RESUMO
PIP: Condom use is central to the prevention of AIDS among people at risk for contracting HIV. As such, condom use is increasing dramatically even though many men say that they do not like using them. Condom sales through social marketing campaigns have increased dramatically in some countries, where tens of millions of condoms are sold annually. For example, during the period 1991-96, annual social marketing sales increased about five-fold in Ethiopia to 21 million, and nine-fold in Brazil to 27 million. These sales reflect the success of condom social marketing campaigns in making condoms accessible and largely affordable. There is also a greater general awareness of AIDS than there used to be, and communication campaigns have shown that condoms are an effective solution. More condoms still need to be used in the ongoing struggle against HIV/AIDS. The author discusses the factors which affect the limited acceptance of condoms, condom use outside of marriage, social marketing, and family planning programs.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Preservativos , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Etiópia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Infecções , América Latina , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Groupe de Lutte Anti-SIDA (GLAS) (Group in Struggle Against AIDS) is an HIV prevention program in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which taught HIV prevention to almost 20,000 mainly male workers aged 15-49 years. Before ending in 1996, GLAS offered one, hour-long session introducing HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and how to prevent them; instruction on how to use condoms; an open-ended discussion hour in which workers who had attended the first 2 sessions could ask questions about beliefs and rumors related to HIV/AIDS and STDs; and intensive psychological support groups using the transactional analysis (TA) educational approach to personal growth and change. The TA approach focuses upon teaching adults how to abandon self-defeating strategies, typically learned during childhood, and how to develop attitudes for managing life's problems. It promotes clear, direct communication. Participation in GLAS's program helped men understand the benefits of adopting HIV/STD risk reduction behavior.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Psicologia , Medicina Reprodutiva , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Haiti , Saúde , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Over the past decade, studies in Jamaica revealed widespread acceptance of sex outside of marriage or other stable relationships and a common perception that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a natural and easily curable outcome of sexual activity. However, recent surveys suggest that these attitudes and behaviors are beginning to change. Jamaican men who once readily had 5 or more sex partners per year are choosing their partners more carefully and staying in relationships longer. Men and women report having fewer sex partners, while young male adolescents are waiting until they are older to begin having sex. This attitudinal and behavioral change may be attributed to the Ministry of Health's HIV/STD control program launched in 1987. The program is comprehensive, systematic, and sometimes uses an unorthodox approach to HIV/AIDS prevention. HIV/AIDS and STDs were linked in the integrated approach.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Atitude , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Pesquisa , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Psicologia , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: This article considers the epidemic proportion of AIDS in developing countries, and discusses the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) reworked and intensified strategy for HIV infection and AIDS prevention and control over the next 5 years. Developing and launching over 650 HIV and AIDS activities in 74 developing countries since 1986, USAID is the world's largest supporter of anti-AIDS programs. Over $91 million in bilateral assistance for HIV and AIDS prevention and control have been committed. USAID has also been the largest supporter of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS since 1986. Interventions have included training peer educators, working to change the norms of sex behavior, and condom promotion. Recognizing that the developing world will increasingly account for an ever larger share of the world's HIV-infected population, USAID announced an intensified program of estimated investment increasing to approximately $400 million over a 5-year period. Strategy include funding for long-term, intensive interventions in 10-15 priority countries, emphasizing the treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases which facilitate the spread of HIV, making AIDS-related policy dialogue an explicit component of the Agency's AIDS program, and augmenting funding to community-based programs aimed at reducing high-risk sexual behaviors. The effect of AIDS upon child survival, adult mortality, urban populations, and socioeconomic development in developing countries is discussed. Program examples are also presented.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Preservativos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diagnóstico , Economia , Administração Financeira , Órgãos Governamentais , Publicações Governamentais como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hospitais , Mortalidade Infantil , Cooperação Internacional , Conhecimento , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Ensino , Terapêutica , Tuberculose , População Urbana , Organização Mundial da Saúde , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Longevidade , Mortalidade , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tanzânia , Tailândia , Uganda , Nações Unidas , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The steps in designing and producing effective AIDS prevention educational materials are outlines, using as an example a brochure originated in St. Lucia for clients at STD clinics. The brochure was intended to be read by clients as they waited for their consultation, thus it was targeted to a specific audience delimited by age, sex, language, educational level, religion and associated medical or behavioral characteristics. When researching the audience, it is necessary to learn the medium they best respond to, what they know already, what is their present behavior, how they talk about AIDS, what terms they use, how they perceive the benefits of AIDS prevention behavior, what sources of information they trust. The minimum number of key messages should be selected. Next the most appropriate channel of communication is identified. Mass media are not always best for a target audience, "little media" such as flyers and give-always may be better. The draft is then pre-tested by focus groups and interviews, querying about the text separately, then images, color, format, style. Listen to the way the respondents talk about the draft. Modify the draft and pre-test again. Fine-tune implications of the message for realism in emotional responses, respect, self-esteem, admiration and trust. To achieve wide distribution it is a good idea to involve community leaders to production of the materials, so they will be more likely to take part in the distribution process.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Comunicação , Emoções , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Educação em Saúde , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Motivação , Folhetos , Revisão por Pares , Técnicas de Planejamento , Comportamento Sexual , Materiais de Ensino , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Educação , Planejamento em Saúde , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Psicologia , Pesquisa , Santa LúciaRESUMO
PIP: AIDS and the economic crisis in Mexico are threatening the epidemiologic transition in which infectious diseases ceased to be the only major cause of death and chronic degenerative diseases began to account for a growing proportion of deaths. Many factors combined to produce the sexual, gay, and women's liberation movements beginning in the 1970s. At the beginning of the feminist movement, women proposed different kinds of interpersonal relations both between women and with men. Women together realized their rights to control their own bodies, to sexual enjoyment, to abortion, and to free themselves of feelings of shame and guilt. The weight of moral pressures was lessened and the personal desires of the woman assumed a greater role in selection of sexual partners. Conservative forces grew stronger in the 1980s, and the proliferation of sexually transmitted diseases began to imperil the sexual revolution. But these setbacks were minor compared to AIDS. Now, 10 years after its appearance, it is clear that AIDS is not limited to homosexual men. The number of cases in Mexico increased from none 10 years ago to some 10,000 estimated cases reported and unreported today. 1/6 of the cases are in women. Many women and heterosexuals felt immune from AIDS in the beginning, and some still do, but many more have become aware of the danger. Women now fear contracting AIDS, but they also fear confronting their partners to suggest that they use condoms. Denial may play a role, but deeply rooted cultural factors that women may recognize but fee powerless to change may also be at play. Many women over 30 have difficulty taking the initiative in sexual matters. They are embarrassed to buy condoms and even more embarrassed to propose their use. They imagine that men will consider them "loose" if they carry condoms. Mexican women are poorly prepared to tell their men explicitly what they want sexually, and Mexican men are also poorly equipped to ask what women want, accustomed as they are to exercising sexuality exclusively to satisfy their own needs. The entire problem of condom use is related to ethical-moral and ideological factors and to broader attitudes toward knowledge. Those with more rational orientations see AIDS as a disease rather than a divine punishment and can more easily accept condom use as a preventive.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Percepção , Filosofia , Comportamento Sexual , Mudança Social , Direitos da Mulher , América , Comportamento , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Infecções por HIV , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The 1st AIDS case was diagnosed in Costa Rica in 1985. By January 1988, 47 cases were recorded. Most cases are in hemophiliacs and homosexuals; one is in the heterosexual partner of a hemophiliac. 55% of hemophiliacs in Costa Rica are infected with HIV -- one of the highest levels in the world. 10 women, including 2 prostitutes, are known to be HIV-positive. The number of new cases is expected to nearly double every year, and deaths from AIDS may come to exceed deaths from diarrhea and all other infectious diseases. Since 1985, all donated blood has been screened. A national education campaign began in 1985, using television, talks, workshops, and pamphlets, and coordinated by the National AIDS Commission. AIDS education is included in secondary and high school curricula, and condoms have been distributed in gay discotheques and other public places since 1987. Failure to recognize the problem early enough resulted in fear of and discrimination against AIDS patients by health workers as well as failure to provide enough funds for AIDS prevention and control.^ieng