RESUMO
Cetacean strandings are a valuable source of information for several studies from species richness to conservation and management. During the examination of strandings, taxonomic and sex identification might be hindered for several reasons. Molecular techniques are valuable tools to obtain that missing information. This study evaluates how gene fragment amplification protocols can support the records of strandings done in the field in Chile by identifying, corroborating, or correcting the identification of the species and sex of the recorded individuals. Through a collaboration between a scientific laboratory and government institution in Chile, 63 samples were analyzed. Thirty-nine samples were successfully identified to the species level. In total, 17 species of six families were detected, including six species of conservation interest. Of the 39 samples, 29 corresponded to corroborations of field identifications. Seven corresponded to unidentified samples and three to corrected misidentifications, adding up to 28% of the identified samples. Sex was successfully identified for 58 of the 63 individuals. Twenty were corroborations, 34 were previously unidentified, and four were corrections. Applying this method improves the stranding database of Chile and provides new data for future management and conservation tasks.
RESUMO
SUMMARY: To investigate the correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex. The study sample consisted of 120 students studying from Shanxi Medical University, of which 60 were females and 60 were males. The digital model of the palatal rugae was obtained by the 3 Shape TRIOS intraoral scanner. And the shapes of palatal rugae were recorded. Association between palatal rugae shape and sex were tested using Chi-square analysis. And logistic regression analysis (LRA) was carried out to calculate the accuracy of gender prediction using rugae shapes. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of the distribution of wavy and circular palate rugae. The use of logistic regression analysis obtained a sex predictive value of 65 % when all the rugae shapes were analyzed. Digital images of the palatal rugae morphology contribute to more accurate and convenient for data collection and transformation. It was found that rugae patterns can moderately identify the sex of the specific population when multivariate statistics such as LRA is applied. The palatal rugae morphology can be utilized as an assistant measure for sex identification.
RESUMEN: Investigar la correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo. En la muestra de este estudio se incluyeron 120 estudiantes de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi, (60 mujeres y 60 hombres). El modelo digital de las rugas palatinas se obtuvo mediante escáner intraoral 3 Shape TRIOS, y se registraron las formas de las rugas palatinas. La asociación entre la forma de las rugas palatinas y el sexo se evaluó mediante un análisis de Chi-cuadrado; para calcular la precisión de la predicción de sexo se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística (ARL) Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de la distribución de las rugas palatinas onduladas y circulares. El uso de análisis de regresión logística obtuvo un valor predictivo de sexo del 65 % cuando se analizaron todas las formas de las rugas. Las imágenes digitales de la morfología de las rugas palatinas contribuyen a una recopilación de datos más precisa. En este análisis se determinó que los patrones de rugas pueden identificar relativamente el sexo de una población específica, cuando se aplican estadísticas multivariadas como ARL. La morfología de las rugas palatinas se puede utilizar como medida de ayuda para la identificación de sexo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Caracteres Sexuais , Antropologia Forense , Palato Duro/anatomia & histologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Análise de Regressão , Determinação do Sexo pelo EsqueletoRESUMO
Sex identification of ancient individuals is important to understand aspects of the culture, demographic structure, religious practices, disease association, and the history of the ancient civilizations. Sex identification is performed using anthropometric measurements and molecular genetics techniques, including quantification of the X and Y chromosomes. These approaches are not always reliable in subadult, or fragmented, incomplete skeletons or when the DNA is highly degraded. Most of the methods include the identification of the male and female sexes, but the absence of a specific marker for the males does not mean that the sample obtained was from a female. This study aims (1) to identify new male-specific regions that allow male identification; (2) to contrast the effectiveness of these markers against AMELX/AMELY and anthropometric measurement procedures; and (3) to test the efficacy of these markers in archaeological samples. For the first two aims, we used known sex samples, and for the third aim, we used samples from different archaeological sites. A novel molecular technique to identify male-specific regions by amplification of TTTY7, TSPY3, TTTY2, and TTTY22 genes of the human Y chromosome was developed. The results showed amplification of the specific DNA regions of Y chromosome in male individuals, with no amplification being observed in any of the female samples, confirming their specificity for male individuals. This approach complements the current procedures, such as the AMELX/AMELY test and anthropometric principle.
Assuntos
Restos Mortais , Antropologia Forense/métodos , Medicina Legal/métodos , Alelos , Amelogenina/genética , Cromossomos Humanos X , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Feminino , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Many genetic studies in insects require sex identification of individuals in all developmental stages. The most common sex chromosome system in lepidopterans is WZ/ZZ; the W chromosome is present only in females. Based on two W chromosome-specific short sequences (CpW2 and CpW5) described in Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we identified homologous female-specific sequences in Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff, a polyphagous and very harmful species present in Chile since 2008. From this starting point, we extended the sequence information using the inverse PCR method, identifying the first W-specific sequences described up to now for the moth. Finally, we developed a duplex PCR method for rapid and sensitive determination of sex in L. botrana from larva to adult. The method showed a detection limit of 1 pg of genomic DNA; a blind panel of samples exhibited exact correspondence with the morphological identification. These results will be very useful for studies requiring sex-specific analyses at any developmental stage, contributing also to the understanding of gene expression in the insect, as well as to the eventual development of control protocols against the moth, such as the development of genetic sexing strains for the implementation of the sterile insect technique.
Assuntos
Mariposas , Animais , Chile , Feminino , Larva/genética , Mariposas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
En los pingüinos Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) y pingüinos gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), no existe un dimorfismo sexual conspicuo y a menudo resulta difícil determinar el sexo en base a la morfología externa. La información sobre el sexo es importante en muchos estudios de ecología y conservación. En este artículo se evaluó el uso de un par de cebadores (2550F/2718R) para identificar el sexo en aves sexualmente monomórficas. Para ambas especies de pingüinos la amplificación produjo dos bandas discretas, CHD1Z y CHD1W, que permitieron la identificación sexual. Se trata de un sistema sencillo, rápido y económico para el sexaje molecular de los pingüinos gentoo y Adélie.
In Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), the conspicuous sexual dimorphism often makes it difficult to determine sex on the basis of external morphology. The information about sex is important in many ecology and conservation studies. In this paper we evaluated the use of an established primer pair (2550F/2718R) to identify sex in sexually monomorphic birds. In both penguin species, it resulted in two distinct CHD1Z and CHD1W PCR bands, allowing sex identification. This is a simple, rapid and cheap system for molecular sexing of gentoo and Adélie penguins.
RESUMO
Assisted reproductive techniques have significantly contributed to animal breeding programs. Similarly, genomics has provided important information and tools to improve the accuracy of selection. However, the greatest benefits of those tools can only be expected when they are combined, allowing animals to be selected accurately early in life. Therefore, obtaining DNA samples from embryos without compromising their viability is essential for the consolidation of preimplantation genomic selection. We aimed to evaluate the effect on the gestation rate of conducting a biopsy of in vivo (VV) and in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. The VV and IVP embryos were distributed into two groups: VV-B (biopsied embryos; n = 380) and VV-C (intact embryos-controls; n = 229) and IVP-B (biopsied embryos; n = 91) and IVP-C (intact embryos-controls; n = 227), respectively. After biopsy, embryos from both groups VV-B and IVP-B were cultured for an additional 3 hours before being transferred to synchronized recipients. To evaluate the quality of the DNA obtained in the biopsies, this was used to determine the sex of embryos by polymerase chain reaction. No effect (P > 0.05) of the biopsy was observed for any of the treatments, the pregnancy rate at D 60 post-transfer being similar for VV-B: 206/380 (54.21%) and VV-C: 128/229 (55.89%) and for IVP-B: 24/91 (26.37%) and IVP-C: 45/227 (19.82%). Also, no effect (P > 0.05) of the embryo's stage of development was detected on percentage of pregnant recipients when in vitro embryos were transferred. From the biopsies analyzed, about 90% had the sex determined, confirming that DNA was there and it was efficiently amplified. The results indicated that biopsy does not affect the viability of IVV and IVP bovine embryos and can be used in commercial programs to associate assisted reproductive technologies with genomic selection.
Assuntos
Biópsia/veterinária , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Testes Genéticos/veterinária , Taxa de Gravidez , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Animais , Biópsia/efeitos adversos , Bovinos , Transferência Embrionária , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Gravidez , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodosRESUMO
Skeletal remains are crucial in forensic identification of the sex, especially human skulls including the styloid process, a bony projection from the skull. Hence, the objectives of the present study were undertaken to assess the value of the styloid process for the sex identification of unknown skulls and also to investigate the prevalence of elongated styloid process in 102 human dry skulls from the northeast Thai population. As a result, the interstyloid distances at both base and tip of the styloid processes were found to be significantly different between male and female specimens, although no significant difference was found in the length of the styloid process between males and females. In addition, the occurrence of the elongated styloid process was not associated with the gender, although its prevalent laterality on the left was recognized. It is suggested that the styloid process can be applied to the sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at the base or the tip of these processes.
Los restos óseos son cruciales para la identificación forense del sexo, especialmente en los cráneos humanos, incluyendo el proceso estiloides, una proyección ósea del cráneo. Por lo tanto, los objetivos del presente estudio consistieron en evaluar el valor del proceso estiloides en la identificación del sexo de cráneos desconocidos y también para investigar la prevalencia del proceso estiloides elongado en 102 cráneos secos humanos de la población del Noreste de Tailandia. Como resultado, se encontró que las distancias inter-estiloides tanto en la base y la punta de los procesos estiloides eran significativamente diferentes entre las muestras de hombres y mujeres, aunque no se encontró diferencia significativa en la presencia del proceso estiloides entre ambos. Además, la aparición del proceso estiloides elongado no se asoció con el sexo, aún cuando se observó su prevalencia en el lado izquierdo. Sugerimos que el proceso estiloides se puede utilizar en la identificación del sexo mediante la medición de la distancia inter-estiloide en la base o en la punta de estos procesos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Caracteres Sexuais , Determinação do Sexo pelo Esqueleto , Osso Temporal/anormalidades , Osso Temporal/anatomia & histologia , Antropologia Forense , Ossificação Heterotópica , Osso Temporal/patologia , TailândiaRESUMO
The need to identify bodies that are found as a result of disappearances with a diversity of causes, illegal burials and massive disasters, represent a wide percentage of dentistry practice on forensic research. The following study determined the performance of Barr Body Test, in fibroblasts of healthy teeth, under different conditions of burial (in vitro) with variations in pH, humidity and salinity in terms of general accuracy and sensitivity for men and women. Analyzed sample considered 47 dental pulps, taken from teeth under burial conditions during a period of a month. From dental pulps samples, 265 histological cuts valid for this study, were obtained, which were observed with an optical microscope under conventional H/E staining. Results showed a 98.9% of well-diagnosed cases, which correspond to the overall accuracy of the method. Sensitivity for men was 97.5% and 100% for women, over the analyzed sample. In low humidity conditions, 3 samples of badly diagnosed cases in men were observed, with a group accuracy of a 90%, with a sensitivity of 25% for men and 100% for women. The present study establishes that based on these results, the performance of Barr Body Test in fibroblasts, proposed for healthy pulp teeth, is not affected by burial conditions in terms of pH (acid-alkaline), salinity (high-low) and high humidity.
La necesidad de identificar cuerpos que resultan como consecuencia de desapariciones de causas variadas, inhumaciones ilegales y desastres masivos representa un porcentaje amplio en el quehacer odontológico en un escenario de investigación forense. El presente estudio determinó el rendimiento de la prueba diagnóstica de observación del cuerpo de Barr en células de la pulpa de dientes sanos, sometidos a distintas condiciones de enterramiento (in vitro) con variación de pH, humedad y salinidad en términos de exactitud general y sensibilidad para hombres y mujeres. La muestra analizada consideró 47 pulpas dentales, extraídas de dientes sometidos a condiciones de enterramiento durante un mes. De las pulpas dentarias se obtuvieron 265 cortes histológicos válidos para el estudio, los cuales mediante la tinción convencional H/E, fueron observados al microscopio óptico. Los resultados arrojaron un 98,9% de casos bien diagnosticados, que correspondió a la exactitud general del método. La sensibilidad para hombres fue de 97,5% y para mujeres de 100% sobre el total de la muestra analizada. Las condiciones de pH (ácido y alcalino), salinidad (alta y baja) y alta humedad presentaron una exactitud de grupo de 100%, con una sensibilidad para hombres y mujeres de 100%. En la condición de baja humedad se observaron 3 muestras de hombres mal diagnosticadas con una exactitud de grupo de 90% y sensibilidad para hombres de 25% y para mujeres de 100%. A la luz de los resultados, el presente estudio establece que el rendimiento de la prueba diagnóstica de observación del cuerpo de Barr en fibroblastos, propuesto para pulpas de dientes sanos, no se afecta con las condiciones de enterramiento propuestas bajo pH ácido alcalino, salinidad alta baja y humedad alta.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Cromatina Sexual/ultraestrutura , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Sepultamento , Polpa Dentária/ultraestrutura , Fibroblastos/ultraestrutura , Salinidade , Umidade , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , ImersãoRESUMO
O crescimento exponencial da equinocultura nacional implica a necessidade da utilização de biotécnicasda reprodução, com o objetivo de aumentar a produção e facilitar o manejo nos criatórios. Uma dessasferramentas é a sexagem fetal, que pode ser realizada em diversas fases da gestação, por meio da identificaçãodo tubérculo genital ou da gônada fetal (mais utilizados) e recentemente pelo DNA fetal livre circulante,constituindo ainda um recurso pouco utilizado na rotina dos haras. Objetivou-se nesta revisão descrever asprincipais técnicas de sexagem fetal em éguas.
The exponential growth of the national equine breeding implies the need to use reproduction biotechniques in order to increase production and facilitate management on stud farms. One of these is fetal sexing,which can be performed at different stages of pregnancy by identifying genital tubercle, fetal gonad and morerecently circulating free-cell fetal DNA, which is still scarcely used in routine stud farms. The aim of this reviewis to describe the main techniques for fetal sexing in mares.
Assuntos
Animais , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Técnicas Reprodutivas/veterinária , Cavalos , PrenhezRESUMO
O crescimento exponencial da equinocultura nacional implica a necessidade da utilização de biotécnicasda reprodução, com o objetivo de aumentar a produção e facilitar o manejo nos criatórios. Uma dessasferramentas é a sexagem fetal, que pode ser realizada em diversas fases da gestação, por meio da identificaçãodo tubérculo genital ou da gônada fetal (mais utilizados) e recentemente pelo DNA fetal livre circulante,constituindo ainda um recurso pouco utilizado na rotina dos haras. Objetivou-se nesta revisão descrever asprincipais técnicas de sexagem fetal em éguas.(AU)
The exponential growth of the national equine breeding implies the need to use reproduction biotechniques in order to increase production and facilitate management on stud farms. One of these is fetal sexing,which can be performed at different stages of pregnancy by identifying genital tubercle, fetal gonad and morerecently circulating free-cell fetal DNA, which is still scarcely used in routine stud farms. The aim of this reviewis to describe the main techniques for fetal sexing in mares.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Técnicas Reprodutivas/veterinária , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Cavalos , PrenhezRESUMO
This study assesses the quality, as a diagnostic test, of the main indicators of morphological sexual dimorphism through direct anthropometry, biostatistics tools and clinical epidemiology. This study used 284 skulls of adult Brazilians, of which 187 were male and 97 female. A study of the cross-evaluation of the diagnostic test was performed; it was a qualitative approach based on visual examination of 16 traditional indicators of morphological sexual dimorphism, where each indicator determined the level of accuracy, sensitivity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and odds ratio. All indicators studied had high levels of accuracy (84.75-72.89%). The best indicators were found in traits whose formation is related to the insertion and action of major muscle groups. In 14 of the 16 indicators, intraobserver error was <10%. The best indicators of morphological sexual dimorphism were mastoid process, zygomatic bone, mandible, and roughness of the occipital bone. The authors concluded that morphological dimorphism indicators present an adequate performance as diagnostic tests, however, the values of accuracy and sensitivity must be matched with more robust indicators that are independent of the distribution of the sample, and integrate diagnostic errors such as the likelihood ratios, odds ratios, and positive predictive values.
En el estudio fue evaluada la calidad, como una prueba diagnóstica de los principales indicadores morfológicos de dimorfismo sexual a través de la antropometría, herramientas bioestadísticas y epidemiología clínica. Fueron utilizados 284 cráneos de individuos adultos brasileños, de los cuales 187 eran varones y 97 mujeres. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de evaluación de prueba diagnóstica, mediante un enfoque cualitativo en base al examen visual, de 16 indicadores tradicionales morfológicos de dimorfismo sexual, determinándose para cada uno de ellos los niveles de exactitud y de sensibilidad, valores predictivos, coeficientes de probabilidad y Odds ratios. Todos los indicadores estudiados presentaron altos niveles de exactitud (84,75-72,89%). Los mejores indicadores se encontraron en los rasgos cuya formación está relacionada con la inserción y la acción de los grandes grupos musculares. En 14 de los 16 indicadores, el error intraobservador fue <10%. Los mejores indicadores morfológicos de dimorfismo sexual fueron: proceso mastoides, hueso cigomático, mandíbula y rugosidades del hueso occipital. Los autores concluyeron que los indicadores morfológicos de dimorfismo presentan un adecuado rendimiento como pruebas de diagnóstico; sin embargo, los valores de exactitud y sensibilidad deben ser complementados con indicadores más sólidos que sean independientes de la distribución de la muestra, e integren a los errores diagnósticos, tales como los coeficientes de probabilidad, odds ratios y valores predictivos positivos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Antropologia Forense/métodos , Determinação do Sexo pelo Esqueleto/métodos , Caracteres Sexuais , Indicadores e Reagentes , Pesos e Medidas Corporais/métodos , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
A identificação do sexo em aves silvestres é imprescindível para a produção e comercialização destas em criadouros conservacionistas ou comerciais. Estima-se que cerca da metade das espécies existentes no mundo não possui dimorfismo sexual e, quando existe, é geralmente sutil, podendo ocorrer somente a partir do período de maturidade sexual. Por meio da técnica da PCR, é possível realizar a sexagem pela detecção dos genes CHD-Z e CHD-W, que estão localizados nos cromossomos sexuais de todas as aves. O CHD-W, localiza-se no cromossomo W, somente nas fêmeas, e o gene CHD-Z é encontrado no cromossomo Z, ocorrendo em ambos os sexos. A técnica é simples, conveniente, barata, rápida e segura, podendo apresentar várias vantagens, como: reduz custos de manutenção de aves jovens, evita a formação de casais do mesmo sexo, ou entre parentes próximos ou casais ao acaso, facilita o manejo genético em criações com sistema de produção de aves por separação por sexo.
Sex identification in wild birds is essential for the production and marketing of these in conservation or breeding business. It is estimated that approximately half of the species in the world has no sexual dimorphism, and where there is usually subtle and may only occur from the period of sexual maturity. Through the technique of PCR is possible to detect the genes CHD-Z and CHD-W, located in the sexual chromosomes of all the birds. The gene CHD-W is located on the W chromosome, only in females and the gene CHD-Z is found on the Z chromosome occurring in both sexes. The technique is simple, convenient, cheap, fast and safe and may provide several advantages, such as reduction costs of maintenance of young birds to prevent the formation of same-sex couples, or between close relatives or couples at random, to facilitate management in genetic creations with poultry production system for separation for sex.
Assuntos
Animais , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Aves/classificação , Comércio , Caracteres Sexuais , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
A identificação do sexo em aves silvestres é imprescindível para a produção e comercialização destas em criadouros conservacionistas ou comerciais. Estima-se que cerca da metade das espécies existentes no mundo não possui dimorfismo sexual e, quando existe, é geralmente sutil, podendo ocorrer somente a partir do período de maturidade sexual. Por meio da técnica da PCR, é possível realizar a sexagem pela detecção dos genes CHD-Z e CHD-W, que estão localizados nos cromossomos sexuais de todas as aves. O CHD-W, localiza-se no cromossomo W, somente nas fêmeas, e o gene CHD-Z é encontrado no cromossomo Z, ocorrendo em ambos os sexos. A técnica é simples, conveniente, barata, rápida e segura, podendo apresentar várias vantagens, como: reduz custos de manutenção de aves jovens, evita a formação de casais do mesmo sexo, ou entre parentes próximos ou casais ao acaso, facilita o manejo genético em criações com sistema de produção de aves por separação por sexo.(AU)
Sex identification in wild birds is essential for the production and marketing of these in conservation or breeding business. It is estimated that approximately half of the species in the world has no sexual dimorphism, and where there is usually subtle and may only occur from the period of sexual maturity. Through the technique of PCR is possible to detect the genes CHD-Z and CHD-W, located in the sexual chromosomes of all the birds. The gene CHD-W is located on the W chromosome, only in females and the gene CHD-Z is found on the Z chromosome occurring in both sexes. The technique is simple, convenient, cheap, fast and safe and may provide several advantages, such as reduction costs of maintenance of young birds to prevent the formation of same-sex couples, or between close relatives or couples at random, to facilitate management in genetic creations with poultry production system for separation for sex.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Aves/classificação , Comércio , Caracteres Sexuais , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Identifying the sex of the embryo before transferring it, enables a more rational use of receptor females. Besides, being able to choose the sex of the offspring in a programmed way, sex determination offers alternatives of economic and management profit. This review, describes the present state of knowledge about current techniques employed to identify the sex of bovine embryos at early stages of development.
A identificação do sexo do embrião, antes da transferência, possibilita o uso mais racional das receptoras, além de oferecer alternativas de ganho, econômico e gerencial, decorrente da escolha programada do sexo dos descendentes. A presente revisão descreve o estado atual dos conhecimentos das principais técnicas utilizadas para identificar o sexo do embrião bovino no seu estágio inicial de desenvolvimento.
RESUMO
Identifying the sex of the embryo before transferring it, enables a more rational use of receptor females. Besides, being able to choose the sex of the offspring in a programmed way, sex determination offers alternatives of economic and management profit. This review, describes the present state of knowledge about current techniques employed to identify the sex of bovine embryos at early stages of development.
A identificação do sexo do embrião, antes da transferência, possibilita o uso mais racional das receptoras, além de oferecer alternativas de ganho, econômico e gerencial, decorrente da escolha programada do sexo dos descendentes. A presente revisão descreve o estado atual dos conhecimentos das principais técnicas utilizadas para identificar o sexo do embrião bovino no seu estágio inicial de desenvolvimento.