RESUMO

Abstract Background: Little information is available on carcass quality in nulliparous and primiparous ewes of different breeds and genetic groups. Objective: To evaluate the effect of genetic group, pregnancy, age and their interactions on carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profile in sheep. Methods: Eighty-five Santa Ines ewes and their crosses with Texel, Dorper and Ile de France, aged 12 month were bred with White Dorper rams to assess the influence of pregnancy on carcass composition and meat quality. After weaning, all ewes (nulliparous and primiparous) were fattened for slaughter at 21 months of age. A further 24 six to twenty one-month-old female lambs from the same genetic groups were included in the analysis to determine the fatty acid profile. Results: Genetic group affected muscle and fat weight as well as the eye muscle length. Fat weight, muscle and fat ratios, subcutaneous fat thickness and cooking loss were affected by pregnancy with nulliparous females being fatter. Meat purpose breeds such as Dorper, Texel and Ile de France showed better meat quality compared to the Santa Ines hair breed. Of the 19 identified fatty acids, saturated were present in greater quantities, especially stearic and palmitic. Omega-6 content was influenced by age and pregnancy. Conclusions: Younger and nulliparous females have better carcass quality in terms of fatty acid composition.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existe poca información sobre la calidad de la canal en ovejas jóvenes nulíparas y primíparas de diferentes razas y grupos genéticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del grupo genético, de la preñez, de la edad y sus interacciones sobre la composición de la canal, calidad de la carne y perfil de ácidos grasos en la carne de ovejas. Métodos: Ochenta y cinco ovejas de 12 meses de edad de raza Santa Inés y sus cruces con Texel, Dorper y Ile de France fueron cruzadas con carneros White Dorper para evaluar la influencia de la gestación sobre la composición de la canal y la calidad de la carne. Después del destete, todas las ovejas (nulíparas y primíparas) fueron engordadas y sacrificadas a los 21 meses de edad. Otras 24 ovejas de seis a veintiún meses de edad del mismo grupo genético fueron incluidas en el análisis para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos. Resultado s: El grupo genético afectó el peso del músculo y de la grasa, como también la longitud del ojo del músculo. El peso de la grasa, porcentajes de músculo y grasa, el grosor de la grasa subcutánea y las perdidas por cocción fueron afectadas por la preñez, siendo más gordas las hembras nulíparas. Los grupos genéticos especializados en producir carne como Dorper, Texel e Ile de France mostraron mejor calidad de carne comparado con la raza Santa Inés. De los 19 ácidos grasos identificados, los saturados estaban presentes en mayores cantidades, especialmente esteárico y palmítico. Los contenidos de Omega-6 fueron influenciados por la edad y la preñez. Conclusiones: Las ovejas más jóvenes y nulíparas tienen mejor calidad de carcasa en términos de composición de ácidos grasos.

Resumo Antecedentes: Existe pouca informação sobre a qualidade da carcaça em ovelhas jovens nulíparas e primíparas de diferentes raças e grupos genéticos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do grupo genético, da prenhes, da idade e suas interações sobre as características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e perfil de ácidos graxos na carne de ovelhas. Métodos: Oitenta e cinco ovelhas Santa Inês e suas cruzas com Texel, Dorper e Ile de France com 12 meses de idade foram cruzadas com carneiros White Dorper para avaliar a influência da prenhes sobre a composição da carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Após o desmame, todas as ovelhas (nulíparas e primíparas) foram engordadas para serem abatidas aos 21 meses de idade. Mais 24 ovelhas com idade variando entre seis a vinte e um meses do mesmo grupo genético foram incluídas na análise para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos. Resultados: O grupo genético influenciou os pesos do musculo e da gordura bem como o comprimento da área de olho de lombo. O peso da gordura, a relação músculo e gordura, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e as perdas por cocção foram influenciadas pela prenhes, sendo as fêmeas nulíparas as mais gordas. Os grupos genéticos especializados em produção de carne como o Dorper, o Texel e o Ile de France apresentaram melhor qualidade de carne comparado a raça Santa Inês. Dos 19 ácidos graxos identificados, os presentes em maiores quantidades foram os saturados, principalmente o esteárico e o palmítico. O Conteúdo de ômega 6 foi influenciado pela idade e pela prenhes. Conclusões: As fêmeas jovens e nulíparas apresentam melhor qualidade de carcaça em termos de composição de ácidos graxos.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the total losses associated with the season, transportation distance, and slaughter age during the transportation of broilers from poultry farms to slaughterhouses in Turkey. All data and parameters were statistically analyzed and the change in total loss during transportation was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance to determine which factors or variables affect this change. Total transportation losses were compared among the four seasons of the year, two slaughter ages (younger broiler, 31-39 days of age; older broilers 40-46 days of age) and three distance ranges (short, 50 km; medium, 51-150 km; and long, 151 km). Total losses of 259.40 g, 307.35 g, and 350.14 g were determined for short, medium and long distances, respectively, indicating that losses increased with transportation distance (p 0.05). Broilers slaughtered at a younger age presented lower total losses than those slaughtered at an older age (p 0.05). When seasons were evaluated, the highest total loss was determined in the summer, which was not statistically different from that calculated for autumn, whereas total transportation losses in spring and winter were found relatively lower. The study showed long-distance transportation in the winter considerably increased total losses to levels similar to those obtained in the summer.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the total losses associated with the season, transportation distance, and slaughter age during the transportation of broilers from poultry farms to slaughterhouses in Turkey. All data and parameters were statistically analyzed and the change in total loss during transportation was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance to determine which factors or variables affect this change. Total transportation losses were compared among the four seasons of the year, two slaughter ages (younger broiler, 31-39 days of age; older broilers 40-46 days of age) and three distance ranges (short, 50 km; medium, 51-150 km; and long, 151 km). Total losses of 259.40 g, 307.35 g, and 350.14 g were determined for short, medium and long distances, respectively, indicating that losses increased with transportation distance (p 0.05). Broilers slaughtered at a younger age presented lower total losses than those slaughtered at an older age (p 0.05). When seasons were evaluated, the highest total loss was determined in the summer, which was not statistically different from that calculated for autumn, whereas total transportation losses in spring and winter were found relatively lower. The study showed long-distance transportation in the winter considerably increased total losses to levels similar to those obtained in the summer.(AU)

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RESUMO

Current study aimed to evaluate the performance of bulls (1/2 Purunã vs 1/2 Canchim) slaughtered at two ages and three different weights. One hundred and thirteen bulls were divided into two slaughter ages (16 and 22 months) and three different slaughter weights (light, 422 kg; medium, 470 kg; and heavy, 550 kg). The body weight was higher for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Daily gain, carcass weight and dressing were higher for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Feed intake was higher for bulls slaughtered at 22 months although feed efficiency was better for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Carcass characteristics were better for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. The percentages of muscle, fat and bone and meat characteristics were similar between two slaughter ages. Feed intake and animal performance was lower for lighter animals. Feed conversion and carcass dressing were similar in the three slaughter weights. Muscle percentage was higher for heavier animals but fat and bone percentages were lower. Slaughter weight had no effect on meat characteristics.

RESUMO

Comparou-se o desempenho de bovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos quanto a algumas características produtivas da desmama até o abate. Os dados são referentes a 827 bovinos machos oriundos do cruzamento de vacas Tabapuã com touros Tabapuã (TAB), Red Angus (REDTAB), Santa Gertrudis (STATAB), e das fêmeas TabapuãxRed Angus com touros Santa Gertrudis (STAREDTAB) (nascidos entre 1999 e 2001 e criados em pastagens de braquiária, no Estado da Bahia). Foram analisados o peso à desmama ajustado aos 205 dias (PD205), o peso ao abate (PA), o ganho médio diário da desmama ao abate (GMD) e a idade ao abate (IA). O grupo contemporâneo (GC), o grupo genético (GG) e a interação entre GC e GG influenciaram as características avaliadas (P<0,05). O REDTAB apresentou superioridade entre os GG para GMD no primeiro ano do GC (1GC), com média de 0,552kg (P<0,05). Os cruzados STATAB e STAREDTAB não apresentaram diferenças significativas para as médias de GMD (P>0,05); entretanto, apresentaram médias inferiores às do grupo REDTAB e TAB. Em condição de ambiente mais favorável, o REDTAB pode ser mais precoce, obtendo maior GMD e PA com menor IA, sendo superior ao Tabapuã e aos cruzados da segunda geração (F2). Os cruzados F2 não demonstraram vantagem em relação ao cruzado F1 e à raça pura.

The aim of this study was to compare the different genetic groups performances from weaning to slaughter. The d ata are referred to 827 male calves of Tabapuã c ows crossed with Red Angus (REDTAB) and Santa Gertrudis sires and from Tabapuã x Red Angus cows crossed with Santa Gertrudis sires , born from 1999 to 2001 and raised in Brachiaria pastures, in Bahia state , Brazil. The w eaning weight was adjusted to 205 day s (WW205), slaughter weight (SW ), average daily gain from weaning to slaughter (ADG) and age slaughter (AG), were analyzed. The contemporary group (CG), genetic group (GG) and the interaction between CG and GG influenced the parameters (P<0.05). The REDTAB showed superiority between GG for ADG in 1CG, with an average of 0.522 kg (P<0.05). The cro s sbreed STATAB and STAREDTAB weren 't different to ADG (P>0.05), however, ha d lower averages than REDTAB and TAB. In more favorable environment al conditions, REDTAB s hould get higher ADG and SW and lower AG , being superior than Tabapuã and to the second generation's crossbr ed (F2). The crossbr ed F2 show ed no advantage over F1crossbr ed and straightbred.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Comparou-se o desempenho de bovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos quanto a algumas características produtivas da desmama até o abate. Os dados são referentes a 827 bovinos machos oriundos do cruzamento de vacas Tabapuã com touros Tabapuã (TAB), Red Angus (REDTAB), Santa Gertrudis (STATAB), e das fêmeas TabapuãxRed Angus com touros Santa Gertrudis (STAREDTAB) (nascidos entre 1999 e 2001 e criados em pastagens de braquiária, no Estado da Bahia). Foram analisados o peso à desmama ajustado aos 205 dias (PD205), o peso ao abate (PA), o ganho médio diário da desmama ao abate (GMD) e a idade ao abate (IA). O grupo contemporâneo (GC), o grupo genético (GG) e a interação entre GC e GG influenciaram as características avaliadas (P<0,05). O REDTAB apresentou superioridade entre os GG para GMD no primeiro ano do GC (1GC), com média de 0,552kg (P<0,05). Os cruzados STATAB e STAREDTAB não apresentaram diferenças significativas para as médias de GMD (P>0,05); entretanto, apresentaram médias inferiores às do grupo REDTAB e TAB. Em condição de ambiente mais favorável, o REDTAB pode ser mais precoce, obtendo maior GMD e PA com menor IA, sendo superior ao Tabapuã e aos cruzados da segunda geração (F2). Os cruzados F2 não demonstraram vantagem em relação ao cruzado F1 e à raça pura.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare the different genetic groups performances from weaning to slaughter. The d ata are referred to 827 male calves of Tabapuã c ows crossed with Red Angus (REDTAB) and Santa Gertrudis sires and from Tabapuã x Red Angus cows crossed with Santa Gertrudis sires , born from 1999 to 2001 and raised in Brachiaria pastures, in Bahia state , Brazil. The w eaning weight was adjusted to 205 day s (WW205), slaughter weight (SW ), average daily gain from weaning to slaughter (ADG) and age slaughter (AG), were analyzed. The contemporary group (CG), genetic group (GG) and the interaction between CG and GG influenced the parameters (P<0.05). The REDTAB showed superiority between GG for ADG in 1CG, with an average of 0.522 kg (P<0.05). The cro s sbreed STATAB and STAREDTAB weren 't different to ADG (P>0.05), however, ha d lower averages than REDTAB and TAB. In more favorable environment al conditions, REDTAB s hould get higher ADG and SW and lower AG , being superior than Tabapuã and to the second generation's crossbr ed (F2). The crossbr ed F2 show ed no advantage over F1crossbr ed and straightbred.(AU)

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RESUMO

This study was carried out to evaluate carcass characteristics, chemical and fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle of 78 Purunã bulls (39 bulls/treatment) slaughtered at18 or 24 months old. The experimental design was completely randomized. The bulls were distributed into two systems: 1) Finished in feedlot 13 to 18 months old (T18), or 2) Finished in feedlot from 21 to 24 months old (T24). The diet, roughage:concentrate ratio of 52:48 (dry matter basis), contained 12% crude protein and 72% total digestible nutrients. The T18 system showed lower (p < 0.05) conformation (12.46 vs. 13.41 points), higher (p < 0.05) subcutaneous fat thickness (3.82 vs. 3.11 mm), lower (p < 0.05) Longissimus area (66.17 vs. 70.87 cm2), lower (p < 0.05) muscle percentage (60.64 vs. 64.26%) and higher (p < 0.05) fat percentage (23.56 vs. 20.00%). Moisture (73.27%), ash (1.05%), crude protein percentages (22.56%) and totalcholesterol content (36.47 mg/100 g of muscle) were similar (p < 0.05) between both slaughter ages. The total lipid percentage was higher (p < 0.05) for the T18 system (1.61 vs. 1.33%).Longissimus muscle fatty acid composition was not influenced (p < 0.05), with exception of C18:1 n-9 and C18:3 n-3, which were lower (p < 0.05) for the T18 system. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6, n-3 percentage and PUFA/SFA andn-6/n-3 ratio did not change (p < 0.05) according to slaughter age.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características da carcaça e composição química do músculo Longissimus de 78 bovinos Purunã (39/tratamento) abatidos no sistema super precoce (SUP) e precoce(PRE). Os bovinos foram distribuídos em dois sistemas: 1. Terminação em confinamento dos 13 aos 18 meses de idade (SUP) ou 2. Terminação em confinamento dos 21 aos 24 meses de idade (PRE). Os animais receberam uma dieta com 12% de proteína bruta e 72% de NDT com proporção volumoso:concentrado de 52:48. Animais do sistema SUP apresentaram menor (p < 0,05) conformação (12,46 vs. 13,41 pontos), maior (p < 0,05) espessura de gordura de cobertura (3,82 vs. 3,11 mm), menor (p < 0,05) área do Longissimus (66,17 vs. 70,87 cm2), menor (p < 0,05) percentagem de músculo (60,64 vs. 64,26%) e maior (p < 0,05) percentagem degordura (23,56 vs. 20,00%). A percentagem de umidade (73,27%), cinzas (1,05%), proteína bruta(22,56%) e teor de colesterol total (36,47 mg 100 g-1 de músculo) foi similar (p < 0,05) entre o peso de abate. A maior (p < 0,05) percentagem de lipídeos totais foi para o SUP (1,61 vs. 1,33%). A composição de ácidos graxos não foi influenciada (p < 0,05) pelo sistema de terminação, comexceção da percentagem dos ácidos graxos C18:1 n-9 e C18:3 n-3 que foram menores (p < 0.05) para o PRE. As percentagens de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, n-6, n-3 e as razões de AGPI/AGS e n-6/n-3 não foram alteradas (p < 0,05) pela idade de abate.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study was carried out to evaluate carcass characteristics, chemical and fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle of 78 Purunã bulls (39 bulls/treatment) slaughtered at18 or 24 months old. The experimental design was completely randomized. The bulls were distributed into two systems: 1) Finished in feedlot 13 to 18 months old (T18), or 2) Finished in feedlot from 21 to 24 months old (T24). The diet, roughage:concentrate ratio of 52:48 (dry matter basis), contained 12% crude protein and 72% total digestible nutrients. The T18 system showed lower (p < 0.05) conformation (12.46 vs. 13.41 points), higher (p < 0.05) subcutaneous fat thickness (3.82 vs. 3.11 mm), lower (p < 0.05) Longissimus area (66.17 vs. 70.87 cm2), lower (p < 0.05) muscle percentage (60.64 vs. 64.26%) and higher (p < 0.05) fat percentage (23.56 vs. 20.00%). Moisture (73.27%), ash (1.05%), crude protein percentages (22.56%) and totalcholesterol content (36.47 mg/100 g of muscle) were similar (p < 0.05) between both slaughter ages. The total lipid percentage was higher (p < 0.05) for the T18 system (1.61 vs. 1.33%).Longissimus muscle fatty acid composition was not influenced (p < 0.05), with exception of C18:1 n-9 and C18:3 n-3, which were lower (p < 0.05) for the T18 system. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6, n-3 percentage and PUFA/SFA andn-6/n-3 ratio did not change (p < 0.05) according to slaughter age.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características da carcaça e composição química do músculo Longissimus de 78 bovinos Purunã (39/tratamento) abatidos no sistema super precoce (SUP) e precoce(PRE). Os bovinos foram distribuídos em dois sistemas: 1. Terminação em confinamento dos 13 aos 18 meses de idade (SUP) ou 2. Terminação em confinamento dos 21 aos 24 meses de idade (PRE). Os animais receberam uma dieta com 12% de proteína bruta e 72% de NDT com proporção volumoso:concentrado de 52:48. Animais do sistema SUP apresentaram menor (p < 0,05) conformação (12,46 vs. 13,41 pontos), maior (p < 0,05) espessura de gordura de cobertura (3,82 vs. 3,11 mm), menor (p < 0,05) área do Longissimus (66,17 vs. 70,87 cm2), menor (p < 0,05) percentagem de músculo (60,64 vs. 64,26%) e maior (p < 0,05) percentagem degordura (23,56 vs. 20,00%). A percentagem de umidade (73,27%), cinzas (1,05%), proteína bruta(22,56%) e teor de colesterol total (36,47 mg 100 g-1 de músculo) foi similar (p < 0,05) entre o peso de abate. A maior (p < 0,05) percentagem de lipídeos totais foi para o SUP (1,61 vs. 1,33%). A composição de ácidos graxos não foi influenciada (p < 0,05) pelo sistema de terminação, comexceção da percentagem dos ácidos graxos C18:1 n-9 e C18:3 n-3 que foram menores (p < 0.05) para o PRE. As percentagens de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, n-6, n-3 e as razões de AGPI/AGS e n-6/n-3 não foram alteradas (p < 0,05) pela idade de abate.(AU)

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RESUMO

O abate de animais jovens, denominados precoces e superprecoces, com idade entre 12 e 24 meses, são os principais responsáveis pelo fornecimento de produtos de qualidade ao longo do ano. A pastagem é a forma mais prática e econômica para a alimentação de bovinos, sendo a pecuária brasileira sustentada desta forma. No entanto, animais mantidos a pasto não expressam todo o seu potencial, atingindo baixas taxas de ganho ao longo do ano, em função de vários fatores. Com isso, a suplementação de animais em pastagens se torna uma alternativa de manter o peso dos animais durante a seca. Os suplementos protéicos ou energéticos normalmente aumentam o desempenho dos bovinos a pasto. Quando as forrageiras são de baixa qualidade, o aumento é mais significativo. No entanto, a suplementação energética causa a diminuição do consumo de forragens.

Slaughtering young animals, assigned as young steers and super-young steers (12-24 months of age), are mostly responsible for the supply of quality products throughout the year. Forage is the most practical and economic way of feeding beef cattle. Brazilian beef cattle breeding are sustained this way; however, animals maintained in pastures do not express their full potential - presenting low gain rates throughout the year- for several reasons. Thus, supplementation of animals on pasture is a alternative for sustaining weight during dry season. Energetic and protein supplementation usually increase the performance of beef cattle maintained in pasture - when forages are low quality, the increase is more significant. However, energetic supplementation reduces forage intake.

El abate de animales jóvenes, denominados precoces y superprecoces, con edad entre 12 y 24 meses, son los principales responsables por el suministro de productos de calidad durante todo el año. Los pastos son la forma más práctica y económica para la alimentación de bovinos, siendo la pecuaria brasileña sostenida de esta forma. Sin embargo, animales mantenidos a pasto no expresan todo su potencial, llegando a bajas tasas de ganancia al largo del año, en función de varios factores. Por eso, el suplemento de animales en pastos se vuelve una alternativa de mantener el peso de los mismos durante el período de sequía. Los suplementos proteicos o energéticos normalmente aumentan el desempeño de los bovinos que pastan. Cuando los forrajes son de baja calidad, el aumento es más significativo. Sin embargo, el suplemento energético causa la disminución del consumo de forrajes.

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A study was carried out to elaborate response surface models using broiler performance data recovered from literature in order to predict performance and elaborate economic analyses. Nineteen studies published between 1995 and 2005 were retrieved using the systematic literature review method. Weight gain and feed conversion data were collected from eight studies that fulfilled the pre-established inclusion criteria, and a response surface model was adjusted using crude protein, environmental temperature, and age as independent variables. The models produced for weight gain (r² = 0.93) and feed conversion (r² = 0.85) were accurate, precise, and not biased. Protein levels, environmental temperature and age showed linear and quadratic effects on weight gain and feed conversion. There was no interaction between protein level and environmental temperature. Age and crude protein showed interaction for weight gain and feed conversion, whereas interaction between age and temperature was detected only for weight gain. It was possible to perform economic analyses to determine maximum profit as a function of the variables that were included in the model. It was concluded that the response surface models are effective to predict the performance of broiler chickens and allow the elaboration of economic analyses to optimize profit.

RESUMO

A study was carried out to elaborate response surface models using broiler performance data recovered from literature in order to predict performance and elaborate economic analyses. Nineteen studies published between 1995 and 2005 were retrieved using the systematic literature review method. Weight gain and feed conversion data were collected from eight studies that fulfilled the pre-established inclusion criteria, and a response surface model was adjusted using crude protein, environmental temperature, and age as independent variables. The models produced for weight gain (r² = 0.93) and feed conversion (r² = 0.85) were accurate, precise, and not biased. Protein levels, environmental temperature and age showed linear and quadratic effects on weight gain and feed conversion. There was no interaction between protein level and environmental temperature. Age and crude protein showed interaction for weight gain and feed conversion, whereas interaction between age and temperature was detected only for weight gain. It was possible to perform economic analyses to determine maximum profit as a function of the variables that were included in the model. It was concluded that the response surface models are effective to predict the performance of broiler chickens and allow the elaboration of economic analyses to optimize profit.