RESUMO

Gradually, concern for the welfare of aquatic invertebrates produced on a commercial/industrial scale is crossing the boundaries of science and becoming a demand of other societal actors. The objective of this paper is to propose protocols for assessing the Penaeus vannamei welfare during the stages of reproduction, larval rearing, transport, and growing-out in earthen ponds and to discuss, based on a literature review, the processes and perspectives associated with the development and application of on-farm shrimp welfare protocols. Protocols were developed based on four of the five domains of animal welfare: nutrition, environment, health, and behaviour. The indicators related to the psychology domain were not considered a separate category, and the other proposed indicators indirectly assessed this domain. For each indicator, the corresponding reference values were defined based on literature and field experience, apart from the three possible scores related to animal experience on a continuum from positive (score 1) to very negative (score 3). It is very likely that non-invasive methods for measuring the farmed shrimp welfare, such as those proposed here, will become a standard tool for farms and laboratories and that it will become increasingly challenging to produce shrimp without considering their welfare throughout the production cycle.

RESUMO

Shrimp farming is blooming worldwide, posing a severe threat to mangroves and its multiple goods and ecosystem services. Several studies reported the impacts of aquaculture on mangrove biotic communities, including microbiomes. However, little is known about how mangrove soil microbiomes would change in response to mangrove forest recolonization. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, we compared the soil microbiome of mangrove forests (both with and without the direct influence of shrimp farming effluents) with active shrimp farms and mangroves under a recolonization process. We found that the structure and composition of active shrimp farms microbial communities differ from the control mangrove forests, mangroves under the impact of the shrimp farming effluents, and mangroves under recolonization. Shrimp farming ponds microbiomes have lower microbial diversity and are dominated by halophilic microorganisms, presenting high abundance of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. On the other hand, control mangrove forests, impacted mangroves (exposed to the shrimp farming effluents), and recolonization ponds were more diverse, with a higher abundance of genes related to carbon mobilization. Our data also indicated that the microbiome is recovering in the mangrove recolonization ponds, performing vital metabolic functions and functionally resembling microbiomes found in those soils of neighboring control mangrove forests. Despite highlighting the damage caused by the habitat changes in mangrove soil microbiome community and functioning, our study sheds light on these systems incredible recovery capacity. Our study shows the importance of natural mangrove forest recovery, enhancing ecosystem services by the soil microbial communities even in a very early development stage of mangrove forest, thus encouraging mangrove conservation and restoration efforts worldwide.

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The present study aimed to correlate the influence of water quality, cultivation time, area, and density of ponds on the zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannameiin oligohaline waters. It was demonstrated that, under the conditions of this research, better control of temperature, pH and water alkalinity can be employed. Ammonia levels were within the normal range and correlated positively with the growth rate (ρ= 0.69859) and production (ρ= 0.66362) of the ponds. There was also a positive correlation between cultivation time and pond density with shrimp weight (ρ= 0.75305 and 0.68933) and pond productivity (ρ= 0.74763 and 0.79367, respectively). Negative correlations were observed between: I) pH with shrimp survival (ρ= -0.73238) and pondproduction (ρ= -0.68696); II) alkalinity and pond production (ρ= -0.66162). The results show that the cultivation of shrimp L.vannameiin oligohaline waters is viable and there is potential for increased productivity associated with better hydrologicalmonitoring and use of higher density and cultivation time by some producers.(AU)

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La Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA FEPADE, MEGATEC La Unión, a través de la carrera Técnico en Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costero Marino con especialidad en Acuicultura y Pesquería, realizó esta investigación en asocio con Camaronera Eben Ezer. El proyecto tuvo como objetivo la caracterización de la calidad física, química y biológica del agua del Golfo de Fonseca y el Estero El Chapernal, previo al desarrollo de dos ciclos de cultivo de camarón marino Litopenaeus vannamei, durante el cultivo y antes de las descargas de agua a los efluentes receptores. La metodología se desarrolló en tres fases, de junio a diciembre de 2021. Fase de campo: toma de parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos en 8 puntos de muestreos, Estero El Chapernal, Golfo de Fonseca y estanques de producción. Fase de laboratorio: se realizó sembrando muestras de agua en medios de cultivo para aislamiento, crecimiento e identificación de bacterias. Tercera fase: procesamiento de datos y análisis de resultados. Se identificaron tres tipos de bacterias: Psudomonas, Vibrios y Heterótrofas. En el primer ciclo de junio a agosto, éstas no reportaron crecimiento, esto pudo deberse a que la transición de la época seca a época lluviosa influyó en los factores físicos y químicos, como la temperatura y el pH. Durante el primer ciclo, la calidad del agua del Estero El Chapernal mantuvo estándares idóneos para el crecimiento del camarón. El segundo ciclo presentó un crecimiento exponencial de las bacterias Heterótrofas y Pseudomonas sobrepasando los límites de referencia establecidos en la normativa vigente. Como parte de la proyección social se efectuó transferencia de conocimientos y tecnología durante la producción, se establecieron mejoras para la operatividad y se les dotó de un protocolo de producción acuícola.

The Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA FEPADE, MEGATEC La Unión, through the major of Técnico en Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costero Marino con especialidad en Acuicultura y Pesquería, carried out this research in association with Camaronera Eben Ezer. The objective of the project was to characterize the physical, chemical and biological quality of water in Golfo de Fonseca and Estero El Chapernal, prior to the development of two culture cycles of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, during the culture and before discharges of water to receiving effluents. The methodology was developed in three phases, from June to December 2021. Field phase: collection of physical, chemical and biological parameters at 8 demonstration points, Estero El Chapernal, Golfo de Fonseca and production ponds. Laboratory phase: it was carried out by planting water samples in culture media for isolation, growth and identification of bacteria. Third phase: data processing and analysis of results. Three types of bacteria were identified: Psudomonas, Vibrios and Heterotrophs. In the first cycle from June to August, growth was not reported, due to the fact that the transition from the dry season to the rainy season influenced in physical and chemical factors, such as temperature and pH. During the first cycle, the water quality of Estero El Chapernal maintained optimal standards for shrimp growth. The second cycle presented an exponential growth of Heterotrophic and Pseudomonas bacteria, exceeding the reference limits established in current regulations. As part of the social projection, knowledge and technology were transferred during production, they were profoundly improved for operability and they were provided with an aquaculture production protocol.

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Discharge of effluents loaded with phosphorus (P) from anthropogenic activities constitutes serious eutrophication risks in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including mangroves. Three mangroves in NE-Brazil were studied to evaluate the impact of P-rich-effluents from shrimp farming and domestic sewage, in relation to a control area (natural mangrove). Soil phosphorus fractionation and water chemical analysis were performed to assess potential pollution. We observed the most labile P forms increased gradually and significantly from control to sewage to shrimp farm impacted mangroves as observed by increasingly dissolved orthophosphate (PO43-) content in water and the exchangeable/soluble P (Exch-P) extracted from soils, which is supported by the discriminant analysis. Exch-P results were correlated to Humic-Acid-P, which can release more labile P forms when mineralized. Our results demonstrate a substantial impact of aquiculture and sewage effluents in mangroves at both organic and inorganic P fractions, raising important concerns regarding pollution for these marine ecosystems.

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Aquaponics is a science that integrates animal aquatic production with vegetable culture in recirculating water systems. The performance of an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) planted on treating wastewater of culture of shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum was evaluated. Each aquaponics module consisted in four culture tanks (1 m3 tank-1), conical sedimentation tank (0.1 m3), circular holding tank (0.2 m3), and constructed semi-dry wetland (0.2 m × 1.0 m × 4.0 m). Post larvae (PL) shrimps with an initial average mass of 314 ± 4.75 mg were stocked at density treatments in quadruplicate: (A) 40 shrimps m-2, (B) 80 shrimps m-2, and (C) 120 shrimps m-2. Our results showed the average final mass of shrimps had a slight reduction at the density 80 and 120 shrimps. However, it did not differ significantly between the treatments. The ultimate survival and productivity were higher in density 80 and 120 shrimps. The maximum biomass productivity occurred at the treatment with density 120 shrimps. The aquaponics recirculation system using constructed semi-dry wetlands with lettuce adequately treated the water at the densities tested. Various water quality parameters were deemed suitable for shrimp culture, but for lettuce not, especially the temperature. The shrimp density was inappropriate which limited the system to accumulate and increase the concentration of nutrients to vegetables with lessening the yield. Nonetheless, the system with higher density has higher nutrient content that plants demonstrated significantly better growth and yield. The results showed the potential use of organics waste generated in a family lettuce hydroponic production, but for a commercial production is indicated supplementation with nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and potassium in the water.

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Shrimp farming effluents from two sources of low-salinity water, well water (WW) and diluted seawater (DSW) (salinity, 1.7 g L-1; electrical conductivity, 2.7 dS m-1), were used to grow lettuce (L. sativa) in order to assimilate the nutrients present in shrimp effluents and produce edible biomass. The two treatments, WW and DSW, were tested in triplicate. Additionally, one hydroponic system in triplicate was constructed to grow lettuce using a nutritive solution as the control treatment (HS). The production variables of lettuce in the two crop varieties (Parris Island (VPI) and Tropicana M1 (VTM1)) showed a general trend of DSW > HS > WW with regards to the size, weight and total foliage, except for the number of leaves, which was higher with HS treatment than with WW and DSW treatments. The accumulation of Cu, Hg, Mn and Zn in edible lettuce tissue and the health risk by the intake of lettuce were evaluated. Heavy metal concentrations in edible lettuce tissue for the three treatments showed the same trend of Mn > Zn > Cu > Hg, with concentration ranges of 47.1 to 188.7, 35.7 to 66.2, 4.1 to 6.4, and 0.01 to 0.02 mg kg-1 (dry weight), respectively. Such concentrations did not exceed the safe limits (CAC, 1984). The health risk index and target hazard quotient were <1, which indicates that the population exposed to these metals due to intake from lettuce consumption is unlikely to have adverse health effects when shrimp farming effluents are used to grow lettuce plants.

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Este estudio evaluó durante un ciclo de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei la comunidad de fitoplancton y los parámetros abióticos en dos estaciones dentro de un cuarto de niños en Curuçá (PA), el norte de Brasil. Se midieron la transparencia, pH, oxígeno disuelto, la salinidad y la temperatura. Teniendo en cuenta los últimos cuatro parámetros se registraron en la superficie del agua y cerca del fondo. Además, también se recogieron muestras para estudiar la concentración fiitoplâncton y clorofila "a". La temperatura varió desde 31,5 hasta 35 ° C; Oxígeno disuelto 4,2-15,5 mg / L; pH entre 8,1 y 9,4; la salinidad de 26.9 a 30 ppm. Transparencia redujo de 55 a 17 cm. La clorofila varió desde 2,33 hasta 471,34 mg / m3. En cuanto al análisis de fitoplancton se identificaron 95 tasa Bacillariofitas y fue el grupo más representativo, con predominio de Navivcula sp sp Pleurosigma y Nitzschia sp. La densidad más alta registrada fue de 104.400 y el más bajo fue de 3.600 org / L. La diversidad promedio enla estación 01 era de 1,49 bits / ind y de la estación 02, 1,43 bits / ind. Se concluyó que: la división Bacillariophyta era el grupo más importante (riqueza y densidad); Dinophyceae la clase resultó ser el más adecuado en las aguas más claras; Los valores de clorofila "a" tenían una relación directa con la alimentación artificial, aumentando con el tiempo; A pesar de las grandes fluctuaciones de parámetros abióticos tales como el pH, el oxígeno disuelto y la transparencia, sistema de cultivo se consideró homogénea.

This work aimed to evaluate the the phytoplanktonic community and the abiotic parameters during a cycle of cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in two stations in a pond in Curuçá (PA), northern Brazil. Were measured transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature. Considering the last four parameters, were registered in the surface water and the bottom set. Additionally, also were collected samples to study the fitoplankton and chlorophyll “a” concentrations. The temperature values were between 31,5 and 35 ºC; dissolved oxygen concentrations were between 4,2 and 15,5 mg/L; pH between 8,1 and 9,4; salinity from 26,9 to 30 ppm. The transparency decreased from 55 to 17 cm. The Chlorophyll a concentrations were from 2,33 to 471,34 mg/m3. The transparency decreased of 55 to 17 cm. Chlorophyll a from 2,33 to 471,34 mg/m3. Regarding the fitoplankton analyses, were identified 95 taxa and Bacillariophyta was the most representative group, with dominance of the Navicula sp, Pleurosigma sp and Nitzschia sp. The largest density registered was of 104.400 and to smallest was 3.600 org/L. The mean diversity at the station 01 was 1,49 bits/ind and in the station 02 was 1,43 bits/ind. Enter the main conclusions: the fitoplanktonic community was dominated by the diatom and the division Bacillariophyta was the most important group (wealth and density); the class dinophyceae revealed to be better adapted in the clearer waters; Chlorophyll “a” values presented a direct relationship to the feeding artificial, increasing with the time. Despite the great fluctuation of abiotic parameters such pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency, the cultivation system was considered homogeneous.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar durante um ciclo de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannameia comunidade fitoplanctônica e parâmetros abióticos em duas estações dentro de um viveiro em Curuçá (PA), norte do Brasil. Foram medidos transparência, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade e temperatura. Considerando os últimos quatro parâmetros, foram registrados na água de superfície e próximo ao fundo. Além disso, também foram coletadas amostras para estudar o fiitoplâncton e concentrações de clorofila "a". A temperatura variou de 31,5 a 35 ºC; oxigênio dissolvido de 4,2 a 15,5 mg/L; pH entre 8,1 e 9,4; salinidade de 26,9 a 30 ppm. A transparência diminuiu de 55 para 17 cm. Clorofila a variou de 2,33 a 471,34 mg/m3. Em relação à análise do fitoplâncton, foram identificados 95 taxa e Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais representativo, com dominância do Navicula sp, Pleurosigma sp e Nitzschia sp. A maior densidade registrada foi de 104.400 e a menor foi 3.600 org/L. A diversidade média na Estação 01 foi 1,49 bits/ind e na Estação 02, 1,43 bits/ind. Concluiu-se que: a divisão Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais importante (riqueza e densidade); a classe dinophyceae revelou estar melhor adaptada em águas mais claras; Os valores de Clorofila “a” apresentaram uma relação direta com a alimentação artificial, aumentando com o tempo; Apesar da grande flutuação dos parâmetros abióticos como pH, oxigênio dissolvido e transparência, o sistema de cultivo foi considerado homogêneo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este estudio evaluó durante un ciclo de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei la comunidad de fitoplancton y los parámetros abióticos en dos estaciones dentro de un cuarto de niños en Curuçá (PA), el norte de Brasil. Se midieron la transparencia, pH, oxígeno disuelto, la salinidad y la temperatura. Teniendo en cuenta los últimos cuatro parámetros se registraron en la superficie del agua y cerca del fondo. Además, también se recogieron muestras para estudiar la concentración fiitoplâncton y clorofila "a". La temperatura varió desde 31,5 hasta 35 ° C; Oxígeno disuelto 4,2-15,5 mg / L; pH entre 8,1 y 9,4; la salinidad de 26.9 a 30 ppm. Transparencia redujo de 55 a 17 cm. La clorofila varió desde 2,33 hasta 471,34 mg / m3. En cuanto al análisis de fitoplancton se identificaron 95 tasa Bacillariofitas y fue el grupo más representativo, con predominio de Navivcula sp sp Pleurosigma y Nitzschia sp. La densidad más alta registrada fue de 104.400 y el más bajo fue de 3.600 org / L. La diversidad promedio enla estación 01 era de 1,49 bits / ind y de la estación 02, 1,43 bits / ind. Se concluyó que: la división Bacillariophyta era el grupo más importante (riqueza y densidad); Dinophyceae la clase resultó ser el más adecuado en las aguas más claras; Los valores de clorofila "a" tenían una relación directa con la alimentación artificial, aumentando con el tiempo; A pesar de las grandes fluctuaciones de parámetros abióticos tales como el pH, el oxígeno disuelto y la transparencia, sistema de cultivo se consideró homogénea.(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the the phytoplanktonic community and the abiotic parameters during a cycle of cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in two stations in a pond in Curuçá (PA), northern Brazil. Were measured transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature. Considering the last four parameters, were registered in the surface water and the bottom set. Additionally, also were collected samples to study the fitoplankton and chlorophyll “a” concentrations. The temperature values were between 31,5 and 35 ºC; dissolved oxygen concentrations were between 4,2 and 15,5 mg/L; pH between 8,1 and 9,4; salinity from 26,9 to 30 ppm. The transparency decreased from 55 to 17 cm. The Chlorophyll a concentrations were from 2,33 to 471,34 mg/m3. The transparency decreased of 55 to 17 cm. Chlorophyll a from 2,33 to 471,34 mg/m3. Regarding the fitoplankton analyses, were identified 95 taxa and Bacillariophyta was the most representative group, with dominance of the Navicula sp, Pleurosigma sp and Nitzschia sp. The largest density registered was of 104.400 and to smallest was 3.600 org/L. The mean diversity at the station 01 was 1,49 bits/ind and in the station 02 was 1,43 bits/ind. Enter the main conclusions: the fitoplanktonic community was dominated by the diatom and the division Bacillariophyta was the most important group (wealth and density); the class dinophyceae revealed to be better adapted in the clearer waters; Chlorophyll “a” values presented a direct relationship to the feeding artificial, increasing with the time. Despite the great fluctuation of abiotic parameters such pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency, the cultivation system was considered homogeneous.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar durante um ciclo de cultivo de Litopenaeus vannameia comunidade fitoplanctônica e parâmetros abióticos em duas estações dentro de um viveiro em Curuçá (PA), norte do Brasil. Foram medidos transparência, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade e temperatura. Considerando os últimos quatro parâmetros, foram registrados na água de superfície e próximo ao fundo. Além disso, também foram coletadas amostras para estudar o fiitoplâncton e concentrações de clorofila "a". A temperatura variou de 31,5 a 35 ºC; oxigênio dissolvido de 4,2 a 15,5 mg/L; pH entre 8,1 e 9,4; salinidade de 26,9 a 30 ppm. A transparência diminuiu de 55 para 17 cm. Clorofila a variou de 2,33 a 471,34 mg/m3. Em relação à análise do fitoplâncton, foram identificados 95 taxa e Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais representativo, com dominância do Navicula sp, Pleurosigma sp e Nitzschia sp. A maior densidade registrada foi de 104.400 e a menor foi 3.600 org/L. A diversidade média na Estação 01 foi 1,49 bits/ind e na Estação 02, 1,43 bits/ind. Concluiu-se que: a divisão Bacillariophyta foi o grupo mais importante (riqueza e densidade); a classe dinophyceae revelou estar melhor adaptada em águas mais claras; Os valores de Clorofila “a” apresentaram uma relação direta com a alimentação artificial, aumentando com o tempo; Apesar da grande flutuação dos parâmetros abióticos como pH, oxigênio dissolvido e transparência, o sistema de cultivo foi considerado homogêneo.(AU)

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RESUMO

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been the cause of great economic losses in world shrimp farming. In this work the genome of a Brazilian WSSV isolate was determined from direct sequencing of total DNA extracted from an infected whiteleg shrimp, and assembled based on a chimera template approach. Comparisons between WSSV-BR and other isolates revealed that the Brazilian virus has a relatively small genome, and is very similar to isolates from Thailand and Mexico. A phylogenetic relationship using different approaches has demonstrated that these isolates share a common evolutionary history. An analysis of conflicting phylogenetic signals also considering genomes of other isolates revealed that the evolutionary history of WSSV may be related to recombination events. We observed that these events can also be traced at some level by analyzing the homologous regions in the WSSV genome. The existence of recombination events introduces a new point of view that must be considered in the evolutionary history of WSSV.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade zootécnica e econômica na criação de camarão com três diferentes estratégias de manejo e densidades distintas, sendo 92, 14 e 8 cam.m-2 para os tratamentos M1, M2 e M3, respectivamente, com tempo máximo de cultivo de 79 dias. As sobrevivências foram reduzidas em todos os tratamentos, provavelmente influenciadas pela doença da mancha branca e a elevada salinidade da água dos viveiros de criação, o que causou redução na produção e elevou o fator de conversão alimentar aparente - FCAA em M1 e M2. Os índices de rentabilidade e lucratividade foram significativamente inferiores no tratamento M1 quando comparado com o M2 e o M3. O cultivo com população inicial elevada (M1) ocasionou prejuízos econômicos e zootécnicos devido aos elevados FCAAs, à biomassa individual reduzida e aos elevados custos operacionais totais - COT, tornando inviável esse tratamento. As taxas internas de retorno para M2 e M3 foram atrativas, gerando lucro e saldo positivo para o valor presente líquido. O monocultivo de camarão com pequenas populações e submetido à mancha branca (M2 e M3), conseguiu garantir o retorno do capital investido. Esse retorno somente ocorreu em razão dos preços elevados praticados em 2016, caso contrário, preços menores por quilo de camarão inviabilizariam economicamente a atividade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical and economic viability of shrimp farming with three different management strategies and different densities, 92, 14 and 8 shrimp.m-2 for treatments M1, M2 and M3, respectively, with a maximum cultivation time of 79 days. Survival was reduced in all treatments, probably influenced by the disease of the White Spot and the high salinity of the water of the nurseries, causing reduction in the production and raising the Apparent Food Conversion Factor-FCAA in M1 and M2. The Profitability and Profitability Indices were significantly lower in the M1 treatment when compared to M2 and M3. The cultivation with high initial population (M1) caused economic and zootechnical losses due to high FCAAs, reduced individual biomass and high total operational costs-TOC, making this treatment unfeasible. The internal rates of return for M2 and M3 were attractive, generating profit and a positive balance for the net present value. Monoculture of shrimp with small populations and submitted to Mancha Branca (M2 and M3), managed to guarantee the return of invested capital. This return only occurred due to the high prices practiced in 2016, otherwise, lower prices per kilo of shrimp would make the activity economically unfeasible.(AU)

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RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade zootécnica e econômica na criação de camarão com três diferentes estratégias de manejo e densidades distintas, sendo 92, 14 e 8 cam.m-2 para os tratamentos M1, M2 e M3, respectivamente, com tempo máximo de cultivo de 79 dias. As sobrevivências foram reduzidas em todos os tratamentos, provavelmente influenciadas pela doença da mancha branca e a elevada salinidade da água dos viveiros de criação, o que causou redução na produção e elevou o fator de conversão alimentar aparente - FCAA em M1 e M2. Os índices de rentabilidade e lucratividade foram significativamente inferiores no tratamento M1 quando comparado com o M2 e o M3. O cultivo com população inicial elevada (M1) ocasionou prejuízos econômicos e zootécnicos devido aos elevados FCAAs, à biomassa individual reduzida e aos elevados custos operacionais totais - COT, tornando inviável esse tratamento. As taxas internas de retorno para M2 e M3 foram atrativas, gerando lucro e saldo positivo para o valor presente líquido. O monocultivo de camarão com pequenas populações e submetido à mancha branca (M2 e M3), conseguiu garantir o retorno do capital investido. Esse retorno somente ocorreu em razão dos preços elevados praticados em 2016, caso contrário, preços menores por quilo de camarão inviabilizariam economicamente a atividade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical and economic viability of shrimp farming with three different management strategies and different densities, 92, 14 and 8 shrimp.m-2 for treatments M1, M2 and M3, respectively, with a maximum cultivation time of 79 days. Survival was reduced in all treatments, probably influenced by the disease of the White Spot and the high salinity of the water of the nurseries, causing reduction in the production and raising the Apparent Food Conversion Factor-FCAA in M1 and M2. The Profitability and Profitability Indices were significantly lower in the M1 treatment when compared to M2 and M3. The cultivation with high initial population (M1) caused economic and zootechnical losses due to high FCAAs, reduced individual biomass and high total operational costs-TOC, making this treatment unfeasible. The internal rates of return for M2 and M3 were attractive, generating profit and a positive balance for the net present value. Monoculture of shrimp with small populations and submitted to Mancha Branca (M2 and M3), managed to guarantee the return of invested capital. This return only occurred due to the high prices practiced in 2016, otherwise, lower prices per kilo of shrimp would make the activity economically unfeasible.(AU)

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the the influence of feeding rate and different artificial substrates on both the water quality and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates, with a density of 30 shrimp m-2 and mean weight of 2.8 g. The experiment lasted 49 days, and during this period, artificial substrates did not influence the water quality. The increase in the feeding rate influenced the dissolved oxygen of treatments. The final average weight, average final length, final biomass, productivity, and feed conversion rate showed significant differences (p > 0.05). The best food conversion factor was provided by the treatment with a feeding rate of 2%. The treatment with a feeding rate of 4% of biomass showed the best growth performance, except for the feed conversion rate. Results showed that for the percentage of 25% of the area of artificial substrates, there is an optimum feeding rate of between 5.13% and 5.54% of shrimp biomass, resulting in maximum production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de arraçoamento, sobre a influência dos substratos artificiais na qualidade da água e índices zootécnicos do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com densidade de 30 camarões/m2, e peso médio de 2,8 g, o experimento teve duração de 49 dias, durante este período os substratos artificiais não influenciaram na qualidade da água. O aumento da taxa de arraçoamento influenciou no oxigênio dissolvido dos tratamentos. O peso médio final, comprimento médio final, biomassa final, produtividade e fator de conversão alimentar apresentaram diferenças significativas (p>0,05). O melhor fator de conversão alimentar foi proporcionado pelo tratamento com taxa de arraçoamento de 2%. O tratamento com arraçoamento de 4% da biomassa apresentou os melhores índices zootécnicos, com exceção do fator de conversão alimentar. Os resultados mostram que para o percentual de 25% de área de substratos artificiais existe um ótimo percentual de arraçoamento que está entre 5,13% e 5,54% da biomassa dos camarões resultando na maximização da produção.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the the influence of feeding rate and different artificial substrates on both the water quality and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates, with a density of 30 shrimp m-2 and mean weight of 2.8 g. The experiment lasted 49 days, and during this period, artificial substrates did not influence the water quality. The increase in the feeding rate influenced the dissolved oxygen of treatments. The final average weight, average final length, final biomass, productivity, and feed conversion rate showed significant differences (p > 0.05). The best food conversion factor was provided by the treatment with a feeding rate of 2%. The treatment with a feeding rate of 4% of biomass showed the best growth performance, except for the feed conversion rate. Results showed that for the percentage of 25% of the area of artificial substrates, there is an optimum feeding rate of between 5.13% and 5.54% of shrimp biomass, resulting in maximum production.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de arraçoamento, sobre a influência dos substratos artificiais na qualidade da água e índices zootécnicos do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com densidade de 30 camarões/m2, e peso médio de 2,8 g, o experimento teve duração de 49 dias, durante este período os substratos artificiais não influenciaram na qualidade da água. O aumento da taxa de arraçoamento influenciou no oxigênio dissolvido dos tratamentos. O peso médio final, comprimento médio final, biomassa final, produtividade e fator de conversão alimentar apresentaram diferenças significativas (p>0,05). O melhor fator de conversão alimentar foi proporcionado pelo tratamento com taxa de arraçoamento de 2%. O tratamento com arraçoamento de 4% da biomassa apresentou os melhores índices zootécnicos, com exceção do fator de conversão alimentar. Os resultados mostram que para o percentual de 25% de área de substratos artificiais existe um ótimo percentual de arraçoamento que está entre 5,13% e 5,54% da biomassa dos camarões resultando na maximização da produção.(AU)

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En El Salvador el 59.3% del camarón marino de la especie Litopenaeus vannamei se produce en la Bahía de Jiquilisco, departamento de Usulután, el cultivo tiene una duración de 60 a 90 días y el peso de cosecha oscila entre 7 y 12 gramos. El bajo crecimiento y las altas mortalidades son problemas que preocupan a este sector productivo. Por esta razón la Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE a través de la carrera de Gestión Integral de Recursos Marino Costeros, desarrolló una investigación aplicada orientada a identificar la existencia de parásitos y bacterias del género Vibrio en los cultivos de camarón marino que se desarrollan en la zona de Salinas del Potrero y El Zompopero, así como evaluar su incidencia en el cultivo. Con la investigación se detectó la presencia de cinco géneros de parásitos que están presentes en branquias, intestinos y urópodos en el cultivo de camarón marino en grado 1 y 2; ambas categorías se consideran las etapas iniciales de propagación de los parásitos. También se evidenció a través del análisis bacteriológico en el medio de cultivo TCBS, la presencia de bacterias del genero Vibrio en agua, sedimento y camarón.

In El Salvador, 59.3% of the marine shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei species is produced in the Bay of Jiquilisco, department of Usulután, the culture lasts from 60 to 90 days and the harvest weight ranges between 7 and 12 grams. Low growth and high mortality are problems that concern this productive sector. For this reason, Escuela Espcializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE , through the major of Gestión Integral de Recursos Marino Costeros, developed an applied research aimed at identifying the existence of parasites and bacteria of the genus Vibrio in marine shrimp cultures that develop in the area of ​​Salinas del Potrero and El Zompopero, as well as evaluating their impact on the crop. The investigation detected the presence of five types of parasites that are present in gills, intestines and uropods in marine shrimp culture in grade 1 and 2; Both categories are considered the initial stages of parasite spread. The presence of Vibrio bacteria in water, sediment and shrimp is also evidenced through bacteriological analysis in the TCBS culture medium.

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An experiment was developed to simulate inland shrimp farming using diluted seawater (1.9 g L-1) containing 75 shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) per square meter during a growth cycle of 120 days. In this study, the environmental loads of copper and zinc were estimated and compared to anthropogenic sources and shrimp aquacultures in other locations. Both metals resulted primarily from feeding, which accounted for 91.8% of Cu and 97.0% of Zn. Concentrations of Cu (110.8 ± 11.8 µg g-1) and Zn (69.0 ± 0.7 µg g-1) measured in the harvested shrimp had higher Cu and lower Zn concentrations compared to those reported for farmed shrimp from Brazil and Mexico. Clearly, organic sludge was the main route of removal for both metals (Cu 46.2%; Zn 92.6%). The annual environmental loads estimated for inland shrimp aquaculture were 598 ± 74 g Cu ha-1 and 5080 ± 328 g Zn ha-1.

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This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of organic matter present in shrimp farming effluent using three types of electrocatalytic materials: Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2, Ti/Pt, and boron-doped diamond (BDD). An electrochemical cell with 300 mL under stirring agitation was used by applying 20, 40, and 60 mA cm-2. A Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2 anode showed a reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) about 84 % after 1 h of electrolysis, while at the same time, 71 % of COD decay was achieved at Ti/Pt. Conversely, only 71 % of COD was removed after 2 h with a BDD anode. Regarding the temperature effect, BDD showed better performances than those achieved for Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2 and Ti/Pt anodes during an electrochemical treatment of a shrimp farming effluent, obtaining 72 % of COD removal by applying 20 mA cm-2 at 40 °C after 15 min. Energy consumption and cost were estimated in order to established the engineering applicability of this alternative process.

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This experiment aimed to evaluate the quality of the marine shrimp L. vannamei farmed in fresh and salt water, with emphasis on physical and sensory parameters. For the physical parameters pH determinations were performed, water holding capacity (WHC), weight loss during cooking (PPS), texture and color (all in triplicate). For sensory analysis participated in the test 30 tasters, of both sexes, aged between 23-49 years were used to assess the shrimp according to the attributes of taste, odor, color, texture and juiciness and overall preference of appearance. Regarding the pH there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two treatments, as well as CRA and PPC. The color parameters (a *, b * and L *) showed uniformity in the results for both the shrimp in nature as for the cooked, with no significant differences. The texture is highlighted where there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments, with values from 1.03 to 1.34, confirming the data reported by the panel. Sensory parameters analyzed did not differ significantly, except for the attributes of odor and color, which were higher for the shrimp grown in salt water. Never the less the two treatments showed sensory quality, as well as satisfactory physical and chemical quality.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do camarão marinho L. vannamei cultivado em água doce e em salgada, com ênfase nos parâmetros físicos e sensoriais. Para os parâmetros físicos foram realizadas determinações de pH, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), perda de peso na cocção (PPC), textura e cor (todas em triplicata). Para análise sensorial participaram do teste 30 provadores, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 23 a 49 anos, para avaliar os camarões segundo os atributos de sabor, odor, cor, textura e suculência e aspecto de preferência geral. Em relação ao pH não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os dois tratamentos, assim como para CRA e PPC. Os parâmetros de cor (a*, b* e L*) mostraram uniformidade nos resultados, tanto para o camarão in natura como para o cozido, não havendo diferenças significativas. Destacou-se a textura que apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos, com valores de 1,03 a 1,34, corroborando com os dados reportados pela equipe sensorial. Os parâmetros sensoriais analisados não diferiram significativamente, com exceção para os atributos de odor e cor, que foram superiores para o camarão cultivado em água salgada. Apesar disso os dois tratamentos apresentaram qualidade sensorial, física e química satisfatórias.

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This experiment aimed to evaluate the quality of the marine shrimp L. vannamei farmed in fresh and salt water, with emphasis on physical and sensory parameters. For the physical parameters pH determinations were performed, water holding capacity (WHC), weight loss during cooking (PPS), texture and color (all in triplicate). For sensory analysis participated in the test 30 tasters, of both sexes, aged between 23-49 years were used to assess the shrimp according to the attributes of taste, odor, color, texture and juiciness and overall preference of appearance. Regarding the pH there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two treatments, as well as CRA and PPC. The color parameters (a *, b * and L *) showed uniformity in the results for both the shrimp in nature as for the cooked, with no significant differences. The texture is highlighted where there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments, with values from 1.03 to 1.34, confirming the data reported by the panel. Sensory parameters analyzed did not differ significantly, except for the attributes of odor and color, which were higher for the shrimp grown in salt water. Never the less the two treatments showed sensory quality, as well as satisfactory physical and chemical quality.(AU)

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do camarão marinho L. vannamei cultivado em água doce e em salgada, com ênfase nos parâmetros físicos e sensoriais. Para os parâmetros físicos foram realizadas determinações de pH, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), perda de peso na cocção (PPC), textura e cor (todas em triplicata). Para análise sensorial participaram do teste 30 provadores, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 23 a 49 anos, para avaliar os camarões segundo os atributos de sabor, odor, cor, textura e suculência e aspecto de preferência geral. Em relação ao pH não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os dois tratamentos, assim como para CRA e PPC. Os parâmetros de cor (a*, b* e L*) mostraram uniformidade nos resultados, tanto para o camarão in natura como para o cozido, não havendo diferenças significativas. Destacou-se a textura que apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos, com valores de 1,03 a 1,34, corroborando com os dados reportados pela equipe sensorial. Os parâmetros sensoriais analisados não diferiram significativamente, com exceção para os atributos de odor e cor, que foram superiores para o camarão cultivado em água salgada. Apesar disso os dois tratamentos apresentaram qualidade sensorial, física e química satisfatórias.(AU)

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A ocratoxina é um dos maiores grupos de micotoxinas; são metabólitos secundários produzidos principalmente por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. Possui propriedades tóxicas e nefrotóxicas, está relacionada à nefropatia endêmica dos Bálcãs, a tumores do trato urinário e foi classificada pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa do Câncer (IARC) como pertencente ao grupo 2B, por ser possivelmente carcinogênica para humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ocratoxina A (OTA) no desempenho do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaues vannamei). O experimento foi feito simulando o manejo produtivo de uma fazenda de camarão marinho do litoral localizada em Luís Correia, Piauí. Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de micotoxinas: T1- 100µg/kg de OTA; T2- 500µg/kg de OTA; T3- 1000µg/kg de OTA; T4- 100µg/kg de OTA e 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 e T5 - 0,0µg/kg de OTA. A produção de OTA foi realizada por meio da fermentação do milho, utilizando-se a cepa de Aspergillus ochraceus. Rações comerciais foram contaminadas com os núcleos de milho. A detecção e a quantificação de OTA dos núcleos, das rações comerciais e dos tecidos do camarão (cefalotórax e abdome) foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para simular o sistema de criação da fazenda, os animais foram cultivados por um período de oito semanas, sendo 20 animais por caixa, recebendo alimentação duas vezes por dia. O menor ganho de peso observado foi no T2 e no T4 e os maiores ganhos de peso foram obtidos no T1 e no T5, que também apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar. Após 56 dias de experimento, foi detectada OTA residual nas amostras de abdome apenas nos camarões do T1. Logo, camarões alimentados com rações contaminadas com OTA têm seu desempenho produtivo comprometido, o que gera impactos econômicos negativos para a indústria carcinicultora, além de ser um risco à saúde do consumidor, devido aos resíduos em sua musculatura.(AU)

Ochratoxin A is the second largest group of mycotoxins. It is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and has toxic and nephrotoxic properties that are associated with the Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaues vannamei). The experiment simulated the productive management of a shrimp farm located on the marine coast of Luis Correia, Piauí State. Five treatments with different levels of mycotoxins were used: T1- 100µg/kg of OTA; T2- 500µg/kg of OTA; T3 - 1000µg/kg of OTA; T4- 100µg/kg of OTA and 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 and T5 - 0.0µg/kg of OTA. OTA was produced by fermenting corn, using the Aspergillus ochraceus strain. Commercial feeds were contaminated with the corn kernels. OTA in the kernels, commercial feeds and shrimp tissues (cephalothorax and abdomen) were detected and quantified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To simulate the farming system, totaling 20 animals per box. The animals were fed twice a day and raised under these conditions for eight weeks. The shrimp gained weight during the weeks of the test, when subjected to different OTA treatments. The lowest weight gain was observed in T2 and T4 and the highest weight gains were in T1 and T5, which also presented the best feed conversion ratio. After 56 days, residual OTA was detected in samples of shrimp abdomen only in T1. Therefore, the productive performance of shrimp that are fed with OTA-contaminated feed is compromised, which has a negative economic impact on the shrimp industry, and is a health risk to consumers due to residues in the muscles.(AU)

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