RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Necrosis in ischemic cutaneous flaps (ISF) is a type of surgical failure more feared among surgical complications. Currently, synthetic drugs are applied during the treatment of necrosis in ISF and although several substances show improvement in viability, some require application at high systemic doses, which can produce important side effects. Therefore, the search for natural substances with fewer side effects is constant. The use of medicinal plants that stimulate angiogenesis is commonly mentioned in previous studies and in this case Rhizophora mangle L. (R. mangle) highlights that among its main compounds have tannins and flavonoids that are very chemically reactive in various biological activities. This study aimed to associate a natural hydrogel to the 5% extract of R. mangle and to evaluate its potential in the prevention of tissue necrosis in distal portions of ISF in rats, using the model proposed by Macfarlane, et al. (1965). METHODS: Ischemic skin flaps were made in the thin dorsal skin area of 28 Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups, group A: received only saline, group B where the aqueous extract of R. mangle was applied, group C received the 1.5% hydrogel of xanthan gum (XG) + placebo and group D was applied the hydrogel associated with 5% R. mangle extract. Morphometric analyses of the areas of tissue necrosis were performed from photographic records using the software Photoshop® and ImageJ®. In addition, 5 photomicrographs were taken from each histological sample of each animal for histomorphometric analysis that obtained the count of fibroblasts and blood vessels. RESULTS: The mean percentage of necrotic areas was: group (A) - 50,66%, group (B) - 40,49%, group (C) - 37,44% and group (D) - 34,25%. The statistical analysis, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, showed a significant difference (p < 0.001).
Assuntos
Rhizophoraceae , Animais , Humanos , Hidrogéis/farmacologia , Isquemia , Necrose/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Rhizophoraceae/química , Transplante de PeleRESUMO
Introducción: El cáncer de piel es una neoplasia maligna de gran prevalencia en la población chilena. La región facial es muy afectada, fundamentalmente por su alta exposición a la radiación ultravioleta. El cáncer cutáneo es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente de la raza blanca, y en la piel expuesta a la luz solar. Los tipos más frecuentes son el carcinoma basocelular, el escamoso y el melanoma. De cada 10 cánceres cutáneos 7 son carcinomas basocelulares. El tratamiento principal es quirúrgico. Objetivos: Mostrar la experiencia alcanzada en el uso de colgajos cutáneos en cirugía oncológica facial. Material y método: Se analizaron 55 cirugías realizadas para colgajos cutáneos en 54 pacientes en 2 años (2009-2010) en el Servicio de ORL del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente (HGGB) de Concepción. Resultados: Presentación descriptiva de una serie de 54 pacientes, a los que se les reconstruyeron defectos faciales con colgajos cutáneos tomados de la franja pericentrofacial y cervical originados en la resección de carcinomas basocelulares y espinocelulares, ubicados en nariz, párpados, labios, mejilla y mentón. Se describen e ilustran los principales colgajos utilizados, sus características más relevantes e indicaciones y se analizan los resultados clínicos obtenidos con estas técnicas quirúrgicas, de fácil aplicación en un área clínica en que la estética es primordial, aplicando márgenes oncológicos aceptables. Conclusiones: La región facial permite la obtención de colgajos cutáneos con muy buena vascularización, delgados, con características muy similares a la piel de las zonas a reconstruir y con mínima morbilidad. La biomecánica de la piel y su aplicación en la técnica quirúrgica es vital para el diseño y viabilidad del colgajo. La cicatriz se ubica en un área de poca visibilidad, utilizando como referencia las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara. El uso de anestesia local es una excelente alternativa para las extirpaciones tumorales y su reconstrucción...
Introduction: The skin cancer is a malign neoplasm who has great incidence in the Chilean population. The facial region is very affected, principally by the high exposition to the sun irradiation. Is the most frequency cancer in the white race and also in skin exposed to sunlight. The most frequency are the basocelular, the escamousos and melanoma. Of each 10 skin cancer, 7 are basocelular. The main treatment is surgical. Aim: To show the experience gained in the use of skin flaps in facial cancer surgery. Material and method: It is a descriptive presentation of a series of 54 patients (20092010), which were reconstructed with skin flaps facial defects taken from the strip facial and cervical originated in the resection of basal cell carcinomas and squamous located in the nose, eyelids, lips, cheeks and chin. We describe and illustrate the major flaps used, yours indications and discusses the clinical results obtained with these surgical techniques, easily applicable in a clinical area, where aesthetics is priority, applying acceptable oncological margins. Results: Descriptive presentation of a series of 54 patients, who were reconstructed with facial defects skin flaps taken from the band originated pericentrofacial and cervical resection of basal cell carcinomas and squamous, located in the nose, eyelids, lips, cheeksand chin. Conclusion: The results obtained with the success of the cutaneous flaps are favored by having good vascularity and low morbidity. The use of local anesthesia is an excellent alternative for tumor resections and reconstruction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Face/cirurgia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Transplante de Pele/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) consists of a generic application of low-frequency, pulsed electrical currents transmitted by electrodes through the skin surface. It is a therapeutic modality that is nonpharmacological, noninvasive, inexpensive, easy to use and widely applied in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To narratively review the scientific evidence of the effects of TENS on tissue repair with respect to wound healing, skin flap viability and tendinous repair. METHODS: The study was conducted using the MEDLINE, Lilacs and Scielo databases, without limit to the period of publication, and was completed in November 2011. Inclusion criteria were randomized or nonrandomized, controlled or noncontrolled clinical trials, and experimental trials involving rats subjected to TENS for tissue repair. RESULTS: Thirty articles on tissue repair were found and, among these, 14 reported on wound healing, 14 reported on skin flaps and two analyzed tedinous repair. DISCUSSION: It was suggested that TENS stimulates skin wound healing and tendon repair, as well as the viability of random skin flaps. Such effects may be due to the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which would increase blood flow and, consequently, hasten the events leading to tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the scientific evidence regarding the effects of TENS on tissue repair, the findings of the present literature review were inconclusive because data from the randomized controlled clinical trials were insufficient to confirm such effects.
HISTORIQUE: La stimulation nerveuse électrique transcutanée (SNET) désigne l'application générique de courants électriques pulsés à faible fréquence transmis à travers la surface de la peau par des électrodes. C'est une modalité thérapeutique non pharmacologique, non effractive, peu coûteuse, facile à utiliser et largement appliquée en pratique clinique. OBJECTIF: Procéder à l'analyse narrative des données scientifiques probantes sur les effets de la SNET sur la réparation tissulaire en matière de guérison des plaies, de viabilité du lambeau cutané et de réparation tendineuse. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'étude a été conçue à l'aide des bases de données MEDLINE, Lilacs et Scielo, sans limite pour la période de publication, et a pris fin en novembre 2011. Les critères d'inclusion étaient des essais cliniques aléatoires ou non et contrôlés ou non et des essais expérimentaux touchant des rats soumis à la SNET pour réparer les tissus. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont trouvé 30 articles sur la réparation tissulaire et, de ce nombre, 14 traitaient de la guérison des plaies, 14 des lambeaux cutanés et deux des réparations tendineuses. EXPOSÉ: Il a été postulé que la SNET stimule la guérison des plaies cutanées et la réparation des tendons, de même que la viabilité des lambeaux cutanés pris au hasard. Cet effet serait causé par la libération de la substance P et du peptide lié au gène calcitonine, qui accroîtrait le débit sanguin et, par conséquent, accélérerait les événements responsables de la réparation tissulaire. CONCLUSIONS: D'après les données scientifiques probantes sur les effets de la SNET sur la réparation tissulaire, les résultats de la présente analyse bibliographique n'étaient pas concluants puisque les données des essais cliniques aléatoires et contrôlés n'étaient pas suffisantes pour confirmer ces effets.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: to study oxidative stress (MDA) and total antioxidant status (CAT) in fragments of randomic ischemic skin flaps from rat dorsum. METHODS: 18 male rats, young adults (Wistar EPM-1, 290 - 350g), that underwent elevation of randomic ischemic flaps from dorsum, were divided in three groups (N=6), according to post-operative time-points: immediate (POI), third and seventh post-operative days (PO3 and PO7), respectively. At the end, peripheral blood samples and tissue fragments of the flap and of normal skin outside flap were draw for MDA and CAT measurement. RESULTS: serum MDA values in group POI were significantly lower than those in PO3 and PO7, both latter in the same range. No differences were found among MDA values of the skin samples in any of the three groups. The analysis of the total antioxidant status of the animals serum (CAT) did not show significant differences among the three groups. However, in the skin flap samples, the CAT values significantly decreased with time. CONCLUSION: The lack of significant differences among MDA values in skin samples from all groups, and the decreasing CAT values with time, suggest that the existence of necrosis at the distal portion of flaps in group PO7 is due not only to oxidant aggression but mainly to the reduction of local antioxidant status.
OBJETIVO: Estudar o comportamento do estresse oxidativo (MDA) e da defesa antioxidante (CAT), em fragmentos de retalhos cutâneos randômicos isquêmicos em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 ratos adultos jovens, machos (Wistar EPM-1, 290 a 350g), submetidos à elevação de retalho cutâneo de base cranial no dorso, divididos em três grupos (N=6) em função do tempo pós-operatório: imediato (POI), terceiro e sétimo dias (PO3 e PO7, respectivamente). Ao final, foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico e fragmentos de tecido do retalho e de área cutânea normal fora do retalho para dosagem de MDA e de CAT. RESULTADOS: Para MDA no soro, o grupo POI apresentou valores significativamente menores que os grupos PO3 e PO7, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não foi encontrada diferença entre os valores das amostras cutâneas em nenhum dos três grupos estudados. Para os valores da capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) não houve diferença significante entre os três grupos, quando analisado o soro dos animais, no entanto, para as amostras de fragmentos cutâneos, os valores diminuíram significativamente em função do tempo. CONCLUSÃO: A inexistência de diferença para os valores de MDA nas amostras cutâneas entre os grupos e a diminuição dos valores da CAT ao longo do tempo sugere que a presença de necrose na porção distal dos retalhos dos animais do grupo PO7 decorra, não somente da agressão oxidativa, mas também da diminuição da capacidade de defesa antioxidante local.
RESUMO
Vasoactive drugs have been employed in an attempt to increase the viability of ischemic skin flaps. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the vasoactive drug, Buflomedil, in the prevention of ischemic skin flaps of rats. Twenty male rats were divided into na experimental group B and a control group A. In the animals of group B, 3mg/kg of Buflomedil was given intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 2 days before surgery and for 7 days after surgery. An abdominal skin flap was used as a model, with a cephalic base measuring 9 x 4cm. The viability of the flaps was evaluated with a laser fluxometer in predetermined points in the early pre and postoperative period and on the 7th post operative day Planimetric analysis of the total area of the flap, of the vascularized area, and of the necrotic area were done on the 7th day after the operation. Inferior necrosis of the flap was observed in all of the animals in both groups. The statistical analysis of the results obtained did not show a significant difference in the planimetry between the control and the experimental groups. Fluxometry did not show a significant difference in relation to the median points between the two groups. It was concluded that Buflomedil, in the manner in which it was used in this experiment, does not reduce necrosis in ischemic skin flaps of rats.
Drogas vasoativas têm sido empregadas na tentativa de aumentar a viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos isquêmicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da droga vasoativa, buflomedil, na prevenção da isquemia de retalhos cutâneos em ratos. Utilizaram-se 20 ratos machos, que foram divididos em um grupo experimento (B) e um grupo controle (A). No grupo B foi administrado buflomedil na dose de 3mg/kg, via intraperitoneal a cada 12 horas por 2 dias antes da cirurgia e por 7 dias após a cirurgia. Utilizou-se um modelo de retalho cutâneo abdominal de 9 x 4cm com base cefálica. A avaliação consistiu na fluxometria a laser do retalho em pontos pré-determinados com leitura no pré e pós-operatório imediato e no 7.º dia de pós-operatório. Realizou-se análise planimétrica da área total do retalho, da área vascularizada e da área nécrotica no 7.º dia de pós-operatório. Observou-se presença de necrose inferior do retalho em todos os animais nos dois grupos. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos não demonstrou na planimetria diferença significante entre os grupos controle e experimental. A fluxometria não apresentou diferença significante, em relação a média dos pontos, entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que o buflomedil não é capaz de diminuir a necrose em retalhos cutâneos isquêmicos de ratos, da forma como utilizada neste experimento.
RESUMO
Vasoactive drugs have been employed in an attempt to increase the viability of ischemic skin flaps. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the vasoactive drug, Buflomedil, in the prevention of ischemic skin flaps of rats. Twenty male rats were divided into na experimental group B and a control group A. In the animals of group B, 3mg/kg of Buflomedil was given intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 2 days before surgery and for 7 days after surgery. An abdominal skin flap was used as a model, with a cephalic base measuring 9 x 4cm. The viability of the flaps was evaluated with a laser fluxometer in predetermined points in the early pre and postoperative period and on the 7th post operative day Planimetric analysis of the total area of the flap, of the vascularized area, and of the necrotic area were done on the 7th day after the operation. Inferior necrosis of the flap was observed in all of the animals in both groups. The statistical analysis of the results obtained did not show a significant difference in the planimetry between the control and the experimental groups. Fluxometry did not show a significant difference in relation to the median points between the two groups. It was concluded that Buflomedil, in the manner in which it was used in this experiment, does not reduce necrosis in ischemic skin flaps of rats.
Drogas vasoativas têm sido empregadas na tentativa de aumentar a viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos isquêmicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da droga vasoativa, buflomedil, na prevenção da isquemia de retalhos cutâneos em ratos. Utilizaram-se 20 ratos machos, que foram divididos em um grupo experimento (B) e um grupo controle (A). No grupo B foi administrado buflomedil na dose de 3mg/kg, via intraperitoneal a cada 12 horas por 2 dias antes da cirurgia e por 7 dias após a cirurgia. Utilizou-se um modelo de retalho cutâneo abdominal de 9 x 4cm com base cefálica. A avaliação consistiu na fluxometria a laser do retalho em pontos pré-determinados com leitura no pré e pós-operatório imediato e no 7.º dia de pós-operatório. Realizou-se análise planimétrica da área total do retalho, da área vascularizada e da área nécrotica no 7.º dia de pós-operatório. Observou-se presença de necrose inferior do retalho em todos os animais nos dois grupos. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos não demonstrou na planimetria diferença significante entre os grupos controle e experimental. A fluxometria não apresentou diferença significante, em relação a média dos pontos, entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que o buflomedil não é capaz de diminuir a necrose em retalhos cutâneos isquêmicos de ratos, da forma como utilizada neste experimento.