículos Inferiores/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Microeletrodos , Muscimol/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/fisiologia , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Sono/fisiologia , Ritmo Teta/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Vigília/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Studies have shown that the frequency or worsening of sleep disorders tends to increase with age and that the ability to perform circadian adjustments tends to decrease in individuals who work the night shift. This condition can cause consequences such as excessive sleepiness, which are often a factor in accidents that occur at work. The present study investigated the effects of age on the daytime and nighttime sleep patterns using polysomnography (PSG) of long-haul bus drivers working fixed night or day shifts. A total of 124 drivers, free of sleep disorders and grouped according to age (<45 years, N = 85, and ≥45 years, N = 39) and PSG timing (daytime (D) PSG, N = 60; nighttime (N) PSG, N = 64) participated in the study. We observed a significant effect of bedtime (D vs N) and found that the length of daytime sleep was shorter [D: <45 years (336.10 ± 73.75 min) vs N: <45 years (398 ± 78.79 min) and D: ≥45 years (346.57 ± 43.17 min) vs N: ≥45 years (386.44 ± 52.92 min); P ≤ 0.05]. Daytime sleep was less efficient compared to nighttime sleep [D: <45 years (78.86 ± 13.30 percent) vs N: <45 years (86.45 ± 9.77 percent) and D: ≥45 years (79.89 ± 9.45 percent) and N: ≥45 years (83.13 ± 9.13 percent); P ≤ 0.05]. An effect of age was observed for rapid eye movement sleep [D: <45 years (18.05 ± 6.12 percent) vs D: ≥45 years (15.48 ± 7.11 percent) and N: <45 years (23.88 ± 6.75 percent) vs N: ≥45 years (20.77 ± 5.64 percent); P ≤ 0.05], which was greater in younger drivers. These findings are inconsistent with the notion that older night workers are more adversely affected than younger night workers by the challenge of attempting to rest during the day.