RESUMO
PIP: The author examines settlement patterns and urbanization of the remote area of Roraima State, Brazil. "A survey conducted in the capital city, Boa Vista, provides information on migration histories and migrants' characteristics.... Current views of urbanization of the Amazon [region] are focused on the displacement factor that development and state geopolitics have upon rural settlements...." The author also suggests that more attention needs to be paid to the characteristics of migrants in the urban areas. (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Política , Dinâmica Populacional , Urbanização , América , Brasil , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , América Latina , População , América do Sul , População UrbanaRESUMO
PIP: "Chile is populated very irregularly, which is caused to a big degree by the diversity of the natural environment. These irregularities are becoming more intense in consequence of...increasing internal migrations.... The majority of migrants proceed to the big cities, whereas the rural areas are becoming depopulated. Recently [a] policy of settlement of the sparsely populated areas, specially in the south of the country, has been [instituted]." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Meio Ambiente , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , América , Chile , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , América Latina , População , América do SulRESUMO
"This paper uses an economic index to describe the hierarchical structure of the national settlement system and describes the changes among the sixties, eighties and nineties. We found great territorial changes for the first period. The conclusions proposed are that there is a decentralisation at [the] national level, but at the same time, there is a centralisation at [the] regional level." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Demografia , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Geografia , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: Now that a new international order is widening the gap between the developed and developing countries, new migration policies are being created in Latin America. Both conceptually and practically, each policy has its own logic, which the authors attempt to identify. In the past, migration policies were of three main types: a logic based on the recruitment of labor; a logic based on territorial settlement; and a logic that aimed to secure the protection of the existing population. Now that regional economic integration is underway in the three main Latin American areas (the Andean countries, Central America, and the Southern Cone), a new logic is emerging. However, the actual strategies for economic integration in each region have only slowly and hesitantly addressed the problem of the free movement of people. Nevertheless, one can identify three objectives on strategies for the circulation of people in the existing schemas. In order of priority, they are security, development of transportation and tourist industries, and regulation of the labor market.^ieng
Assuntos
Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Política , Estudos Retrospectivos , Controle Social Formal , Migrantes , Meios de Transporte , América , Comportamento , América Central , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This work argues that intraurban mobility resulting from urban renewal in Santo Domingo is one of the city's major problems. Santo Domingo's growth from 30,000 in 1920 to 1,800,000 in the late 1980s was unplanned, and the expansion of urban infrastructure generally followed demographic expansion. The Dominican government has regularly provoked massive dislocations in the course of urban renewal, especially at the end of the Trujillo era and under the governments of Balaguer. More than 50,000 families have been forced to move in the past 30 years, representing 20% of the population. Among the consequences of this policy are a form of rootlessness of the population resulting from lack of title to the land and the constant threat of having to move again. The feeling of impermanence has psychological and cultural effects and also discourages residents from making significant improvements to their housing. The disorder of the city is increased because most of the families forced to move from areas undergoing renewal establish themselves in other marginal zones, which then undergo chaotic growth. From the fall of Trujillo to the disturbances of 1965-66, rural migration to the periphery of the city was massive, and it resumed again with the return of political stability. The massive construction projects beginning in 1967 were intended to beautify areas of high visibility, improve traffic flow, develop aesthetic elements, and remove low income populations from the center for the city. Around one-third of the national budget was devoted to construction in these years. Thousands of families were relocated in new areas belonging to the government at great distances from the city center and with few or no public services. The urban policy encouraged speculation and deterioration of urban management due to confusion between government institutions and private interests. Between 1978-86, government construction policy changed, with the amount of investment reduced and low cost housing emphasized. But massive construction began again with Balaguer's return to power. Some 20,000 families have been displaced and another 14,000 have been told to move. The forced removals have involved around 10% of the population. Their effects have included rapid expansion of the marginal urban periphery, artificially high rents, aggravation of problems in providing public services, loss of identity of neighborhoods, reinforcement of individual strategies at the expense of communal welfare, and weakening of survival resources of the most impoverished sectors.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Programas Governamentais , Política , Dinâmica Populacional , Pobreza , Política Pública , Características de Residência , População Urbana , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Geografia , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: This work constitutes a critique of traditional population redistribution policies and a reflection on the relationship between economic development, productivity, and regional factors, with particular reference to Latin America and the Caribbean. The article is organized around 3 main points: an analysis of the sources of competitiveness and productive efficiency, a discussion of the relationship between spatial aspects and productivity and competitiveness, and an assessment of the implications of these factors for regional policies and decentralization. Latin America and the Caribbean suffer from a shrinking importance in the world economy and from technological backwardness. To increase the well being of their populations systematically and deliberately foster technical progress. Authentic competitiveness, sustained over time, should not be confused with the spurious competitiveness resulting from low wage levels of nonsustainable exploitation of natural resources. The new technological model requires constant learning and improvement to adapt products to changing needs. Active participation is required from all workers; the continuous improvement is based on human capital. The technological changes and transformations in the productive structure that will be required to improve productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean can significantly alter comparative regional advantages, the patterns of territorial use, and the spatial division of labor. The role of technological changes and of the organization of production must thus be considered in analyses of regional dynamics. Regional development strategies must be reexamined in light of the obsolescence of some traditional elements of regional policy. The factors influencing the location of productive activities in the context of technological development also affect population distribution and can be used to understand trends in population distribution through effects on employment.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Economia , Eficiência , Emigração e Imigração , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Geografia , Política , Política Pública , Tecnologia , América , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: This work briefly describes Brazilian colonization of the Paraguayan agricultural frontier, analyzes factors responsible for expelling population from Brazil and for attracting Brazilians to Paraguay, and assesses the economic and social consequences of immigration to the area. Paraguay's vast and sparsely populated agricultural frontier in areas outside the Central subregion underwent a process of intense colonization from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s. The Paraguayan government initiated an ambitious colonization program in 1963 to increase production, relieve population pressure and subdivision of small parcels in the Central subregion, encourage agricultural modernization, and produce a more diversified agriculture. Paraguayan agriculture in the early 1960s suffered from excessive concentration of land in a few hands and resulting exclusion of around 3/4 of workers from ownership and from any possibility of obtaining credit to fund technological improvements. Results of studies 2 decades after implementation of the colonization plan suggest that it has failed in significant areas. Although a considerable population redistribution alleviated pressure in the Central subregion, it apparently resulted more from spontaneous movement of peasants outside the colonization areas than from the official program. Concentration of lands is now occurring in the colonization area. Assistance for agricultural modernization and diversification of production in the peasant sector has been minimal. On the other hand, production of soy, wheat, and cotton for export increased substantially, because of an entrepreneurial agriculture capitalized by foreign as well as national interests The unmet goals of the colonization program would have required structural reforms rather than simple spatial redistribution of the population. Many of the colonists in the 1970s were Brazilian families displaced by mechanized agriculture in the southern states of Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Many were relatively small producers who were attracted to the Alto Parana region of Paraguay near the Brazilian border by its geographic proximity, extensive availability of land at low prices, and favorable credit and tax policies. Many small proprietors from Brazil were able to buy extensive tracts in Paraguay and to develop an economy based on cultivation of export crops on small and medium sized holdings. A serious and efficient plan for financial aid, together with technical assistance and intensive training programs, could have placed Paraguayan cultivators in a position similar to that of the Brazilians. Paraguayan colonists in the frontier areas could then have progressed rapidly beyond their current state of subsistence or semisubsistence agriculture to the kind of entrepreneurial agriculture practiced by the Brazilians.^ieng
Assuntos
Agricultura , Emigração e Imigração , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Programas Governamentais , Dinâmica Populacional , Migrantes , América , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emprego , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Paraguai , População , Planejamento Social , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The impact of population growth on the enviornment has been extensively researched; it consists of the depletion of resources (agricultural land absorbed by urban expansion, loss of soils, desertification, loss of biodiversity, less availability of minerals, dwindling of petroleum reserves) and the degradation of natural resources (air and water pollution). For politicians, journalists, and environmentalists, population growth is identified as the principal villain, which is a unidirectional and negative opinion. Demography is supposed to examine the negative and positive effects of the environment-population relationship; however, it is postulated that there has not been much produced in the last 2 centuries in this area. Examination of the research literature does not indicate any view that transcends the Malthusian vision, although a few empirical studies exist (Hogan, 1989). Durham (1979) identified the replacement of subsistence agriculture by export-oriented agriculture as the key factor in overpopulation in El Salvador and Honduras that led to migrations and international conflicts. Tudela (1987) related a similar process in the Mexican state of Tabasco, where a period of malnutrition was accompanied by the expansion of export agriculture and nutritional improvements emanated only from recapturing subsistence agriculture. Fearnside (1986) researched the dynamics of the occupation and destruction of Amazonia. However, Kahn and Simon went further and denied the existence of real environmental problems: population is the ultimate resource, and the more minds, the more good ideas and solutions for any problem. However, in all these cases of pure or modified Malthusianism the relation of population/resources is reduced to a unidimensional relationship; and fertility, mortality, migration, marriage, and age structure receive little attention. A prime candidate for the attention of population specialists should be migration and patterns of settlement and their relationships to the physical environment, aspects of the depletion and degradation of resources as well as socially useful alterations.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Meio Ambiente , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , Pesquisa , América , Brasil , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Ciências Sociais , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The author examines the consequences of Brazilian policy designed to encourage the development of frontier regions. Incentives include the provision of free land to the poor and credits to the land-owning class for the development of modern crops. She considers not only the consequences for migration flows but also the social changes inherent in implementing such policies. Data are from fieldwork and from the 1970 and 1980 censuses. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Programas Governamentais , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , Mudança Social , América , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Chile's law 18.994, published in the official newspaper on August 20, 1990, creates the National Office of Return as a decentralized public service under the supervision of the Chilean president. Its objectives include studying and implementing programs to facilitate social reinsertion of exiles of current or past Chilean nationality and the children born abroad of exiled Chilean parents. The National Office of Return is to coordinate programs with specialized international organizations, public agencies, and nongovernmental organizations; assist in the legislative reforms necessary to regulate the situation of returning nationals; serve as an initial reception center for returning nationals; and participate in management of international resources destined to facilitate reinsertion of returning nationals. The National Office of Return is to report periodically to the president on the progress of its activities. To complete its objectives, the Office should initiate measures leading to recuperation of Chilean nationality when appropriate, facilitate residence permits for non-Chilean spouses and children born abroad, arrange customs facilities for their domestic goods and work instruments, facilitate recognition and continuation of education obtained abroad, and aid in solving problems related to recognition of academic degrees and professional titles obtained abroad. It should help procure housing, insurance, and health care for those returning, and clear their records of expulsion orders and similar notations. The remaining articles specify details of the structure, personnel, and financing of the office. The National Office of Return is expected to function for 40 months.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Órgãos Governamentais , Publicações Governamentais como Assunto , Planejamento em Saúde , Legislação como Assunto , Refugiados , América , Chile , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Organizações , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , MigrantesRESUMO
PIP: This Act sets forth the government's policy on rural development of the Peruvian Amazon region. Major objectives of the Act include the promotion of new rural settlements in the Amazon region, the promotion of migration from the Andes to the Amazon region, and the stimulation of agriculture, livestock, and forestry activities in the Amazon region. The following are the means that the government will use, among others, to attain these goals: 1) the development of Population Displacement Programmes, which will give individual persons and families economic and logistic support in moving; 2) the establishment of Civic Colonizing Services, temporary mobile units, which will offer settlers health services, education services, technical assistance with respect to agriculture and livestock, and promotional credits; 3) the creation of the Council for Amazon River Transport to coordinate and recommend activities to improve river transport; 4) the granting to settlers of land, free education for their children, medical care, technical training and assistance with respect to agriculture, and a supply of seeds; 5) the exemption of certain investors from payment of income taxes; and 6) the granting of a wide range of incentives for agricultural production. The Act also creates a Council for Planning and Development in the Amazon Region to draw up and approve a Plan for the Development of the Amazon Region. It calls for the rational use of the natural resources of the Amazon Region in the framework of preserving the ecosystem and preventing its ruin and delegates to the regional governments the authority to enter into contracts on the use of forest materials and to undertake reforestation programs. Finally, the Act provides various guarantees for the native population, including guarantees with respect to land and preservation of ethnic and social identity.^ieng
Assuntos
Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Legislação como Assunto , Motivação , Dinâmica Populacional , Planejamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Árvores , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Meio Ambiente , América Latina , Peru , População , Características da População , Política Pública , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: A government's international migration policies are intended to influence the size, composition, direction, destination, or integration of international migratory flows. The justification for migratory policies has been based on a series of themes that have had varied weights in different stages of Latin American history. Migrations as population settlement, the desired or undesired characteristics of migrants, the economic impact of migration, the role of migration in relations between countries, and the ethical dimensions of migratory movement have been the major policy issues. The 1st migration policies in Latin America saw international migration as a means of settling the colonies. After independence, migratory policies oriented toward massive settlement became common. Although the stated goals were to settle entire territories with immigrants, the usual result was to absorb immigrants in certain economic sectors with high demand for labor. In the colonial period both Spain and Portugal attempted to restrict immigration to the Catholic segment of their own populations. After independence, the criteria were liberalized somewhat but still reflected prejudices about the racial superiority of certain types of European immigration. The selection principals which appeared most clearly during the 19th century were overwhelmed to the extent that immigration was tranformed into provision of labor to meet unsatisfied needs for workers. Indiscriminate admissions and recourse to nontraditional elements such as Chinese and Japanese was strongest in countries needing labor for tropical agriculture or extractive industries. The economic argument that migration contributed to development was widespread economic argument that migration contributed to development was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but new rules were made to restrict immigration to protect local labor markets during the worldwide depression of the 1930s. In recent decades, migration policies have been seen as an element of international relations and regional integration. The theme of human rights of immigrants including free circulation and settlement and equality of treatment for foreigners has assumed greater importance with the democratization of Latin American countries and as a result of pressure from the international community, the Catholic Church, and labor organizations. The principal argument for restriction of immigration in the past 4 decades has stemmed from a desire to limit immigration from bordering countries to protect local labor markets. The masses of undocumented immigrants periodically legalized by special means suggest that migratory policies have yielded meager results. Global economic realities and national labor markets have had far more influence on migration flows than most administrative measures yet devised.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Direitos Humanos , Política , Preconceito , Política Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , América , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
PIP: The settlement of the northern border regions of Mexico over the past three centuries is described. The author notes that land use has changed over time from the use of vacant lands to urbanization and industrialization, and that these changes are closely linked to economic conditions in the southwestern United States.^ieng
Assuntos
Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Indústrias , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Urbanização , América , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , População UrbanaRESUMO
PIP: In the modern era, the world's refugee problem has changed magnitude and location; it has expanded from a local to a continental, and now global, scale issue. About 90% of the world's 10 million refugees are from developing countries, and over 90% of these will stay there. Refugee generating and receiving countries are concentrated in 5 world regions: Central America, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Each concentration is unique and is associated with a particular set of regional conflicts. International efforts address short-term relief needs, whereas political instability and repression that generate refugees continue unabated. Refugees along sensitive border regions affect bilateral relations, large groups of refugees can pose political and security problems for the host country, and disputes over refugee policies and their implementation can complicate diplomatic ties. Some highlights of the data follow. 1) The 3 million cross-border refugees and 5.5 million internally displaced persons make the many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa increasingly dependent on Western assistance to solve their problems. Refugees are fleeing armed conflict, tribal violence, and drought, and often generate additional regional turmoil. 2) 3-4 million Afghans have fled their country since the 1978 Marxist coup; about 2.5 million have entered Pakistan. Most choose to remain in camps near the Afghanistan border where they are targets of cross-border attacks. 3) 1.2 million Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Nicaraguans live outside their native countries. Official refugee and unofficial migrant populations are active in various rebel insurgencies, contribute to strained bilateral relations and tensions in border areas, and are the subject of heated political debate in host countries. 4) 90% of the 1.7 million Indochinese who fled from 1975-May 1986 have been resettled; 168,000 refugees remain in 1st-asylum camps, not including 240,000 Khmer without refugee status, in temporary camps in Thailand. Thailand's large refugee population is involved in factional strife, smuggling, and guerrilla activities. The Thai are particularly concerned about Hmong refugees, who are accused of opium cultivation and destruction of Thai forests through slash-and-burn cultivation. 5) Nearly 62% of the thousands of present Vietnamese refugees to Hong Kong have been in camps 3 years, and 17% 6 years. Many have turned to crime, alcohol, drugs, or prostitution.^ieng
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Emigração e Imigração , Dinâmica Populacional , Refugiados , Migrantes , África , África Subsaariana , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , América do Norte , População , Política PúblicaRESUMO
PIP: Italian immigration to Chile from the nineteenth century to the present day is reviewed using a variety of data from official and other sources. An analysis of the residential characteristics of the population of Italian origin in the city of Santiago in 1983 is also included. It is found that Italians have settled primarily near the city's commercial axis, a settlement pattern in contrast with those of other foreign residents of similar economic levels. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Assuntos
Comércio , Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Geografia , Características de Residência , Migrantes , População Urbana , América , Chile , Cultura , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Itália , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
"Utilizing data from a 1981 survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants to New York City, and from 1975 marriage certificates for the entire city, this article describes the extent of family formation in the U.S. and patterns of marital selectivity of recent Hispanic immigrants residing in New York City. A core goal of the analysis is the provision of indicators of the extent of and nature of integration processes at an early stage of the immigration." It is found first that "Hispanic immigrants in New York City are clearly long-term settlers, although not necessarily permanent ones. They are forming nuclear families in this country to a considerably greater extent than they are either transferring families from the origin country or residing as unattached temporary migrants. Second, a significant minority of marriages contracted in this country are with spouses of different national origin groups, indicating an openness in ethnic boundaries in the host society context."
Assuntos
Aculturação , Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Características da Família , Hispânico ou Latino , Estado Civil , Casamento , Grupos Minoritários , Núcleo Familiar , Relações Raciais , Características de Residência , Mudança Social , Migrantes , América , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Cultura , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , América Latina , América do Norte , Política , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This article examines Mexican migration into South Texas in recent decades and focuses on changes in the characteristics of the migrants' households. An ethnographic approach is used in examining 56 permanent, immigrant households. "This article introduces a hypothesis for explaining the increase and permanency of household immigration." It is found that "immigration often leads to downward social mobility with respect to legal status of household members, type of employment, and property ownership. Of particular note is the transformation of the household from a single to a multiple worker unit, in response to agricultural labor demands and growing employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector."
Assuntos
Agricultura , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Características da Família , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Ocupações , Propriedade , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , América , América Central , Cultura , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Texas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The great migration of Puerto Ricans to the US occurred during the 1950s, when there was promise of employment in the US. Migration decreased in the 1960s when the promise of employment decreased. Many Puerto Ricans returned to the island during the 1960s and 1970s because they could not find work on the mainland; return migration has continued for the last 12 years. The migrant student population in Puerto Rico is composed of migrants, return migrants, and circulatory migrants. The circulatory migrants are those children of Puerto Rican parents who have traveled to and from the island to the mainland several times; these migrants are not served by either educational system. A program that serves the circulatory migrant students is the Puerto Rico Migrant Education Program. 3 factors influence return migration: 1) the shorter the distance of emigration, the higher the incidence of return migration; 2) the longer the emigrants stay away, the less chance they will return; and 3) changes in the economic balance between the place of origin and the place of destination directly affect the volume of return migration. A source of conflict in the adjustment of Puerto Rican return migrants is the difference in cultural values of the 2 settings in which the return migrant student has to live. This study of 273 students shows that there were differences between nonmigrants and circulatory migrants in reading achievement. There were a large number of young people with serious reading problems in their primary school language (English) and the 2nd language (Spanish). A negative relationship between physical adjustment and reading achievement suggests that achievement in reading will increase as soon as the physical adjustment takes place.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Comportamento , Educação , Emigração e Imigração , Serviços de Informação , Ajustamento Social , Migrantes , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Escolaridade , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Psicologia , Porto Rico , Comportamento Social , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: Despite the fact that by 1980 Brazil's external debt approached US$100 billion and the effects of economic crisis were strongly felt, the government attempted to continue with previously launched integrated regional development projects including the "Polonoroeste" program. 3 phases were foreseen for the project, in Rondonia, Mato Grosso, and in new colonization zones. The goals of the Rondonia and Mato Grosso phases were to establish agriculture in the Amazon basin zone covered by the Polonoroeste, where the soils were reported to be of good or average quality although extremely heterogeneous over small areas. To avoid danger of rapid and complete deforestation, each colonist was to receive 100 hectares, 5 of which would be cleared and planted each year, allowing the forest to regenerate over 20 years. Colonists were expected to preserve 50 hectares of forest in their 100 hectare lots, but with increasing numbers of colonists the tendency has been to cut back the forest. Colonists were to receive credits and low interest loans repayable beginning 5 years after settlement over a period of 15 years. Since loans were not indexed, the amounts due would be a very small proportion of their initial worth in Brazil's inflationary economy. Boundary disputes sometimes resulting in armed conflict or murder have occurred in both Rondonia and especially in Mato Grosso between legal settlers and squatters, and between different categories of settlers. More serious has been the settlers' resentment and contesting of the large reserves set aside for the indigenous population, which has declined precipitously in recent years, probably as the result of massacres. In Mato Grosso, inequality in land holdings is demonstrated by the control over 55% of the land exercised by 1% of landholders. The demographic response to the colonization schemes was overwhelming. The populations of Rondonia and Mato Grosso respectively were estimated at 36,935 and 522,044 in 1950, 69,792 and 889,539 in 1960, 111,064 and 1,597,090 in 1970, and 490,153 and 2,506,063 in 1980. Since 1980, the rate of population growth has been 8%/year in Mato Grosso and over 16% in Rondonia, due primarily to immigration. Estimates of the rate of abandonment range from 10%-30%, with ill heath the main reason for departing. Malaria is rampant, especially in Rondonia, and other diseases also take their toll, while health services are inadequate. The extreme poverty of many settlers, exacerbated by economic problems, difficulty of clearing the forest and transporting goods, hard work, psychological and social difficulties brought on by isolation and loneliness and the lack of conveniences, and feelings of insecurity due to frequent clashes with Indians may be other reasons for leaving. It is too early for a definitive assessment of the successes and failures of the Polonoroeste project, but it is at least clear that Amazon settlement cannot be a permanent solution for Brazil's rapid population growth and related problems.^ieng
Assuntos
Agricultura , Demografia , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Fertilidade , Programas Governamentais , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , População , Pobreza , População Rural , Planejamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , América , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Emprego , Etnicidade , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Classe Social , América do SulRESUMO
"This article provides a portrait of Cuba's exiles [in the United States] that encompasses all their waves of migration, while utilizing the Cuban exodus to shed light on the broader phenomenon of refugee migration. It argues that to understand the changing social characteristics of the exiles over twenty years of migration, we need to understand the changing phases of the Cuban revolution. Utilizing the Cuban exodus as data, the article uses Egon F. Kunz's...theoretical framework for refugee migration to shed light on the refugees' varying experiences, while also using the actual Cuban refugee experience to react to Kunz's abstract model."