RESUMO
Mulheres cisgênero lésbicas são confrontadas em seu cotidiano com situações de dupla violência, relacionadas à desqualificação e desvalor atribuídos tanto ao gênero como à orientação sexual. Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender os significados atribuídos às experiências de preconceito e discriminação sofridas por mulheres lésbicas de camadas médias. Trata-se de um estudo clínico-qualitativo fundamentado no olhar interseccional dos estudos de gênero. Participaram seis mulheres brancas de 22 a 59 anos de camadas médias, que se autoidentificavam como lésbicas. Para construção do corpus de análise foram realizadas entrevistas individuais gravadas em áudio. Os dados foram analisados e discutidos na perspectiva da análise temática reflexiva. Foram construídas cinco categorias: ambiente de trabalho, família de origem, relações de amizade, serviços de saúde e pessoas desconhecidas. Os resultados mostram que pessoas que perpetram violência contra lésbicas não toleram a possibilidade de que duas mulheres possam manter relacionamento afetivo-sexual e se utilizam de estratégias de apagamento (insultos, deboche, desrespeito, indiferença) para depreciá-las, invisibilizá-las e discriminá-las. Os ataques recorrentes às lesbianidades têm como função manter a hegemonia do modelo heterocentrado. Examinar os significados atribuídos às experiências de preconceito e discriminação sofridas por mulheres lésbicas pode encorajar o desenvolvimento de intervenções culturalmente sensíveis e a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas a essa população.
Cisgender lesbian women face situations of double violence in their daily lives with situations of double violence, related to the disqualification and devaluation attributed to both gender and sexual orientation. This study aimed to understand the meanings attributed to middle-class lesbian women's experiences of prejudice and discrimination. This is a clinical qualitative study based on the intersectional look of gender studies. Six white, middle-class women ages 22 to 59, who self-identified as lesbians, participated. Individual interviews were conducted and recorded to create the analysis corpus. The data were analyzed and discussed from the perspective of reflective thematic analysis. Five categories were constructed: work environment, family of origin, friendship relations, health services, and unknown people. The results show that people who perpetrate violence against lesbians do not tolerate the possibility that two women can have an affective-sexual relationship and use erasure strategies (insults, debauchery, disrespect, indifference) to depreciate, invisibilize them, and discriminate against them. The recurrent attacks on lesbianities have the function of maintaining the hegemony of the heterocentric model. Examining the meanings attributed to the experiences of prejudice and discrimination suffered by lesbian women can encourage the development of culturally sensitive interventions and public policies targeting this population.
RESUMO
During social interactions, the behavior of an individual often depends on the sex of its social partner. Many animal societies have males and females that play very different behavioral roles, although they coexist and interact non-sexually. At specific phases of the colony cycle, social wasp females and males are contemporaries within a nest, they often interact, although mating occurs mostly off the nest, therefore providing an opportunity to test sex discrimination in contexts other than classical sexual ones. We performed a lure presentation experiment to test if Mischocyttarus metathoracicus discriminate between conspecifics of the 2 sexes during on-nest social interactions. Female wasps discriminated conspecific sex during experimentally simulated nest intrusions. Visual and chemical cues may account for this sex discrimination. Despite sex discrimination (evidenced by differential inspective behavior from the nest females toward the female and the male lures), female wasps were as aggressive toward lures of both sexes. In the female-dominated hymenopteran societies, males are often subordinate and not aggressive on nest, resulting in females directing less aggression to them compared to other females. Instead, M. metathoracicus males and females are both aggressive toward nestmates, so they might be perceived as similar threat during on-nest social interactions.
RESUMO
Date palm sap (Phoenix dactylifera L.), also known as legmi, is a fresh juice extracted from date palm trees. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of collection time (at the beginning of the tapping period and after seven days of collection) on the amino acid profile and physico-chemical properties of date palm sap from both male and female trees. Dry matter, protein, amino acid, and sugar profiles were determined using the Kjeldahl method, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), respectively. Date palm sap from both male and female trees contained high levels of carbohydrates. HPLC analysis showed that this fraction was dominated by sucrose in the sap sample from female trees compared to that from male trees. Male date palm sap was noted to exhibit lower dry matter content than female date palm sap but higher protein, total polyphenol, ash, and amino acid contents. While the major essential amino acids in the sap from male trees consisted of valine and threonine, they were represented by lysine and phenylalanine in sap samples from female trees. Further, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the presence of a proteinic band of 30 kDa only for the sap from male trees. Taken together, the sap from both male and female date palm trees had a number of properties that are highly valued by the functional food industry.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/análise , Aminoácidos/classificação , Fenômenos Químicos , Phoeniceae/classificação , Phoeniceae/químicaRESUMO
Date palm sap (Phoenix dactylifera L.), also known as legmi, is a fresh juice extracted from date palm trees. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of collection time (at the beginning of the tapping period and after seven days of collection) on the amino acid profile and physico-chemical properties of date palm sap from both male and female trees. Dry matter, protein, amino acid, and sugar profiles were determined using the Kjeldahl method, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), respectively. Date palm sap from both male and female trees contained high levels of carbohydrates. HPLC analysis showed that this fraction was dominated by sucrose in the sap sample from female trees compared to that from male trees. Male date palm sap was noted to exhibit lower dry matter content than female date palm sap but higher protein, total polyphenol, ash, and amino acid contents. While the major essential amino acids in the sap from male trees consisted of valine and threonine, they were represented by lysine and phenylalanine in sap samples from female trees. Further, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the presence of a proteinic band of 30 kDa only for the sap from male trees. Taken together, the sap from both male and female date palm trees had a number of properties that are highly valued by the functional food industry.(AU)
Assuntos
Fenômenos Químicos , Phoeniceae/química , Phoeniceae/classificação , Aminoácidos/análise , Aminoácidos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Commercial sex is a marginalized and highly stigmatized activity in Brazilian culture. In this article we aim at investigating the discursive strategies used by young men who trade sex in order to resist stigmatization and social exclusion. We interviewed 24 young men who trade sex in a medium sized city in Brazil. Discursive strategies used by the interviewees to avoid social stigma could be summarized as (1) a reduction of sexual activity to its commercial sense by employing a conceptualization of masculinity that focuses on moral values and disregards sexual intercourse, (2) an emphasis on the anatomic characteristics as a criterion to delimit sexual identification categories, and (3) a shifting of sexual systems from one based on sexual object choice to one based on sexual aim. The discussion highlights that the interviewees were actively negotiating with normative assumptions of sexuality and thus producing either its subversion or conservation...
O comércio sexual é uma atividade marginalizada e altamente estigmatizada na cultura brasileira. Neste estudo, buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para resistir à estigmatização e exclusão social por jovens homens que participam do comércio sexual. Entrevistamos 24 jovens engajados no sexo comercial em uma cidade de médio porte do sudeste do Brasil. As estratégias discursivas utilizadas pelos entrevistados podem ser resumidas em: (1) redução da atividade sexual ao seu sentido comercial, por meio do emprego de uma conceituação de masculinidade centrada nos valores morais e desvinculada do intercurso sexual; (2) ênfase nas características anatômicas como critério que delimita categorias de identidade sexual; e (3) mudança do sistema de classificação sexual baseado na escolha do objeto sexual para um sistema baseado na atividade sexual desempenhada. Destacamos que os entrevistados estavam ativamente negociando com os padrões normativos de sexualidade, produzindo tanto sua subversão quanto conservação...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Homens , Profissionais do Sexo/psicologia , Trabalho Sexual/psicologia , Sexismo , Sexualidade , Fatores Culturais , Comportamento Sexual/psicologiaRESUMO
Commercial sex is a marginalized and highly stigmatized activity in Brazilian culture. In this article we aim at investigating the discursive strategies used by young men who trade sex in order to resist stigmatization and social exclusion. We interviewed 24 young men who trade sex in a medium sized city in Brazil. Discursive strategies used by the interviewees to avoid social stigma could be summarized as (1) a reduction of sexual activity to its commercial sense by employing a conceptualization of masculinity that focuses on moral values and disregards sexual intercourse, (2) an emphasis on the anatomic characteristics as a criterion to delimit sexual identification categories, and (3) a shifting of sexual systems from one based on sexual object choice to one based on sexual aim. The discussion highlights that the interviewees were actively negotiating with normative assumptions of sexuality and thus producing either its subversion or conservation.(AU)
O comércio sexual é uma atividade marginalizada e altamente estigmatizada na cultura brasileira. Neste estudo, buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para resistir à estigmatização e exclusão social por jovens homens que participam do comércio sexual. Entrevistamos 24 jovens engajados no sexo comercial em uma cidade de médio porte do sudeste do Brasil. As estratégias discursivas utilizadas pelos entrevistados podem ser resumidas em: (1) redução da atividade sexual ao seu sentido comercial, por meio do emprego de uma conceituação de masculinidade centrada nos valores morais e desvinculada do intercurso sexual; (2) ênfase nas características anatômicas como critério que delimita categorias de identidade sexual; e (3) mudança do sistema de classificação sexual baseado na escolha do objeto sexual para um sistema baseado na atividade sexual desempenhada. Destacamos que os entrevistados estavam ativamente negociando com os padrões normativos de sexualidade, produzindo tanto sua subversão quanto conservação.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Sexualidade , Sexismo , Trabalho Sexual/psicologia , Homens , Profissionais do Sexo/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Fatores CulturaisRESUMO
Esta pesquisa é um estudo transversal realizado junto a 2282 estudantes de ambos os sexos que cursavam as três séries do ensino médio em três cidades do interior do oeste paulista. O instrumento de coleta de dados empregado foi um questionário autoaplicável com 131 questões. Neste artigo, abordamos as trajetórias sexuais de adolescentes de ambos os sexos que mantêm práticas sexuais homoeróticas ou não. Discutimos as relações desses adolescentes com seus familiares e grupos de pares e a questão de sair do armário como ferramenta política. Tendo como base as concepções de Sedgwick, analisamos os momentos em que sair do armário pode ser uma entre tantas maneiras de manifestação das diferentes sexualidades em relação à heteronormatividade. Apoiando-nos nas colocações de teóricos pós-estruturalistas, abordamos também as construções teóricas e as produções discursivas sobre a adolescência, apontando novas manifestações da juventude na contemporaneidade. Por fim, percebemos a existência de amplos fatores que afetam as decisões de jovens não heterossexuais quanto a sair (ou não) do armário para além da homofobia: eventos pessoais, histórias de vida e mesmo a revelação de sua sexualidade aos pais e/ou a outras pessoas...
This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study conducted with 2282 male and female students who attended high school in three cities of the western interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection was done by a self-reported questionnaire with 131 questions. This paper discusses the sexual trajectories of these adolescents who enrolled in homoerotic sexual practices or not. These adolescents relationships with their families, peer groups and the subject of coming out are discussed as political tools. Based on Sedgwicks concepts we analyze the moments when coming out can be one in many other ways of manifestation of different sexualities in relation to heteronormativity. Relying on post-structuralism theories, we also discuss theoretical constructions and discourses about adolescence, pointing at new manifestations of juvenile in contemporaneity. Finally, we realize the existence of many factors that affect the decisions of non-heterosexual youths in relation to coming out of the closet beyond homophobia: personal events, life stories and even the revelation of their sexuality to their parents and/or to others.
Se trata de estudio transversal realizado junto a 2.282 estudiantes de ambos sexos cursando los tres cursos de la Enseñanza Media en tres ciudades del interior del Oeste Paulista. El instrumento de colecta de datos empleado fue un cuestionario auto-aplicable con 131 cuestiones. En este artículo abordamos las trayectorias sexuales de adolescentes de ambos los sexos que mantienen prácticas sexuales homoeróticas o no. Discutimos las relaciones de esos adolescentes con sus familiares y grupos de pares y la cuestión de salir del armario como herramienta política. Teniendo como base las concepciones de Sedgwick, analizamos los momentos en que salir del armario puede ser una entre tantas maneras de manifestación de las diferentes sexualidades en relación a la heteronormatividad. Apoyándonos en las propuestas de teóricos posestructuralistas abordamos también las construcciones teóricas y las producciones discursivas sobre la adolescencia, apuntando hacia nuevas manifestaciones de la juventud en la contemporaneidad. Por fin, percibimos la existencia de amplios factores que afectan a las decisiones de jóvenes no heterosexuales en lo referente a salir (o no) del armario más allá de la homofobia: eventos personales, historias de vida e incluso la revelación de su sexualidad a sus padres y/o a otras personas...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Homofobia , Sexualidade , Discriminação Social , PsicologiaRESUMO
Esta pesquisa é um estudo transversal realizado junto a 2282 estudantes de ambos os sexos que cursavam as três séries do ensino médio em três cidades do interior do oeste paulista. O instrumento de coleta de dados empregado foi um questionário autoaplicável com 131 questões. Neste artigo, abordamos as trajetórias sexuais de adolescentes de ambos os sexos que mantêm práticas sexuais homoeróticas ou não. Discutimos as relações desses adolescentes com seus familiares e grupos de pares e a questão de sair do armário como ferramenta política. Tendo como base as concepções de Sedgwick, analisamos os momentos em que sair do armário pode ser uma entre tantas maneiras de manifestação das diferentes sexualidades em relação à heteronormatividade. Apoiando-nos nas colocações de teóricos pós-estruturalistas, abordamos também as construções teóricas e as produções discursivas sobre a adolescência, apontando novas manifestações da juventude na contemporaneidade. Por fim, percebemos a existência de amplos fatores que afetam as decisões de jovens não heterossexuais quanto a sair (ou não) do armário para além da homofobia: eventos pessoais, histórias de vida e mesmo a revelação de sua sexualidade aos pais e/ou a outras pessoas.(AU)
This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study conducted with 2282 male and female students who attended high school in three cities of the western interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection was done by a self-reported questionnaire with 131 questions. This paper discusses the sexual trajectories of these adolescents who enrolled in homoerotic sexual practices or not. These adolescents relationships with their families, peer groups and the subject of coming out are discussed as political tools. Based on Sedgwicks concepts we analyze the moments when coming out can be one in many other ways of manifestation of different sexualities in relation to heteronormativity. Relying on post-structuralism theories, we also discuss theoretical constructions and discourses about adolescence, pointing at new manifestations of juvenile in contemporaneity. Finally, we realize the existence of many factors that affect the decisions of non-heterosexual youths in relation to coming out of the closet beyond homophobia: personal events, life stories and even the revelation of their sexuality to their parents and/or to others.(AU)
Se trata de estudio transversal realizado junto a 2.282 estudiantes de ambos sexos cursando los tres cursos de la Enseñanza Media en tres ciudades del interior del Oeste Paulista. El instrumento de colecta de datos empleado fue un cuestionario auto-aplicable con 131 cuestiones. En este artículo abordamos las trayectorias sexuales de adolescentes de ambos los sexos que mantienen prácticas sexuales homoeróticas o no. Discutimos las relaciones de esos adolescentes con sus familiares y grupos de pares y la cuestión de salir del armario como herramienta política. Teniendo como base las concepciones de Sedgwick, analizamos los momentos en que salir del armario puede ser una entre tantas maneras de manifestación de las diferentes sexualidades en relación a la heteronormatividad. Apoyándonos en las propuestas de teóricos posestructuralistas abordamos también las construcciones teóricas y las producciones discursivas sobre la adolescencia, apuntando hacia nuevas manifestaciones de la juventud en la contemporaneidad. Por fin, percibimos la existencia de amplios factores que afectan a las decisiones de jóvenes no heterosexuales en lo referente a salir (o no) del armario más allá de la homofobia: eventos personales, historias de vida e incluso la revelación de su sexualidad a sus padres y/o a otras personas.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Homofobia , Discriminação Social , Sexualidade , PsicologiaRESUMO
Las asignaciones de sexo a los restos osteológicos es fundamental puesto que suponen el primer paso hacia el establecimiento de otros tipos de inferencias biológicas y culturales. Aunque la determinación del sexo es relativamente fácil cuando se recuperan determinadas partes esqueléticas, especialmente la pelvis y el cráneo, resulta más problemática a partir de otros huesos, sobre todo si se trata de fragmentos. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de discriminación del sexo de los individuos a partir del húmero utilizando variables simples. Los resultados muestran cómo, utilizando la prueba de Lubischew, cada una de las principales partes del húmero aporta, al menos, una variable con porcentajes de discriminación cercanos al 90 por ciento. Estos resultados se comparan con los obtenidos mediante análisis discriminantes. Desde el punto de vista de la aplicación en Arqueología, la prueba de Lubischew se presenta como una herramienta muy útil para la asignación de sexo a individuos de sexo desconocido pertenecientes a muestras suficientemente amplias, siempre y cuando existan asignaciones sexuales previas fiables para un porcentaje alto de los individuos de cada una de aquéllas.
Sex determination on osteological remains is key since it is the initial step to establish another kind of biological and cultural inferences. Though sex determination arises easily when some particular parts of the skeleton are collected, specifically the pelvis and the skull, this target is more difficult from other bones, specifically when they are fragmented. In the present paper a study on sex discrimination based on simple humeral variables is shown. The use of the Lubischew's test show that at least one variable in each part of the humerus provides a discriminant percentage close to 90 percent. These results are compared with those obtained by discriminanting analysis. From an archaeological point of view, the Lubischew's test is a useful tool to infer the sex of the uncertain individuals belonging to large enough samples with previous reliable sex assigments.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História Medieval , Feminino , Úmero/anatomia & histologia , Determinação do Sexo pelo Esqueleto , Análise Discriminante , Antropologia Forense , Análise para Determinação do Sexo , EspanhaRESUMO
PIP: Three Chilean women's rights organizations and CRLP presented a Shadow Report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The 25-page Shadow Report indicates in summary the disappointment of the Chilean women in their government. Although Chile has emerged from its history of military dictatorship and is taking its first steps toward returning to a democratic-style of government, the military and the Catholic Church still exert a very strong influence, especially when it comes to policy making. Chilean people especially women, continue to be tyrannized by repressive attitudes, laws, and policies. This tyrannization is exemplified by the rampant discrimination against women in the prisons and the punishment of those undergoing illegal abortions. In short, women have no rights in Chile, and the government has not done enough to eliminate discrimination against them.^ieng
Assuntos
Direitos Humanos , Preconceito , Nações Unidas , Violência , Direitos da Mulher , Mulheres , América , Comportamento , Chile , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Organizações , Política , Opinião Pública , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This editorial introduces an issue of INSTRAW News that commemorates the 50th anniversary of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This introduction notes that the lead article in the journal expresses optimism about potential progress towards achieving gender equity and human rights because 1) industrialized countries are undergoing a "powershift" to an information society that will offer more and better jobs for women and give women greater access to the power of information, 2) women's earnings have increased worldwide, 3) more and more women are organizing on their own behalf, and 4) a public discourse is being created that promotes the mainstreaming of women's rights and their equality. In addition, several of the UN's international treaties promote gender equality and women's human rights. Foremost among these are 1) the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; 2) the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted by the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights; 3) the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women; and 4) the Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on women. Counteracting these positive steps is a trend towards defining identity and rights on the basis of community membership only, which ignores the fact that cultures, traditions, and religions are not gender neutral. Given the challenges ahead, the partnership model of society created by women when they have political power is more likely to result in sustainable solutions than the dominator model that men have forwarded for the past 6000 years.^ieng
Assuntos
Congressos como Assunto , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Direitos Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Relações Interpessoais , Preconceito , Nações Unidas , Violência , Comportamento , Agências Internacionais , Organizações , Política , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
At an international conference in 1992 on women and health, an attempt was made to redefine health concerns for women of the English-speaking Caribbean in the 1990s. Medical practices in developing countries change as advances are made in public health; clinical issues on the islands now resemble those in the United States (e.g. hypertension, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, domestic violence, and abortion). In the Caribbean, however, these problems exist in a unique socioeconomic context, and women's health there suffers indirectly because of cultural mores. Gender bias in medical education and practice influences treatment of women and obstructs their advancement to policy-making levels in the design and delivery of programs that bear on maternal and child health, among others. The effect of local cultural beliefs and practices on women's health must be considered when setting goals and direction for health policy if aid or educational programs are to be effective.
PIP: The major women's health issues in the English-speaking Caribbean (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases [STDs], domestic violence, abortion, adolescent pregnancy, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes) now resemble those in the US. In the Caribbean, however, these health problems are rooted in unique cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental contexts that affect their resolution. For example, as a result of poverty and their low social status, women in the Caribbean are relatively powerless in sexual decision making and disadvantaged in terms of protecting themselves against AIDS, other STDs, and unwanted pregnancy. Caribbean-trained physicians directly influence the quality of women's health in the West Indies. Their medical school education affects their diagnostic and interpersonal skills in clinical practice and the ethical values that form the basis of policy making. The University of West Indies (UWI) Faculty of Medicine trains students from 20 English-speaking Caribbean islands at 3 campuses. During 1990-91, 438 male and 350 female medical students were enrolled. The relatively high female enrollment reflects the fact that Caribbean doctors are poorly paid and not highly esteemed, making the field more open to women. However, only 3 of the 31 full professors in the UWI medical faculty are women. Gender bias further hinders the ability of female physicians to form the professional relationships necessary for advancement. Medical education should include training on interpersonal skills, gender issues, and biomedical ethics. More female role models in medical education and female policy makers would substantially alter the scope and effectiveness of reproductive health programs.
Assuntos
Educação Médica , Saúde da Mulher , Mulheres , Aborto Induzido , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Violência Doméstica , Feminino , Granada , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Preconceito , Prática Profissional , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde da MulherRESUMO
PIP: While more women are participating in training and decision-making in the local-level drinking water and sanitation sectors, this is not occurring at higher levels because of the gender imbalance that remains in higher-level sector education and professional training programs. This imbalance is characterized by gender-biased science curricula and by a lack of female role models. Even in developing countries where female enrollment outstrips that of men in higher education, women commonly prepare for careers in areas that are less valued than sanitary engineering. This imbalance ignores the fact that women can perform technical and managerial skills as competently as men. A similar male-dominated pattern emerges in professional training courses offered by development agencies, especially courses that focus on management issues. Low female school attendance begins when girls must forego primary school attendance to help their mothers in domestic chores, such as fetching water. Inadequate sanitation facilities for girls at schools also pose impediments. Efforts to improve this situation include 1) a promotional brochure developed by the Botswana Ministry of Education to raise awareness of the importance of men's and women's work as technicians and engineers in the water and sanitation sector among secondary school students; 2) creation of free schools and universities in Oman, where the numbers of women in previously male-dominated jobs are increasing; and 3) promotion of female education at the Asian Institute of Technology.^ieng
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Emprego , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Relações Interpessoais , Preconceito , Saneamento , Ensino , Abastecimento de Água , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Economia , Meio Ambiente , Saúde , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Saúde Pública , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: ENEA, Italy's national agency charged with research and development in the areas of technology, energy, and the environment, has 3800 employees. Of these, 25% are women, and nearly 50% are researchers (15% women). However, only 2 of 43 top management positions are filled by women, and only 1 of 100 high-level managers is a woman. In addition, women reach the top level of their career an average of 3 years later than men. Studies conducted to uncover the reasons for this sex discrimination and to discern the influence of gender on careers revealed that many changes were required that depended upon matching changes in ENEA's organization and management systems, which could be brought about by communication, diffused leadership, empowerment, and mainstreaming women into the decision-making process. The research has resulted in creation of a prototype management project that will be tested on a sample of approximately 250 employees and will seek to balance the number of women and men at all levels. After this experiment has been conducted, educational efforts will be made to restructure the basic ways ENEA functions.^ieng
Assuntos
Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Preconceito , Setor Público , Direitos da Mulher , Países Desenvolvidos , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Itália , Organização e Administração , Problemas Sociais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: In many countries, girls are discriminated against in nutrition, education, health care, and other areas, to the detriment of their personal development. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with promoting women's rights have come to regard the problem of girls' rights as very serious. Attention to girls in the past was focused on adolescent pregnancy or on social problems such as violence or child prostitution. But in the view of the NGOs, gender equity will be impossible to achieve as long as discrimination against girls continues. In addition, limiting the opportunities of girls will inevitably limit their potential contributions to society. The UN General Assembly in September 1989 approved the Convention on the Rights of Children, the principal goals of which were to eliminate malnutrition, preventable diseases, and illiteracy. The World Conference on Children in 1990 was attended by representatives of over 150 countries, who specified concrete goals. Measurable progress has occurred. UNICEF estimates, for example, that 2.5 million fewer children died on 1996 than in 1990, but it is probable that over half of the children in Latin America and the Caribbean live in poverty. In 1990, nearly 1 million children under age 5 in the region died of preventable diseases, and some 7 million were estimated to be malnourished, 1 million seriously. Infant mortality rates indicate that most countries of the region have improved their health status, but the rate has apparently increased in Haiti, Bolivia, and Peru. The Pan American Health Organization and the Demographic and Health Surveys have accumulated data indicating that excess mortality has occurred among girls 1-4 years old in at least 9 countries of the region. Some evidence suggests that health care is less likely to be sought for girls than boys. Domestic violence and sexual abuse are a serious problem for girls and women, but many countries continue to avoid the issue. The 1993 UN Declaration of Human Rights, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, and the 1995 UN World Conference on Women in Beijing all approved measures for protection of girls. The Platform of Action approved in Beijing specified actions to be taken by governments and NGOs to end discrimination against girls.^ieng
Assuntos
Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Saúde , Direitos Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Formulação de Políticas , Preconceito , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Violência , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Criança , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: This article discusses the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). This convention is the only instrument protecting the human rights of women at the international level. However, even if the convention was the best possible women's human rights documentation, there was no mechanism for reporting the abuses. The women's movement has long been pressing for the approval of the mechanism like the Optional Protocol, because they believe that the Protocol would fulfill the need in allowing the individual and collective accusations of human rights abuses. It means that a woman or a group of women can go to the committee and denounce an action as discriminatory. The committee can only receive reports and make recommendations, whereas having a Protocol would allow the committee to direct complaints, be able to investigate them, and make more specific recommendations. Those countries ratifying the CEDAW don't automatically agree to the Protocol, thus it is the country's discretion to either comply with the Protocol or not. There are also those who are against the Protocol and claim ironically that an Optional Protocol for Political and Civil rights already exists. But such mechanisms do not work for women's rights. What is most needed now is to lobby all national delegations to push the 5th Commission of the United Nations' General Assembly to approve the budget for the protocol.^ieng
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Direitos Humanos , Agências Internacionais , Preconceito , Pesquisa , Mulheres , América , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , América do Norte , Organizações , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: The author discusses the consideration of gender and women's status in demographic investigations. The need for a more humane conception of public policies is considered. The use of an approach to try to eliminate sexism in social policies is examined, with a focus on biological reproduction, mortality and morbidity, migration, and spatial distribution.^ieng
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Cultura , Relações Interpessoais , Formulação de Políticas , Preconceito , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Direitos da Mulher , Demografia , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: Whereas international conventions and national laws provide equal opportunities for women in employment, the reality of women's lives keeps a disproportionate number of women unemployed, underemployed, and living in poverty. The UN itself, which officially is working toward equity among its employees, has a staff composed of just 32.6% women, and women comprise only 10.5% of the top end of the hierarchy. In areas where women's labor force participation has increased dramatically, women typically earn 30-40% less than men doing the same job or else their employment is limited to "traditional female" service positions. The fact that women and girls have received an inadequate education makes it extremely difficult to break the barriers of discrimination in developing countries. The empowerment of women will break the education barrier, and, when that falls, many other barriers will follow suit. Efforts are already underway to break structural barriers caused by economic and social policies. For example, a more flexible pattern of work has been proposed which will include the voluntary assumption of flexible hours, job-sharing, and part-time work. The concept of work is also being broadened to include the important human services that women traditionally provide on a volunteer basis. This will lead to a valuation of women's contribution to society which can be added to calculations of gross domestic product. Women also need protection as they attempt to eke out a living in the informal sector which has been the traditional avenue for women to earn money. This sector is not protected by law and is subject to extortion by officials and by male competitors. A variety of measures is under consideration to increase the protection of informal sector workers. Women also need protection in the conventional work place, especially as they enter fields traditionally reserved for men. These questions are important even in the context of global unemployment because these issues must be addressed or their resolution to women's disadvantage will gain the mantle of tradition.^ieng
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Economia , Escolaridade , Emprego , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Relações Interpessoais , Preconceito , Salários e Benefícios , Nações Unidas , Direitos da Mulher , Comportamento , Agências Internacionais , Organizações , Política Pública , Comportamento Social , Classe Social , Problemas Sociais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: In 1975, when the first World Conference on Women was held in Mexico City, the United Nations embarked on a long process to draw attention to the female condition in the international arena and draft an international convention for the elimination of discrimination against women. In 1980 the second World Conference on Women in Copenhagen ascertained that despite these efforts the situation of women had deteriorated. This finding played an important role in launching the drive to empower women by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) through affirmative actions. In 1985 the 3rd Conference was held in Nairobi with an NGO Forum. At this time a recently formed council on the condition and the rights of Brazilian women started its activities in defense of women, as Brazil had signed international conventions aimed at the development of affirmative actions in gender relations. In August 1985 the first Delegation of Women was established in Sao Paulo. In the last decade [present: 1995] feminist organizations and NGOs have proliferated. Social movements strove to reduce social and racial inequalities evidenced by the fact that White men earned wages four times higher than did Black women in Brazil. The situation in the 1990s was varied as the government did not curtail the activities of the NGOs, but wanted to exercise control over them. In contrast to the previous conferences, in preparation for the fourth Conference the government drafted discussion papers for seminars on gender and power relations; economic policies, poverty, and work; violence against women; the health and education of women; prostitution and traffic in women; and public policies on the ethics of gender. By presidential decree in 1993 the National Committee for participation in the 4th Conference was also created. The National Council on the Rights of Women also became active in preparing papers and helping to organize seminars.^ieng
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Congressos como Assunto , Organizações , Formulação de Políticas , Preconceito , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Direitos da Mulher , América , Brasil , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Problemas Sociais , América do SulRESUMO
Results of an ethnographic study suggest that, despite stereotypes to the contrary, urban Aymara women in Bolivia want to regulate their fertility, and sociocultural norms support fertility regulation. However, the norms also make such regulation difficult to achieve. One barrier is a deep suspicion of modern medicine and medical practitioners, who are not seen as reliable sources of information. This suspicion is reinforced when the quality of health services is inadequate. Among urban Aymara, the level of acceptability of most modern methods of contraception is low. Many would prefer to use traditional methods, even when use of these methods entails considerable sacrifice and risk of conflict with their partners, unwanted pregnancies, and recourse to unsafe abortion.
PIP: Ethnographic data were used to examine fertility control in 1993 among Aymara urban women in Bolivia. Data were gathered from in-depth interviews on family planning (FP) with 30 women, from similar interviews with eight men, from 38 other household interviews, and from FP service clients. Most of the Bolivian population is composed of members of the Aymara or Quechua indigenous groups. About 50% of total population is urban. Interview responses indicated that most women wanted to control their fertility so that they could improve their economic situation by selling items in the market. Cultural norms and beliefs were compatible with fertility control and women's work. Women were expected to control reproduction through rhythm or a form of abstinence. Barriers to fertility control included a lack of communication about sexual and contraceptive matters with friends, family, or spouses. This pattern of silence was handed down from their mothers. Almost 66% of the 30 women had never received information on menstruation or reproduction when growing up. The message was that sexuality was dangerous and shameful. Almost 33% engaged in a living arrangement with a sexual partner at the age of 14-16 years, and the remaining had done so by 17-20 years. Marriage occurred accidentally or by force (25%). Voluntary cohabitation occurred in about 50% of cases. After sexual contact occurred, parents strongly urged marriage. Women eventually learned about contraception through women's clubs, clinics, church groups, husbands, or friends. When fertility control failed, women resorted to extreme abstinence, abortion, infanticide, or modern methods. Modern methods were viewed as dangerous and with harmful side effects; modern medicine was viewed similarly. Contraceptive use could be associated with promiscuity. Women feared being touched by health personnel. Although abortion was illegal, women conveyed a desire to end an unwanted pregnancy or acted with systematic neglect to end an unwanted birth. Recommendations were made for providing culturally sensitive services which involved men.