RESUMO

Since 1997, Ecuador has undergone a series of changes to ensure family rights to sexual minorities. However, there is still limited research regarding attitudes toward them. This study focused on the attitudes toward lesbians (L), gay men (G), and their rights. A sample of 318 cisgender Ecuadorians who responded to an online survey was recruited. Analyses indicated that men, heterosexuals, who practice their religion, attend more frequently to religious services, and identify as conservative showed higher levels of prejudice against LG as well as less support toward their rights. Further, participants who did not have LG acquaintances, friends, family members, and those who did not know any LG parented family showed less support toward these populations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that believing that a person's sexual orientation is learned significantly predicted the attitudes measured in our study. Implications of these findings to help reduce prejudice against LG individuals are discussed.

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Sexual prejudice against bisexuals is widespread in society. However, little research has been done on this phenomenon because it is difficult to measure. The aim of the current study was to validate a short version of the Biphobia Scale for the Brazilian context (EPSB-br). In the first study, the EPSB-br showed unifactorial structure and convergent validity with scales measuring beliefs and stereotypes about bisexuality. Study 2 showed the EPSB-br's convergent-discriminant validity with scales measuring religiosity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and sleepiness. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated the criterion-related validity of the EPSB-br through an experimental manipulation in which participants watched a video of a pretend teacher and assigned a salary to it. Taken together, these results showed evidence of validity and reliability of the EPSB-br, which introduced a measure of prejudice against bisexual people in Brazil. (AU)

O preconceito sexual contra bissexuais é fortemente presente na sociedade. Entretanto, este fenômeno ainda é pouco estudado, dada a dificuldade em sua mensuração. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de validar uma versão reduzida da Biphobia Scale para o contexto brasileiro. No primeiro estudo, a Escala de Preconceito Sexual contra Bissexuais (EPSB-br) apresentou uma estrutura unifatorial e uma validade convergente com escalas que mensuram crenças e estereótipos sobre a bissexualidade. O Estudo 2 evidenciou a validade concorrente-discriminante da EPSB-br com a religiosidade, escalas de autoritarismo de direita, orientação à dominância social e sonolência. Por fim, o Estudo 3 demonstrou a validade de critério da EPSB-br a partir de uma manipulação experimental, na qual os participantes assistiram a um vídeo sobre um professor e atribuíram-lhe um salário. A síntese dos resultados mostrou evidências de validade e confiabilidade da EPSB-br, introduzindo uma medida de preconceito contra pessoas bissexuais no Brasil. (AU)

Lo Prejuicio Sexual contra Bisexuales está muy presente en la sociedad. Sin embargo, es un fenómeno poco estudiado, dada la dificultad de medirlo. Este trabajo buscó validar una versión reducida de la Biphobia Scale para el contexto brasileño. En el primer estudio, la EPSB-br presentó una estructura unifactorial y validez convergente con escalas que miden creencias y estereotipos sobre la bisexualidad. El estudio 2 evidenció la validez concurrente-discriminante de la EPSB-br con escalas de religiosidad, autoritarismo de derecha, orientación al dominio social y somnolencia. Finalmente, el Estudio 3 demostró la validez de criterio de la EPSB-br a través de una manipulación experimental, donde los participantes vieron un video sobre un maestro y le asignaron un salario. La síntesis de los resultados mostró evidencia de validez y confiabilidad de la EPSB-br, introduciendo una medida de prejuicio contra las personas bisexuales en Brasil. (AU)

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O preconceito sexual é um fenômeno complexo, multidimensional e resistente à mudança que representa uma problemática pervasiva tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países. Diante desse cenário, o presente estudo objetivou investigar as relações entre preconceito sexual e atitudes frente a gays e lésbicas, verificando, adicionalmente, se o preconceito poderia se constituir como uma variável explicadora para essas atitudes. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 430 universitários (M = 23,5 anos; DP = 7,90; 72,5% mulheres) de uma instituição pública de João Pessoa (PB), que responderam à Escala Multidimensional de Preconceito Sexual, à Escala Multidimensional de Atitudes frente a gays e lésbicas e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados demonstraram que o preconceito sexual predisse positivamente atitudes de homopatologização, rejeição da proximidade e heterossexismo, enquanto teve uma associação negativa com atitudes de suporte a homossexuais. Esses achados indicam que o preconceito sexual se configura como um importante mecanismo explicativo das atitudes face a gays e lésbicas

Sexual prejudice is a complex, multidimensional and changeresistant phenomenon which represents a pervasive problem both in Brazil and in other countries. In the light of this situation, the present study is aimed at understanding the relationships between sexual prejudice and attitudes towards gays and lesbians, verifying, in addition, whether prejudice could constitute an explanatory variable for such attitudes. For this, 430 university students (M = 23.5 years; SD = 7.90; 72.5% women) from a public institution in João Pessoa/PB who responded to the Multidimensional Scale of Sexual Prejudice, the Multidimensional Scale of Attitudes towards Gays and Lesbians and demographic questions. The results showed that sexual prejudice positively predicted attitudes of homopathologiza-tion, rejection of proximity and heterosexism, and negatively predicted supportive attitudes toward homosexuals. These findings indicate that sexual prejudice is a major explanatory mechanism for attitudes towards gays and lesbians

El prejuicio sexual es un fenómeno complejo, multidimensional y resistente al cambio que representa un problema generalizado tanto en Brasil como en otros países. Ante está situación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las relaciones entre el prejuicio sexual y las actitudes hacia gays y lesbianas, verificando, además, si el prejuicio podría constituir una variable explicativa de tales actitudes. Para ello, se contó con la participación de 430 universitarios (M = 23,5 años; DT = 7,90; 72,5% mujeres) de una institución pública en João Pessoa/PB que respondieron la Escala Multidimensional de Prejuicio Sexual, la Escala Multidimensional de Actitudes hacia Gays y Lesbianas y cuestiones demográficas. Los resultados mostraron que el prejuicio sexual predijo positivamente actitudes de homopatologización, rechazo de la proximidad y hete-rosexismo, y negativamente actitudes de apoyo hacia homosexuales. Estos hallazgos indican que el prejuicio sexual es un importante mecanismo explicativo de las actitudes hacia gays y lesbianas

RESUMO

O preconceito sexual é um fenômeno complexo, multidimensional e resistente à mudança que representa uma problemática pervasiva tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países. Diante desse cenário, o presente estudo objetivou investigar as relações entre preconceito sexual e atitudes frente a gays e lésbicas, verificando, adicionalmente, se o preconceito poderia se constituir como uma variável explicadora para essas atitudes. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 430 universitários (M = 23,5 anos; DP = 7,90; 72,5% mulheres) de uma instituição pública de João Pessoa (PB), que responderam à Escala Multidimensional de Preconceito Sexual, à Escala Multidimensional de Atitudes frente a Gays e Lésbicas e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados demonstraram que o preconceito sexual predisse positivamente atitudes de homopatologização, rejeição da proximidade e heterossexismo, enquanto teve uma associação negativa com atitudes de suporte a homossexuais. Esses achados indicam que o preconceito sexual se configura como um importante mecanismo explicativo das atitudes face a gays e lésbicas

Sexual prejudice is a complex, multidimensional and change-resistant phenomenon which represents a pervasive problem both in Brazil and in other countries. In the light of this situation, the present study is aimed at understanding the relationships between sexual prejudice and attitudes towards gays and lesbians, verifying, in addition, whether prejudice could constitute an explanatory variable for such attitudes. For this, 430 university students (M = 23.5 years; SD = 7.90; 72.5% women) from a public institution in João Pessoa/PB who responded to the Multidimensional Scale of Sexual Prejudice, the Multidimensional Scale of Attitudes towards Gays and Lesbians and demographic questions. The results showed that sexual prejudice positively predicted attitudes of homopathologization, rejection of proximity and heterosexism, and negatively predicted supportive attitudes toward homosexuals. These findings indicate that sexual prejudice is a major explanatory mechanism for attitudes towards gays and lesbians

El prejuicio sexual es un fenómeno complejo, multidimensional y resistente al cambio que representa un problema generalizado tanto en Brasil como en otros países. Ante esta situación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las relaciones entre el prejuicio sexual y las actitudes hacia gays y lesbianas, verificando, además, si el prejuicio podría constituir una variable explicativa de tales actitudes. Para ello, se contó con la participación de 430 universitarios (M = 23,5 años; DT = 7,90; 72,5% mujeres) de una institución pública en João Pessoa/PB que respondieron la Escala Multidimensional de Prejuicio Sexual, la Escala Multidimensional de Actitudes hacia Gays y Lesbianas y cuestiones demográficas. Los resultados mostraron que el prejuicio sexual predijo positivamente actitudes de homopatologización, rechazo de la proximidad y heterosexismo, y negativamente actitudes de apoyo hacia homosexuales. Estos hallazgos indican que el prejuicio sexual es un importante mecanismo explicativo de las actitudes hacia gays y lesbianas

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Jamaica has been called one of the world's most anti-gay countries. However, little empirical research has investigated methods of reducing this prejudice. Intergroup contact-(positive) interaction with someone from a different social group-is one of the most widely tested and strongly favored methods of reducing prejudice. However, the role of contact in this specific context is not clear, particularly the relative importance of contact compared to other variables that predict (less) prejudice. This current cross-sectional research investigated that question using a large, representative sample of Jamaican participants (N = 942). As in prior research, contact predicted less anti-gay prejudice, and the (negative) relationship between contact and anti-gay behaviors was mediated by intergroup anxiety and attitudes, even when other important predictors were taken into account. However, contact was a less important predictor than gender, education, or religiosity. Implications for intergroup contact and prejudice-reduction strategies in Jamaica are discussed.

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Resumen El Modelo de Estrés de las Minorías (Meyer, 2003) ha permitido explicar de qué forma el prejuicio sexual produce efectos negativos en la salud y bienestar de personas pertenecientes a las minorías sexuales, a través de la identificación de estresores de tipo distales y proximales. Este estudio buscó indagar los efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de personas transgénero en Chile desde un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 17 personas transgénero femeninas y masculinas en cuatro ciudades del país. Los resultados nos permite identificar la presencia de factores distales asociados a discriminación manifiesta y factores proximales asociados a la vivencia del estigma y su relación con el autoconcepto. Finalmente, se describen efectos en la salud mental, entre los que destacan la presencia de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, ideación e intentos suicidas, conductas autolesivas y consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias.

Abstract The Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003) has made it possible to explain how sexual prejudice produces negative effects on the health and wellbeing of people belonging to sexual minorities, through distal and proximal stressors. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of transgender adults in Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 transgender people, both male and female, in four cities of the country. The results allow us to identify the presence of distal factors associated with overt discrimination, as well as, proximal factors associated with the experience of stigma and its effects on self-concept. Finally, effects on mental health are described, among which the presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation and attempts, self-injurious behavior and consumption of alcohol and other substances.

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The belief that gay men and lesbians are unable to provide a stable environment in which to raise children fuels manifestations of sexual prejudice that are still highly prevalent in Portugal and Mexico. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes toward same-gender parenting and gay and lesbian rights, as well as beliefs about the controllability of homosexuality among a sample of 531 university students. A further aim was to assess the predictors of attitudes toward same-gender parenting. Results revealed the existence of ambivalent attitudes toward same-gender parenting. The belief that homosexuality is a choice and thus controllable in particular explained over 50% of the total variance of attitudes toward same-gender parenting. Being a man, older, and highly religious predicted higher levels of sexual prejudice regarding same-gender parenting. Comparative cross-cultural studies have the potential to highlight common features but also specificities of sexual prejudice.

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Resumen Este artículo es resultado de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue explorar la correlación cuantita tiva entre homofobia y lesbofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad de Bogotá, Co lombia. El estudio transversal se llevó a cabo con estudiantes de Medicina mayores de 18 años. La homofobia y la lesbofobia se midieron con la Escala para Actitud hacia Gais y Lesbianas (ATGL). La ATGL se compone de dos escalas de diez ítems: Escala para Actitud hacia Hombres Gais (ATG) y la Escala para Actitud hacia Mujeres Lesbianas (ATL). La correlación entre puntuaciones para homofobia y lesbofobia se calculó con coeficiente de Pearson (r). Se planteó la hipótesis de que homofobia y lesbofobia eran diferentes construcciones si la correlación entre las escalas era inferior a 0,60. Un total de 359 estudiantes de Medicina participaron en la investigación, la media para la edad fue de 20,2 años (DE=1,9), y el 59,1 % eran mujeres. Las puntuaciones en la ATG (alfa de Cronbach de 0,85) se observaron entre 10 y 50, con una media de 27,9 (DE=8,1) y en la ATL (alfa de Cronbach de 0,73) entre 10 y 45, con media de 24,8 (DE=6,8). La correlación entre homofobia (ATG) y lesbofobia (ATL) fue r=0,64 (p<0,001). Se concluye que la ATG y ATL muestran correlación altamente significativa, lo que sugiere que homofobia y lesbofobia no son constructos completamente diferentes y podrían incluirse en el concepto general de prejuicio sexual. Otras investigaciones deben corroborar el presente hallazgo.

Abstract The article is a result of a research whose objective was to explore the quantitative correlation between homophobia and lesbophobia among medical students from a university in Bogota, Co lombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with medical students over 18 years. Homophobia and lesbophobia were measured with the scale Attitude toward Gays and Lesbians (ATGL). The ATGL has of two ten-item scales: Attitude toward Gay Men Scale (ATG) and Attitude toward Lesbian Women Scale (ATL). Correlation between both scales was computed with the Pearson coefficient (r). It was hypothesized that homophobia and lesbophobia were different constructs if the correlation between scales was lower than 0.60. A total of 359 medical students participated in the research. The age average was 20.2 years old (SD=1.9); and 59.1 % were females. The ATG (Cronbach's alpha of 0.85) scores were between 10 and 50, with an average of 27.9 (SD=8.1) and for ATL (Cronbach's alpha of 0.73) between 10 and 45, with an average of 24.8 (SD=6.8). The correlation between homophobia (ATG) and lesbophobia (ATL) was of r=0.64 (p<0.001). It was that concluded that the ATG and ATL show a significantly high correlation; it suggests that homophobia and lesbophobia are not different constructs and both terms could be included in the general concept of sexual prejudice. Other researches must corroborate the present finding.

RESUMO

The present research examined the hypothesis that heterosexual men's motivation to differentiate their ingroup from gay men moderates the link between egalitarianism and sexual prejudice. In two experiments conducted in Switzerland (N = 74) and Ecuador (N = 104), we assessed heterosexual men's endorsement of egalitarian values and experimentally manipulated scientific evidence supporting or refuting the existence of biological differences between heterosexual and gay men (the biological theory). The main dependent variable was attitude towards homosexuality. As predicted, the interaction between egalitarianism and the biological theory was significant in both experiments, t(67) = 3.18, p = .002, ηp 2 = .13, and t(100) = 2.26, p = .026, ηp 2 = .04, respectively. Egalitarianism increased positive attitudes towards homosexuality only when science supported the existence of biological differences between heterosexual and gay men. We discuss the relevance of this finding to intergroup relations.

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The empirical study of negative attitudes toward gay and lesbian people (homonegativity) is a way to understand the reason for its prevalence. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and gay men scale (ATLG). A total of 359 undergraduate students were recruited from two different cities in Colombia, South America. Participants' attitudes toward gays and lesbian people were assessed using the ATLG Scale and the Homophobia Scale; anxiety was measured using a short version of the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Internal consistency analyses have shown that the ATLG Scale is a reliable measure of homonegativity in a Colombian sample. In addition, principal components analyses, as well as convergent and divergent validity analyses have confirmed that the ATLG Scale is a valid and reliable measure of homonegativity in the Colombian context and support its use as a research instrument.

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This paper intends to validate the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1988). The starting point is the five dimensions reported in previous studies (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). No research has confirmed the hypothesized ATLG factor structure with a Spanish-language sample. This study tested three factor structures, results indicating that the two-factor second-order model provides the best description of ATLG items. Additionally, psychometric properties were examined using a sample of 518 college students. ATLG proved reliable (a = 0.93) and valid for Chilean population.

Este artículo busca validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Gais ([ATLG], Herek, 1988). El punto de partida son las cinco dimensiones reportadas en estudios anteriores (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). Ninguna investigación ha confirmado la estructura factorial hipotética de la ATLG con una muestra de hispanoparlantes. El estudio examinó tres estructuras factoriales, y los resultados indican que el modelo de dos factores proporciona la mejor descripción de los ítems de la ATLG. Además, se examinaron las propiedades psicométricas con una muestra de 518 estudiantes universitarios. La ATLG se mostró confiable (a = 0.93) y válida para una población chilena.

RESUMO

El presente estudio tiene como objeto utilizar el IAT (Implicit Association Test) para medir actitudes hacia las mujeres, de modo de comparar dichas evaluaciones de carácter automático con las obtenidas por medio de una medida explícita. Además, los participantes respondieron a un inventario de roles sexuales de modo de ver si los sujetos manejaban el estereotipo dominante asociado a lo femenino y sus efectos sobre el prejuicio. La muestra quedó conformada por 80 estudiantes universitarios. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en los estereotipos asociados a la mujer, ni en la evaluación que se hace de estas (medida explícita). En la medida de IAT las diferencias entre sexos aparecen, indicando que los hombres muestran una actitud implícita más negativa hacia las mujeres. De este modo se confirma que la aparente disminución del prejuicio que puede constatarse en los cuestionarios podría encubrir el hecho de que las actitudes negativas se mantienen a nivel implícito.(AU)

The present study has as object to use the IAT (Implicit Association Test) to measure attitudes towards the women, of way of comparing the above mentioned evaluations of automatic character with the obtained ones by means of an explicit measurement. Besides, the participants answered to an inventory of sexual roles of way of seeing if the subjects were handling the domineering stereotype associated with the feminine thing and the effect on prejudice. The sample was made up 80 university students. There were no significant differences between men and women in the stereotypes associated with women, either in the assessment made of these (explicit measurement). For the case of IAT measurement the differences between sexes appear, realizing of the most negative attitude of the men towards the women. This way confirms to itself that the apparent decrease of the prejudice that can be stated in the questionnaires might conceal the fact that the automatic attitudes might not have changed.(AU)