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Resumen: Introducción: la relación entre la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial sistólica ha sido denominada índice de choque. La progresión de la disfunción orgánica (PDO) se asocia a incremento en la mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar si el índice de choque elevado es factor de riesgo de PDO en pacientes con choque circulatorio. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo en pacientes con choque circulatorio. Se calculó el índice de choque al ingreso, 24, 48 y 72 horas. Se consideró elevado un índice de choque > 0.70 latidos por minuto/mmHg. Se definió como PDO un incremento en el puntaje SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) ≥ 2 puntos a las 72 horas. Se realizó análisis de regresión logística para calcular la fuerza de asociación del índice de choque con la PDO. Resultados: se analizaron 90 pacientes, 64.4% de los participantes presentaron índice de choque elevado con mediana de 0.94 (0.81-1.15) latidos por minuto/mmHg. El porcentaje de PDO en el grupo con índice de choque elevado fue 25.86 versus 9.37%, p = 0.09. El análisis de regresión logística multivariado mostró en el índice de choque elevado un OR de 4.11 (1.00-16.92), p = 0.05. Conclusiones: el índice de choque > 0.70 latidos por minuto/mmHg al ingreso es un factor de riesgo de PDO en los pacientes con choque circulatorio.

Abstract: Introduction: the relationship between heart rate and systolic blood pressure has been called shock index (SI). The progressive organ dysfunction (POD) is associated with increased mortality. Objective: to determine whether elevated shock index is a risk factor for POD in patients with circulatory shock. Material and methods: observational and prospective study in patients with circulatory shock. The shock index at admission, 24, 48 and 72 hours was calculated. A shock index > 0.70 beats per minute/mmHg was considered elevated. POD was defined as an increase in the SOFA score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) ≥ 2 points at 72 hours. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the strength of association of the shock index with POD. Results: 90 patients were analyzed, 64.4% of participants had elevated shock index with median of 0.94 (0.81-1.15) beats per minute/mmHg. The percentage of POD in the group with high shock index was 25.86% vs 9.37%, p = 0.09. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an OR of 4.11 (1.00-16.92), p = 0.05 for the elevated shock index. Conclusions: the shock index > 0.70 beats per minute/mmHg on admission is a risk factor for POD in patients with circulatory shock.

Resumo: Introdução: a relação entre frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial sistólica foi denominada índice de choque. A progressão da disfunção orgânica (PDO) está associada a um aumento da mortalidade Objetivo: determinar se o índice de choque elevado é um fator de risco para PDO em pacientes com choque circulatório. Material e métodos: estudo observacional, analítico e prospectivo em pacientes com choque circulatório. Calculou-se o índice de choque na admissão, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Considerou-se elevado um índice de choque > 0.70 batimentos por minuto/mmHg. A PDO foi definida como um aumento no escore SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) ≥ 2 pontos em 72 horas. A análise de regressão logística foi realizada para calcular a força da associação de índice de choque com PDO. Resultados: analisaram-se 90 pacientes, 64.4% dos participantes apresentaram índice de choque elevado com mediana de 0.94 (0.81-1.15) batimentos por minuto/mmHg. A porcentagem de PDO no grupo com índice de choque elevado foi de 25.86 vs 9.37%, p = 0.09. A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou para o índice de choque elevado um OR de 4.11 (1.00-16.92), p = 0.05. Conclusões: índice de choque > 0.70 batimentos por minuto/mmHg na admissão é fator de risco para DOP em pacientes com choque circulatório.

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Introducción: El índice de choque ha sido propuesto como un parámetro eficaz, barato y fácilmente realizable para la determinación del pronóstico del desarrollo de complicaciones e incluso la muerte. Objetivo: Describir los valores del índice de choque al ingreso, de los pacientes ingresados en la en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Vladimir Ilich Lenin" de Holguín, Cuba, entre junio-diciembre de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, donde de un universo de 98 pacientes ingresados en dicha unidad (N=98) la muestra quedó conformada por 77 pacientes (n=77) a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Las variables evaluadas fueron: APACHE II, índice de choque, diagnóstico etiológico presuntivo, qSOFA y lactato sérico. Como instrumento de la investigación se implantó un formulario de recolección de datos. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 24. Para el procesamiento de las variables cuantitativas se empleó la media y la desviación estándar. Resultados: Las enfermedades predominantes fueron la hemorragia puerperal, el posoperatorio complicado y la preeclampsia. El 54,5 % presentó valores normales de lactato sérico y el 59,7 % presentó valores de qSOFA normales o bajos. El 84,2 % mostró valores bajos de APACHE II al ingreso. El 58,5 % de los pacientes presentó un índice de choque mayor de 0,7. Conclusiones: Los pacientes ingresados en la UCI muestran mayor alteración del índice de choque que de variables más conocidas y ampliamente utilizadas (APACHE II, qSOFA y lactato sérico).

Introduction: The shock index has been proposed as an effective, cheap and easily achievable parameter for the prognosis of possible complications and even death. Objective: To describe the shock index values in patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit at the Hospital General Docente "Vladimir Ilich Lenin" de Holguín, Cuba, throughout June to December 2019. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in which 98 patients (N=98) admitted to ICU were selected as universe, the sample consisted of 77 patients (n=77) through non-probabilistic sampling. Variables evaluated were as follow: APACHE II system, shock index, presumptive etiologic diagnosis, qSOFA score and serum lactate level. A data collection form was used as a research instrument. The SPSS version 24 statistical package was used. The mean and standard deviation were used to process the quantitative variables. Results: The predominant diseases found were postpartum hemorrhage, the postoperative complication and pre-eclampsia disorder. Serum lactate values were normal in 54.5% of studied patients and normal or low qSOFA values in 59.7%. The 84.2% showed low APACHE II values on admission and 58.5% had a shock index greater than 0.7. Conclusions: Patients admitted to the ICU show greater alterations in the shock index than in better known and widely used variables like (APACHE II, qSOFA and serum lactate).

Introdução: O índice de choque tem sido proposto como um parâmetro eficaz, barato e facilmente alcançável para determinar o prognóstico para o desenvolvimento de complicações e até morte. Objetivo: Descrever os valores do índice de choque na admissão, dos pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital General Docente "Vladimir Ilich Lenin" em Holguín, Cuba, entre junho e dezembro de 2019. Método: Um cruzamento descritivo -estudo seccional, onde de um universo de 98 doentes internados na referida unidade (N=98) a amostra foi constituída por 77 doentes (n=77) através de uma amostragem não probabilística. As variáveisavaliadas foram: APACHE II, índice de choque, diagnóstico etiológico presuntivo, qSOFA e lactato sérico. Como instrumento de pesquisa, implementou-se um formulário de coleta de dados. Foi utilizado o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 24. Para o processamento das variáveis quantitativas foram utilizados a média e o desvio padrão. Resultados: As doenças predominantes foram hemorragia pós-parto, pós-operatório complicado e pré-eclâmpsia. 54,5% tinham valores de lactato sérico normais e 59,7% tinham valores de qSOFA normais ou baixos. 84,2% apresentaram baixos valores de APACHE II na admissão. 58,5% dos pacientes apresentaram índice de choque maior que 0,7. Conclusões: Os pacientes internados na UTI apresentam maiores alterações no índice de choque do que em variáveis mais conhecidas e amplamente utilizadas (APACHE II, qSOFA e lactato sérico).

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is an important cause of mortality and morbidity among geriatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the shock index and other scoring systems are effective predictors of mortality and prognosis among geriatric patients presenting to the emergency department with complaints of upper GI bleeding. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in an emergency department in Bursa, Turkey. METHODS: Patients over 65 years admitted to a single-center, tertiary emergency service between May 8, 2019, and April 30, 2020, and diagnosed with upper GI bleeding were analyzed. 30, 180 and 360-day mortality prediction performances of the shock index and the Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford and AIMS-65 scores were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients who met the criteria were included in the study. The shock index (P < 0.001) and AIMS-65 score (P < 0.05) of the patients who died within the 30-day period were found to be significantly different, while the shock index (P < 0.001), Rockall score (P < 0.001) and AIMS-65 score (P < 0.05) of patients who died within the 180-day and 360-day periods were statistically different. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for predicting 360-day mortality, the area under the curve (AUC) value was found to be 0.988 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.971-1.000; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The shock index measured among geriatric patients with upper GI bleeding at admission seems to be a more effective predictor of prognosis than other scoring systems.

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Introducción: Las respuestas fisiológicas a la hemorragia, como hipotensión y taquicardia, no siempre son proporcionales al estado de choque, lo cual ha llevado a la necesidad de usar otros predictores. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento del déficit de base, lactato e índice de shock severo como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes lesionados múltiples. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional y retrospectivo en el Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", entre agosto de 2018 y agosto de 2020. La muestra fue de 50 pacientes, según criterio de selección no probabilístico del investigador. Resultados: Los pacientes que sufrieron trauma craneal tuvieron siete veces más riesgo de morir. El índice de shock severo, a las tres horas triplicó el riesgo de morir. El lactato y el déficit de base se correlacionaron con un índice de shock mayor de uno, de forma significativa. La transfusión sanguínea duplicó el riesgo de morir, mientras que los requerimientos de aminas, no mostraron ser factores de mal pronóstico. Dentro de las complicaciones la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica mostró tener nueve veces mayor riesgo de morir y la disfunción múltiple de órgano siete veces, pero la presencia de neumonía no influyó en la muerte. Conclusiones: El índice de shock severo se consideró un factor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes politraumatizados al triplicar el riesgo de morir y guardó relación con el lactato elevado y la alteración de los valores del déficit de bases(AU)

Introduction: Physiological responses to hemorrhage, such as hypotension and tachycardia, are not always proportional to the state of shock, which has led to the need to use other predictors. Objective: To analyze the characteristics of base deficit, lactate and severe shock index as predictors of mortality in multiply injured patients. Methods: An analytical, observational and retrospective study was carried out in the anesthesiology and resuscitation service of General Calixto García University Hospital, between August 2018 and August 2020. The sample was made up of 50 patients, according to nonprobabilistic selection criteria of the researcher. Results: Patients who suffered cranial trauma were seven times more likely to die. The index of severe shock at three hours tripled the risk of death. Lactate and baseline deficit correlated significantly with shock index greater than one. Blood transfusion doubled the risk of death, while amine requirements were not shown to be poor prognostic factors. Among complications, systemic inflammatory response was shown to have nine times higher risk of dying and multiple organ dysfunction seven times, but the presence of pneumonia did not influence death. Conclusions: The severe shock index was considered a prognostic factor for mortality in polytraumatized patients, as far as it tripled the risk of dying and was related to elevated lactate and altered base deficit values(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive capacity of vital signs for the diagnosis of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). METHODS: A prospective cohort study performed at the University of Campinas, Brazil, between February 2015 and March 2016 with women who delivered vaginally. Vital signs and postpartum bleeding were collected over 24 h. Exploratory data analysis was performed plus receiver operating characteristic curve analysis where the areas under the curve was used to determine the best cutoff points for sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio. RESULTS: For the 270 women recruited, mean blood loss after 120 min was 427.49 ± 335.57 ml, while 84 (31.1%) and 22 (8.1%) women had blood loss ≥500 and ≥1000 ml, respectively. Heart rate cutoff point of 105 bpm measured between 21-40 min after birth identified blood loss ≥1000 ml with 90% specificity. A shock index (SI) of 0.965 at 41-60 min after birth identified blood loss ≥500 and ≥1000 ml within 2 h with approximately 95% specificity. CONCLUSION: Shock index and heart rate measured after birth showed high specificity with low sensitivity to identify PPH. In clinical practice, "The rule of 1s" should receive special attention: SI ≥1, or heart rate >100 bpm, or estimated blood loss ≥1 L.

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As causas externas estão entre os principais motivos de óbito no mundo e, dentre elas, o trauma se destaca por causar óbitos e incapacitações permanentes. A perda sanguínea maciça é a principal causa de morte evitável no trauma. Nos casos de hemorragias volumosas, a transfusão maciça de hemocomponentes pode ser necessária; entretanto aspectos sobre o procedimento são controversos na literatura. No Brasil, estudos sobre a transfusão maciça, ainda que escassos, ressaltam a elevada mortalidade e a necessidade de maior conhecimento de enfermeiros e equipes sobre a transfusão. Assim, este estudo objetivou analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos das transfusões maciças em pacientes vítimas de trauma, em um hospital referência neste tipo de atendimento em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte não concorrente, em que foram analisados os registros de transfusão maciça de 110 pacientes vítimas de trauma, com idade superior a 18 anos, admitidos no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2019 e junho de 2020. Os dados foram obtidos por meio dos registros da agência transfusional do hospital e dos prontuários dos pacientes. Para a análise, foi empregada a estatística descritiva e inferencial, utilizando frequência simples e acumulada, medidas de tendência central e dispersão, análise de perdas de informações, bem como estatística Kappa, estimativa de incidência, estatística de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. Em 78,18% dos casos houve a ocorrência de trauma contuso, provocado por colisões (40,00%) e atropelamentos (18,18%). O maior número de pacientes era do sexo masculino com mediana da idade de 36,5 anos. As Unidades de Suporte Avançado do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência conduziram 45,37% das vítimas ao hospital. À admissão, a mediana dos dados dos pacientes indicava alteração do sensório (Escala de Coma de Glasgow 13), pressão arterial sistólica limítrofe (90 mmHg) e taquicardia (110 BPM). Ocorreram 45 óbitos, sendo 19,09% em até 6 horas após a admissão, 12,73% entre 6 e 24 horas e 9,09% após 24 horas da admissão. Infecção, sepse e insuficiência renal aguda foram complicações mais relatadas na internação, sendo os mais acometidos os pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso com traumatismo cranioencefálico. No momento da alta, os pacientes apresentavam alguma limitação, demanda de cuidado ou recomendação de acompanhamento ou nova cirurgia. Em 77,27% dos casos o protocolo de transfusão de emergências foi acionado, e a mediana do tempo entre a admissão e a primeira dispensação de hemocomponente foi de 19 minutos. Índice de choque (com ponto de corte de 0,9) e a escala Assessment of Blood Consumption (com ponto de corte de 2,0) tiveram uma concordância moderada (42,77%/ p<0,001), pelo Teste de Kappa, para predizer a necessidade de transfusão maciça. A incidência de óbitos foi de 40,90%, sendo a densidade para esse grupo de pacientes de 13,57 (10,13-18,17 IC95%) por mil pessoas-dia. A probabilidade de óbitos foi maior entre pacientes que não fizeram uso de plaquetas e ácido tranexâmico, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos que não usaram tais substâncias. Identificou-se que a probabilidade de óbito dentre os pacientes que fizeram uso de volumes iguais ou superiores a 10 unidades de concentrado de hemácias foi superior àqueles pacientes que usaram volumes menores deste hemocomponente (p <0,05). A análise evidenciou que as vítimas de trauma submetidas à transfusão maciça são homens jovens, com quadro grave e com maior probabilidade de evoluir à óbito quando recebem volumes de concentrado de hemácias superiores a 3000ml. Os resultados fornecem informações que contribuem para a avaliação e acompanhamento destes pacientes, tais como sinais de gravidade e fatores a serem observados em sua evolução e que podem determinar maior probabilidade de óbito. Os dados reforçam, ainda, a importância do cuidado do ambiente pré-hospitalar após a alta.

External causes are among the main reasons off mortality in the world, with trauma accounting for a great number of deaths and permanent disability. Massive blood loss is the leading cause of preventable death in trauma. In cases of massive hemorrhages, massive transfusion of blood components may be necessary, however aspects about this procedure are controversial in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the epidemiological aspects of massive transfusions in trauma patients admitted in a hospital that is recognized for trauma care in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. This is a non-concurrent cohort study, in which records of massive transfusions of 110 trauma patients aged over 18 years, admitted between january 2019 and june 2020, were analyzed. Data were obtained through the records of the hospital's transfusion agency and the patients' charts. For data analysis, descriptive and inferencial statistics were used, using simple and accumulated frequency, measures of central tendency and dispersion, analysis of information loss, as well as Kappa statistics, incidence estimation and Kaplan-Meier statistics and log-test. rank. In 78.18% of the cases there was the occurrence of blunt trauma, caused by most of the time by collisions (40.00%) and being run over (18.18%). The largest number of patients was male with a median age of 36.5 years. The Advanced Support Units of the Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, was responsible for 45.37% of transport of the victims to the hospital. At admission, the median of patient data indicated sensory alteration (Glasgow Coma Scale 13), hypotension (90 mmHg) and tachycardia (110 BPM). There were 45 deaths, 19.09% within 6 hours of admission, 12.73% between 6 and 24 hours after admission, and 9.09% after 24 hours of admission. Infection, sepsis, and acute renal failure were the most reported complications during hospitalization, with patients suffering from blunt trauma with traumatic brain injury being the most affected. At the time of discharge, the patients had some limitation, demand for care or recommendation for follow-up or new surgery. In 77.27% of the cases, the emergency transfusion protocol was activated, and the median time between admission and the first dispensing of blood components was 19 minutes. Shock Index (with a cutoff point of 0.9) and the Assessment of Blood Consumption score (with a cutoff point of 2.0) had moderate agreement (42.77%/p<0.001), by the Kappa test, to predict the need for massive transfusion. The incidence density of deaths for this group of patients was 13.57 (10.13-18.17 95%CI) per thousand person-day. The probability of death was higher among patients who did not use platelets and tranexamic acid, with no statistically significant difference compared to those who did not use these substances. It was identified that the probability of death among patients who used volumes equal to or greater than 10 units of packed red blood cells was higher than for those patients who used smaller volumes of this blood component (p < 0.05). The analysis showed that trauma victims submitted to massive transfusiosns are young men, with severe condition and who are more likely to progress to deth when they receive volume of red blood cells greater than 3000ml. The results provide information that contributes to the assessment and follow-up of these patients, as signs of severity and factors to be observed in its evolution, as well as whic can determine a greater probability of death. They reinforce the importance of caring in pre-hospital environment, during hospital care and after discharge.

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BACKGROUND: Loss of vascular tone is a key pathophysiological feature of septic shock. Combination of gradual diastolic hypotension and tachycardia could reflect more serious vasodilatory conditions. We sought to evaluate the relationships between heart rate (HR) to diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) ratios and clinical outcomes during early phases of septic shock. METHODS: Diastolic shock index (DSI) was defined as the ratio between HR and DAP. DSI calculated just before starting vasopressors (Pre-VPs/DSI) in a preliminary cohort of 337 patients with septic shock (January 2015 to February 2017) and at vasopressor start (VPs/DSI) in 424 patients with septic shock included in a recent randomized controlled trial (ANDROMEDA-SHOCK; March 2017 to April 2018) was partitioned into five quantiles to estimate the relative risks (RR) of death with respect to the mean risk of each population (assumed to be 1). Matched HR and DAP subsamples were created to evaluate the effect of the individual components of the DSI on RRs. In addition, time-course of DSI and interaction between DSI and vasopressor dose (DSI*NE.dose) were compared between survivors and non-survivors from both populations, while ROC curves were used to identify variables predicting mortality. Finally, as exploratory observation, effect of early start of vasopressors was evaluated at each Pre-VPs/DSI quintile from the preliminary cohort. RESULTS: Risk of death progressively increased at gradual increments of Pre-VPs/DSI or VPs/DSI (One-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Progressive DAP decrease or HR increase was associated with higher mortality risks only when DSI concomitantly increased. Areas under the ROC curve for Pre-VPs/DSI, SOFA and initial lactate were similar, while mean arterial pressure and systolic shock index showed poor performances to predict mortality. Time-course of DSI and DSI*NE.dose was significantly higher in non-survivors from both populations (repeated-measures ANOVA, p < 0.001). Very early start of vasopressors exhibited an apparent benefit at higher Pre-VPs/DSI quintile. CONCLUSIONS: DSI at pre-vasopressor and vasopressor start points might represent a very early identifier of patients at high risk of death. Isolated DAP or HR values do not clearly identify such risk. Usefulness of DSI to trigger or to direct therapeutic interventions in early resuscitation of septic shock need to be addressed in future studies.

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Introducción: la hemorragia posparto (HPP) es toda pérdida sanguínea mayor de 500 ml luego de un parto vaginal o mayor de 1000 mililitros luego de una cesárea, o cualquier pérdida sanguínea luego del parto que provoque inestabilidad hemodinámica, independiente del tipo de parto. Puede provocar signos y síntomas de choque que si no se maneja adecuadamente podría comprometer la vida de la paciente. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre HPP. Métodos: se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica de la literatura médica más actualizada sobre HPP. Resultados y discusión: 32 artículos médicos en idioma español y en idioma inglés de los últimos años se incluyen en el presente trabajo, lo que incluye guías clínicas. La HPP se clasifica en hemorragia postparto primaria, temprana o inmediata y en hemorragia postparto secundaria o tardía. Dentro de las principales causas de hemorragia postparto primaria tenemos como nemotecnia las 4 T que incluyen: Tono, Trauma, Tejido y Trombina, siendo la más frecuente la relacionada con el tono que representa el 70% de los casos. La clave del manejo de la HPP es reconocer el sangrado excesivo en el posparto, identificar la causa, e iniciar una intervención adecuada según el caso. Conclusión: la HPP es la segunda causa de muerte materna a nivel mundial, por lo tanto, es muy importante conocer sus causas, manejo y la prevención de la misma.

Introduction: postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is any blood loss greater than 500 ml after a vaginal birth or more than 1000 milliliters after a cesarean, or any blood loss after delivery that causes hemodynamic instability regardless of the type of delivery. It can cause signs and symptoms of shock, which if not properly handled could compromise the patient life. Objective: we performed an exhaustive review of the most recent medical literature about PPH. Methods: an exhaustive bibliographic review of the most recent medical literature on PHP was carried out. Results and discussion: 32 medical articles in Spanish and in English language of the last years were included in the present work including clinical guidelines. PPH is classified as primary, early or immediate postpartum hemorrhage and secondary or late postpartum hemorrhage. Among the main causes of primary postpartum hemorrhage, we have as mnemonic the 4 T that include: Tone, Trauma, Tissue and Thrombin, the most frequent being the one related to the tone that represents 70% of the cases. The key of the management is to recognize hemorrhage after the delivery, identify the cause and start an opportune and adequate treatment. Conclusion: PPH is the second cause of maternal death worldwide, therefore, it is very important to know its causes, management and prevention.

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Resumen: La hemorragia obstétrica continúa siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad materna a nivel mundial siendo mayor en países en vías de desarrollo. Estudios realizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) revelan que entre 25-30% de muertes maternas se deben a hemorragia obstétrica, tales muertes inician usualmente al relacionarse con el desarrollo de choque hemorrágico y sus consecuencias, especialmente la disfunción orgánica múltiple. La hemorragia obstétrica se define como la pérdida sanguínea mayor o igual a 500 mL. El índice de choque (IC) se define como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presión arterial sistólica, fue introducida por primera vez en 1967 por Allgöwer y Burri. Se ha estudiado en pacientes con y sin trauma y se usa en la práctica clínica para evaluar el choque hipovolémico o la gravedad del choque no hipovolémico y para ayudar al tratamiento agudo en este contexto. En la población normal no embarazada, el rango del IC normal es 0.5-0.7 y un IC > 0.9 se ha asociado con una mayor mortalidad. En el presente trabajo se realizó la correlación del índice de choque como marcador inicial de choque hipovolémico en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica del primer trimestre. Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal y analítico en pacientes de todas las edades con hemorragia obstétrica del primer trimestre. Se observó que el índice de choque en las pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica de primer trimestre se asocia significativamente con inestabilidad hemodinámica y mayor probabilidad de requerir productos sanguíneos.

Abstract: Obstetric hemorrhage continues to be the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, being higher in developing countries. Studies conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveal that between 25 and 30% of maternal deaths are due to obstetric hemorrhage, such deaths usually begin when related to the development of hemorrhagic shock and its consequences, especially multiple organ dysfunction. Obstetric hemorrhage is defined as blood loss greater than or equal to 500 mL. The shock index (CI) is defined as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure, it was first introduced in 1967 by Allgöwer and Burri. It has been studied in patients with and without trauma and is used in clinical practice to evaluate hypovolemic shock or the severity of non-hypovolemic shock and to help acute treatment in this context. In the normal non-pregnant population, the range of the normal CI is 0.5-0.7 and an IC of > 0.9 has been associated with a higher mortality. In the present work, the correlation of the shock index was made as an initial marker of hypovolemic shock in patients with obstetric hemorrhage in the first trimester. An observational, prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted in patients of all ages with first-trimester obstetric hemorrhage. It was observed that HF in patients with a diagnosis of first-trimester obstetric hemorrhage is significantly associated with hemodynamic instability and a higher probability of requiring blood products.

Resumo: A hemorragia obstétrica continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade materna a nível mundial, sendo maior nos países em desenvolvimento. Estudos realizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) revelam que entre 25 e 30% dos óbitos maternos são decorrentes de hemorragia obstétrica, tais óbitos começam usualmete quando relacionados ao desenvolvimento do choque hemorrágico e suas conseqüências, especialmente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. A hemorragia obstétrica é definida como perda de sangue maior ou igual a 500 mL. O índice de choque (IC) é definido como a freqüência cardíaca dividida pela pressão arterial sistólica, que foi introduzida pela primeira vez em 1967 por Allgöwer e Burri. Tem sido estudado em pacientes com e sem trauma e é usado na prática clínica para avaliar o choque hipovolêmico ou a gravidade do choque não-hipovolêmico e para auxiliar no tratamento agudo nesse contexto. Na população normal não gestante, o intervalo do IC normal é de 0.5-0.7 e um IC > 0.9 foi associado a uma mortalidade mais elevada. No presente trabalho foi realizada a correlação do índice de choque como um marcador inicial de choque hipovolêmico em pacientes com hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, transversal e analítico em pacientes de todas as idades com hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre. Observou-se que a IC em pacientes com diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica no primeiro trimestre está significativamente associada à instabilidade hemodinâmica e maior probabilidade de necessidade de hemoderivados.

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Resumen: La hemorragia obstétrica sigue siendo la causa más importante de muertes maternas en todo el mundo. Una mujer en el tercer trimestre puede perder hasta 30% del volumen sanguíneo antes de que disminuya la presión arterial sistólica, lo que lleva a suponer una estabilidad hemodinámica y retraso en la atención. El índice de choque (IC), calculado como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presión arterial sistólica, se ha propuesto para predecir la hipovolemia temprana. En las poblaciones no embarazadas, el IC normal se ha sugerido como 0.5-0.7 y el IC ≥ 0.9 corresponde con mayor mortalidad y morbilidad. Hasta el momento, sólo un pequeño estudio obstétrico ha definido IC normal como 0.7-0.9. Diseño del estudio: Se calculó el índice de choque en pacientes gestantes en el tercer trimestre que llegaron con hemorragia obstétrica, las cuales llegaron a choque hipovolémico grado III. Se evaluó el efecto del ajuste de los factores de confusión en la relación entre los umbrales del IC y el resultado, utilizando métodos de regresión logística. Resultados: Nuestro estudio es el primero en evaluar la capacidad predictiva de índice de choque en mujeres gestantes con antecedente de hemorragia en el tercer trimestre, demostrando que no ayuda a la toma de decisiones sobre tratamiento final y eventos adversos, ya que los cambios hemodinámicos del embarazo y el postparto pueden retrasar el reconocimiento de la hipovolemia, subestimando la reanimación y derivación tempranas. Conclusiones: El índice de choque no es un valioso predictor del deterioro materno, pero sí impacta sobre la necesidad de transfusión o la intervención quirúrgica en el contexto de hemorragia del tercer trimestre. Proponemos un umbral de IC ≥ 0.9 para identificar mujeres que requieren atención urgente de alto nivel. Esto es más alto que el límite superior de la normalidad en las poblaciones no embarazadas, lo que refleja los cambios hemodinámicos del embarazo y el periodo postparto.

Abstract: Obstetric hemorrhage remains the most important cause of maternal deaths worldwide. A woman in the third trimester may lose up to 30% of the blood volume before the SBP falls, leading to hemodynamic stability and delayed attention. The shock index (SI), calculated as a heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, has been proposed to predict early hypovolemia. In non-pregnant population, normal SI has been suggested as 0.5-0.7 and SI ≥ 0.9 corresponds with higher mortality and morbidity. So far, only a small obstetric study has defined normal SI, such as 0.7-0.9. Study design: The shock index was calculated in pregnant patients in the third trimester who arrived with obstetric hemorrhage in the third trimester, of which they reached grade III hypovolemic shock. The effect of the adjustment of the confounding factors on the relationship between the SI thresholds and the result was evaluated, using logistic regression methods. Results: Our study is the first to evaluate the predictive capacity of shock rate in pregnant women with a history of hemorrhage in the third trimester demonstrating that it does not help to make decisions about final treatment and adverse events, since the hemodynamic changes of pregnancy and postpartum may delay the recognition of hypovolemia by underestimating early resuscitation and referral. Conclusion: The shock index is not a valuable predictor of maternal deterioration, but it does impact on the need for transfusion or surgical intervention in the context of third trimester hemorrhage. We propose an SI threshold ≥ 0.9 to identify women who require urgent high-level care. This is higher than the upper limit of normality in non-pregnant populations, reflecting the hemodynamic changes of pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Resumo: A hemorragia obstétrica continua sendo a causa mais importante de mortes maternas no mundo. Uma mulher no terceiro trimestre pode perder até 30% do volume de sangue antes que a PAS descenda, levando à supor uma estabilidade hemodinâmica e ao atraso da atenção. O índice de choque (IC), calculado como uma freqüência cardíaca dividida pela pressão arterial sistólica, foi proposto para prever a hipovolemia precoce. Nas populações não gestantes, o IC normal foi sugerido como 0.5-0.7 e o IC ≥ 0.9 corresponde a maior mortalidade e morbidade. Até agora, apenas um pequeno estudo obstétrico definiu o IC normal, como 0.7-0.9. Desenho do estudo: A taxa de choque foi calculada em pacientes gestantes no terceiro trimestre que chegaram com hemorragia obstétrica, das quais atingiram o choque hipovolêmico grau III. Avaliou-se o efeito do ajuste dos fatores de confusão na relação entre os limiares do IC e o resultado, utilizando métodos de regressão logística. Resultados: Nosso estudo é o primeiro a avaliar a capacidade preditiva da taxa de choque em mulheres gestantes com história de hemorragia no terceiro trimestre, demonstrando que não ajuda a tomar decisões sobre o tratamento final e eventos adversos, já que as alterações hemodinâmicas da gestacão e o pós-parto podem retardar o reconhecimento da hipovolemia subestimando a ressuscitação e o encaminhamento precoces. Conclusão: O índice de choque não é um preditor valioso da deterioração materna, mas tem impacto sobre a necessidade de transfusão ou intervenção cirúrgica no contexto da hemorragia no terceiro trimestre. Propomos um limiar de IS ≥ 0.9 para identificar mulheres que necessitam de cuidados urgentes de alto nível. Isso é mais alto que o limite superior da normalidade nas populações não gestantes, refletindo as alterações hemodinâmicas da gestação e do período pós-parto.

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Resumen El choque séptico es una entidad que en la población pediátrica se ve asociado a altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. En las unidades de terapia intensiva es importante estimar el riesgo de muerte en los pacientes ingresados para así redirigir metas en el manejo de los mismos. Sin embargo, la falta de consistencia y la subjetividad del clínico han sido factores determinantes para el desarrollo de escalas de mortalidad con el fin de lograr mediciones cuantitativas certeras. Existen muchas escalas, índices y biomarcadores desarrollados con el fin de predecir mortalidad. Entre estos se encuentra la escala PIM-2, el índice de choque y el lactato. Objetivo: Comparar la escala PIM-2, el índice de choque y el lactato como marcadores precoces de mortalidad en los niños con choque séptico. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron todos los pacientes con criterios de choque séptico que ingresaron a la Unidad de Terapia intensiva del Hospital del Niño entre agosto del 2015 y marzo del 2016. Se realizaron los cálculos de PIM-2, índice de choque y valor de lactato al ingreso en los pacientes sobrevivientes y fallecidos y se compararon los resultados de estos marcadores como predictores de mortalidad. Resultados: La escala PIM-2 resultó un excelente predictor de mortalidad con un área bajo la curva de 94% comparada con el índice de choque que osciló entre 53% a 61% y el valor de lactato que fue de 77%. Conclusión: El PIM-2, resultó una prueba sencilla, gratuita y fácil de calcular, con una excelente sensibilidad para la predicción de mortalidad en niños críticos con diagnóstico de choque séptico. A pesar de la facilidad de cálculo del índice de choque, este resultó ser un pobre predictor de mortalidad. El lactato es un marcador aceptable para predecir mortalidad, sin embargo, debe correlacionarse con otras escalas ya que puede ser sesgado por otras causas que produzcan su aumento o disminución.

Summary: In the pediatric population, septic shock is an entity associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. In the intensive care unit, it is important to estimate the risk of death of the patients admitted in order to re-direct the goals of treatment. However, the lack of consistency and the subjectivity of the clinician have been determinant factors for the development of mortality scales with the purpose of achieving accurate quantitative measurements. Many scales, indexes and biomarkers exist which have been developed to predict mortality. Among these are the PIM-2 scale, the shock index and serum lactate. Objective: To compare the PIM-2 scale, the shock index and serum lactate as early markers of mortality in children with septic shock. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in which all patients with septic shock criteria admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital del Niño between August 2015 and March 2016 were included. Calculations of PIM-2, shock index and serum lactate value at admission of the surviving and the deceased patients were performed, and the results of these markers were compared as predictors of mortality. Results: The PIM-2 scale resulted in an excellent mortality predictor with an under the curve area of 94% compared to the shock index which oscillated between 53 and 61%, and the value of lactate which was of 77%. Conclusion: The PIM-2 scale turned out to be a simple, free and easy to calculate test, with an excellent sensibility to predict mortality in critically ill children with septic shock. Despite the ease of use of the shock index, it resulted to be a poor predictor of mortality. However, it should be correlated with other scales since it can be biased by other causes which produce its increase or decrease.

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Introducción: La sepsis en pediatría es la principal causa de muerte hospitalaria. Se han intentado crear herramientas que faciliten su identificación, como el índice de choque (IC), definido como el cociente entre frecuencia cardíaca y tensión arterial sistólica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar el mejor momento del IC para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes pediátricos con sepsis grave y choque séptico. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva con 165 pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron sepsis grave y choque séptico en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica. Se calculó el IC al diagnóstico (IC0), a las dos, cuatro y seis horas posteriores al mismo (IC2, IC4 e IC6). Se crearon dos grupos según el desenlace (sobrevivientes/muertos). La comparación estadística se realizó con prueba U-Mann Whitney y χ2. Se compararon los factores de riesgo entre los sobrevivientes y muertos, calculando la razón de momios (RM). Resultados: Se comparó el valor del IC entre grupos; en el grupo de choque séptico, el IC se encontró más elevado en IC4 e IC6 (p = 0.010 y p = 0.005). Se encontró que, en los pacientes muertos, el IC incrementó progresivamente su valor en IC4 e IC6 (p < 0.05). Los valores de IC4 e IC6 elevados incrementaron el riesgo de muerte en los pacientes (IC4, RM: 442.1; IC 95% [intervalo de confianza al 95%]: 54.2-3,601.7; p < 0.001; e IC6, RM: 81,951.3; IC 95%: 427.1-15,700,000; p < 0.001). Conclusiones: La elevación del valor del IC se asocia con mayor mortalidad de la sepsis. El valor de IC6 es el más útil para predecir mortalidad. Background: Pediatric sepsis is considered the main cause of hospital death around the world. Many groups have tried to create tools that facilitate its early identification, as the shock index (SI) defined as the ratio between cardiac frequency and systolic blood pressure. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of SI to predict mortality in pediatric patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods: Retrospective cohort with 165 pediatric patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. SI was calculated at diagnosis, 2, 4 and 6 hours after (SI2, SI4 and SI6). We divided the population in two groups depending their outcome: survivors and non-survivors. The statistical analysis was performed with U Mann-Whitney and chi squared tests. The risk factors were compared between the survivors and the dead, and we calculated the odds ratio (OR). Results: The median value of SI was compared between groups; in the group of septic shock, SI showed a tendency to remain high in SI4 and SI6 (p = 0.010 and p = 0.005, respectively). Among the survivors and the non-survivors, we found that in the latter, SI was progressively increased in SI4 and SI6 (p < 0.05). High values of SI4 and SI6 increased the risk of death in patients (SI4: OR: 442.1; CI 95% [confidence interval 95%]: 54.2-3,601.7; p < 0.001 and SI6: OR: 81,951.3; CI 95%: 427.1-15,700,000]; p < 0.001). Conclusions: High values of SI are associated with increased mortality. The IS6 value is the most useful to predict mortality.

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Resumen Introducción: La sepsis en pediatría es la principal causa de muerte hospitalaria. Se han intentado crear herramientas que faciliten su identificación, como el índice de choque (IC), definido como el cociente entre frecuencia cardíaca y tensión arterial sistólica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar el mejor momento del IC para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes pediátricos con sepsis grave y choque séptico. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva con 165 pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron sepsis grave y choque séptico en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediatrica. Se calculó el IC al diagnóstico (IC0), a las dos, cuatro y seis horas posteriores al mismo (IC2, IC4 e IC6). Se crearon dos grupos según el desenlace (sobrevivientes/muertos). La comparación estadística se realizó con prueba U-Mann Whitney y χ2. Se compararon los factores de riesgo entre los sobrevivientes y muertos, calculando la razón de momios (RM). Resultados: Se comparó el valor del IC entre grupos; en el grupo de choque séptico, el IC se encontró más elevado en IC4 e IC6 (p = 0.010 y p = 0.005). Se encontró que, en los pacientes muertos, el IC incrementó progresivamente su valor en IC4 e IC6 (p < 0.05). Los valores de IC4 e IC6 elevados incrementaron el riesgo de muerte en los pacientes (IC4, RM: 442.1; IC 95% [intervalo de confianza al 95%]: 54.2-3,601.7; p < 0.001; e IC6, RM: 81,951.3; IC 95%: 427.1-15,700,000; p < 0.001). Conclusiones: La elevación del valor del IC se asocia con mayor mortalidad de la sepsis. El valor de IC6 es el más útil para predecir mortalidad.

Abstract Background: Pediatric sepsis is considered the main cause of hospital death around the world. Many groups have tried to create tools that facilitate its early identification, as the shock index (SI) defined as the ratio between cardiac frequency and systolic blood pressure. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of SI to predict mortality in pediatric patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods: Retrospective cohort with 165 pediatric patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. SI was calculated at diagnosis, 2, 4 and 6 hours after (SI2, SI4 and SI6). We divided the population in two groups depending their outcome: survivors and non-survivors. The statistical analysis was performed with U Mann-Whitney and chi squared tests. The risk factors were compared between the survivors and the dead, and we calculated the odds ratio (OR). Results: The median value of SI was compared between groups; in the group of septic shock, SI showed a tendency to remain high in SI4 and SI6 (p = 0.010 and p = 0.005, respectively). Among the survivors and the non-survivors, we found that in the latter, SI was progressively increased in SI4 and SI6 (p < 0.05). High values of SI4 and SI6 increased the risk of death in patients (SI4: OR: 442.1; CI 95% [confidence interval 95%]: 54.2-3,601.7; p < 0.001 and SI6: OR: 81,951.3; CI 95%: 427.1-15,700,000]; p < 0.001). Conclusions: High values of SI are associated with increased mortality. The IS6 value is the most useful to predict mortality.

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The current definition of is inadequate for early recognition of this important cause of maternal death that is responsible for >80,000 deaths worldwide in 2015. A stronger definition of postpartum hemorrhage should include both blood loss and clinical signs of cardiovascular changes after delivery, which would help providers to identify postpartum hemorrhage more promptly and accurately. Along with the amount of blood loss, clinical signs, and specifically the shock index (heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure) appear to aid in more accurate diagnosis of postpartum hemorrhage.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare shock index (SI) values between women who required blood transfusion due to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and women who did not. METHODS: In a case-control study, clinical data were assessed from the medical records of women requiring blood transfusion for PPH at a center in Brazil between 2012 and 2015 (n=105). A control group was randomly selected from women who did not receive blood transfusion (n=129). RESULTS: Compared with women who did not receive a transfusion after delivery, women who did receive one had significantly higher SI values 10 minutes after delivery (0.81 ± 0.27 vs 0.72 ± 0.16; P=0.012), at 30 minutes (0.83 ± 0.26 vs 0.71 ± 0.15; P<0.001), and at 2 hours (0.84 ± 0.27 vs 0.70 ± 0.14; P=0.032). For vaginal deliveries, SI values were significantly different at 30 minutes (0.88 ± 0.26 vs 0.71 ± 0.14; P<0.001) and 2 hours (0.90 ± 0.23 vs 0.72 ± 0.14; P=0.001). No significant differences were found for cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: The SI might be useful to identify early vital sign changes due to PPH. Increased SI values were associated with need for transfusion in vaginal deliveries.

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Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el punto de corte del índice de choque obstétrico asociado con trasfusión masiva en mujeres con hemorragia obstétrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y analítico efectuado con base en la revisión de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Cálculo del índice de choque obstétrico al momento del diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica. Análisis de los signos vitales, gasometría, tipo de componentes sanguíneos trasfundidos y cantidad de líquidos administrados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica; en 65 (61%) el resultado del índice de choque fue ≥ 0.9, de éstas 38 (58%) requirieron trasfusión masiva. El índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 se asoció, significativamente, con trasfusión masiva (p < 0.001). La pérdida sanguínea fue de 3000 mL (RIC 2000 mL) en pacientes con índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 vs 2500 mL (RIC 1000 mL) en pacientes con índice de choque obstétrico < 0.9 (p = 0.04). Las mujeres con índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 mostraron mayor requerimiento de trasfusión de concentrados globulares (p = 0.03) y plaquetarios (p = 0.01). Conclusiones: Un índice de choque obstétrico ≥ 0.9 se asoció con altos requerimientos de trasfusión sanguínea y mayor incidencia de eventos adversos graves, por lo que se recomienda este valor como el punto de corte para predicción de la necesidad de trasfusión masiva.

Abstract Objective: To determine the cut-off point of obstetric shock index associated with massive transfusion in women with obstetric hemorrhage. Materials and methods: We designed a cross-sectional study in women who were admitted to the intensive care unit. The obstetric shock index was calculated at the time of the diagnosis of obstetric hemorrhage. We analyzed vital signs, arterial blood gas, loss of blood, fluid replacement and transfused blood products. Results: One hundred and five women with obstetric bleeding were included, in 65 (61%) the obstetric shock index was ≥ 0.9, of whom 38 (58%) needed massive transfusion. Obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 was significantly associated with massive transfusion (p < 0.001). The blood loss was of 3000 mL (RIC 2000 mL) in the patients with obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 compared to 2500 mL (RIC 1000 mL) in patients with obstetric shock index < 0.9 (p = 0.04). Women with obstetric shock index ≥ 0.9 showed more significant requirement of transfusion of package red blood (p = 0.03) and platelets (p = 0.01). Conclusions: An obstetric shock index ≥0.9 was associated with high transfusión requirements and a higher incidence of serious adverse events, this value is recommended as the cut-off point for predicting the need for massive transfusion.

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Resumen: Introducción: La escala SOFA es una herramienta ampliamente utilizada en las unidades de terapia intensiva. Sin embargo, desde su validación inicial hace casi 20 años, no han sido modificados sus parámetros, cuando los avances médicos y la nueva evidencia nos obligan a realizar ajustes. Objetivo: Validación de la escala SOFA con modificación del componente cardiovascular en una unidad de terapia intensiva mixta. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y retrospectivo del registro de pacientes ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos del 1 de agosto de 2014 al 30 de junio de 2015. Resultados: Un total de 57 casos con promedio de edad de 65 años (± 18) y una mortalidad general de 24.5%. Mediante el análisis de curvas ROC, se obtuvieron los siguientes puntos de corte: APACHE II = 20; SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA sin lactato = 6; con áreas bajo la curva de: 0.76 (p = 0.003); 0.78 (p = 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001), respectivamente. El lactato inicial, el lactato a las 24 horas y la depuración de lactato no mostraron diferencias significativas (p > 0.05). Conclusión: En nuestra población, el empleo del SOFA con modificación del componente cardiovascular fue más sensible para predecir mortalidad respecto a la escala original, por lo que su empleo puede tener un mejor desempeño en la detección del riesgo de muerte en pacientes críticos.

Abstract: Introduction: SOFA score is a widely used tool in the intensive care units. However, since its validation over 20 years ago, its parameters have not been changed, while the medical advances and new evidence force us to make adjustments. Objective: Cardiovascular modified SOFA score validation in a mixed intensive care unit. Material and methods: A retrospective observational study that included patients admitted to the intensive care unit from August 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015. Results: A total of 57 patients were included, with a mean age of 65 (± 18) and a total mortality of 24.5%. The next cutoff points were obtained by ROC curve analysis: APACHE II = 20; SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA without lactate = 6; with the following areas under the curve: 0.76 (p = 0.003); 0.78 (p = 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001), respectively. Basal lactate, lactate at 24 hours and lactate depuration showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In this population, the SOFA score with cardiovascular modification showed more sensitivity to detect mortality compared with the original score. Therefore, its use could have a better performance in detecting the risk of death in critically ill patients.

Resumo: Introdução: A escala SOFA é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada nas unidades de terapia intensiva. No entanto, desde a validação inicial de quase 20 anos não foram modificados seus parâmetros, sendo que os avanços da medicina e novas evidências nos forçam a fazer ajustes. Objetivo: Validação da escala SOFA com modificação do componente cardiovascular em uma unidade de terapia intensiva mista. Material e métodos: Se realizó um estudo observacional e retrospectivo do registro de pacientes internados na UTI desde 1 de agosto de 2014 até 30 de junho de 2015. Resultados: Um total de 57 casos com uma idade média de 65 anos (± 18) e uma mortalidade global de 24.5%. Mediante a análise da curva ROC, obtivemos os seguintes pontos de corte: APACHE II = 20; SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA = 6; mCV-SOFA sem lactato = 6; com áreas sob a curva de 0.76 (p = 0.003); 0.78 (p = 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001); 0.89 (p < 0.001) respectivamente. Lactato inicial, lactato às 24 horas e a depuração de lactato não apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0.05). Conclusão: Em nossa população, o uso do SOFA com a modificação do componente cardiovascular foi mais sensível para predizer a mortalidade a partir da escala original, de modo que a sua utilização pode ter um melhor desempenho na detecção do risco de morte em pacientes en estado crítico.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess variation in the shock index (SI; heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure) during pregnancy. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, data were assessed from the medical records of women with low-risk pregnancies who attended a primary healthcare unit for prenatal care in Campinas, Brazil, between January 2012 and December 2013. The means, standard deviations, and percentiles of SI values were calculated for different pregnancy lengths, stratified by body mass index (BMI) and maternal age. RESULTS: In total, 192 pregnant women with 1097 measurements were included. The mean SI values ranged from 0.756 ± 0.127 at 12 weeks or fewer to 0.831 ± 0.144 at 28-32 weeks. There was an increase in values in the second trimester and beginning of the third, followed by a decrease at term. The percentile distribution ranged from 0.522 (2.5th percentile) to 1.190 (97.5th percentile). SI values showed a trend toward lower values with increasing BMI. Regression analysis showed that BMI was the factor that most influenced the data. CONCLUSION: Reference ranges were established for SI values, which showed small variations throughout pregnancy and slightly higher values than the general population.

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