RESUMO

Ten years ago, a review on the status of resistance in Mexico was bleak: with antibiotics freely sold over the counter and poor regulation of generic drugs, among other conditions, resistance among relevant pathogens often ranked top, either among Latin American countries, or even worldwide. Since then, there have been some regulatory changes, along a decline in antibiotics usage: antibiotics are (supposedly) no longer sold without prescription, generic drugs (supposedly) have to demonstrate bioequivalence, and antibiotic usage has drop, from about 13 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day, to 7. While these changes may sound encouraging, an analysis show that regulatory changes are incomplete at best, and usage decline may be the consequence of factors such as growing poverty. The assessment of resistance continues to be haphazard, without an organized network of laboratories providing a coherent picture. However, judging from a few nationwide reports, it appears that resistance among some nosocomial pathogens (MRSA, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) is declining, as it is among pneumococci and enteropathogens; but it is rising among community-acquired, uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Resistance to colistin is slowly increasing; and worrisome resistance determinants, such as blaNDM-1 and mcr-1, appeared in Mexico shortly after their first report elsewhere. After four years from the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on antibiotic resistance, Mexico is yet to deploy the basic measures to assess and control antibiotic resistance. As such, and despite the regulatory changes, the 2010-2020 period looks like a "lost decade".

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Resumen La automedicación y la autoprescripción son acciones de los pacientes; la primera como elemento del autocuidado que involucra medicamentos de venta libre y la segunda como una violación a la ley de salud, pues comprende medicamentos que solo pueden expenderse con receta. Todos los inconvenientes que se han atribuido a la automedicación en realidad lo son de la autoprescripción.

Abstract Self-medication and self-prescription are actions undertaken by patients; the former, as an element of self-care that involves over-the-counter drugs, and the latter, as a violation of the Statute of Health, since it includes drugs that can only be dispensed with a medical prescription. All the drawbacks that have been attributed to self-medication are actually associated with self-prescription.

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RESUMO

Self-medication and self-prescription are actions undertaken by patients; the former, as an element of self-care that involves over-the-counter drugs, and the latter, as a violation of the Statute of Health, since it includes drugs that can only be dispensed with a medical prescription. All the drawbacks that have been attributed to self-medication are actually associated with self-prescription.La automedicación y la autoprescripción son acciones de los pacientes; la primera como elemento del autocuidado que involucra medicamentos de venta libre y la segunda como una violación a la ley de salud, pues comprende medicamentos que solo pueden expenderse con receta. Todos los inconvenientes que se han atribuido a la automedicación en realidad lo son de la autoprescripción.

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RESUMEN La automedicación es una práctica riesgosa cuyas consecuencias incluyen enmascaramiento de una enfermedad, aparición de reacciones adversas, interacciones medicamentosas, aumento de la resistencia a ciertos tipos de fármacos y fármaco dependencia. La Organización Mundial de la Salud contempla la posibilidad de educar a la población en prácticas de automedicación responsable, señalando al profesional farmacéutico como figura clave de este proceso educativo. El presente trabajo analiza las conductas de automedicación en una población encuestada de 600 estudiantes de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Campus Neiva. Los resultados de la encuesta han sido analizados en forma global y diferenciando a los encuestados en subgrupos de: a) programa académico y b) variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados indican que la automedicación es una práctica común en estudiantes de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Campus Neiva que no siempre se lleva a cabo de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS para poder considerarse una práctica responsable y segura.

SUMMARY Self-medication is a dangerous practice with consequences including masking of disease, adverse reactions to medications, drug interaction, resistance to certain types of therapeutic agents and drug dependence. The World Health Organization has considered the possibility of educating population in practices of responsible self-medication, pointing at the pharmacist as a key figure in this educational process. In the present work we have analyzed the self-medication conducts of 600 surveyed college students of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Sede Neiva (UCC). The overall results of the survey have been analyzed; we have also divided the surveyed population in subgroups of: a) Academic program and b) Sociodemographic variables. Results indicate that self-medication is a common practice among college students of UCC, and that it is not always practiced according to WHO recommendations for responsible, safe self-medication.

RESUMO

Resumen: La idiosincrasia de la profesión médica, los rasgos de personalidad característicos del médico y la falta de formación específica para reconocer y tratar adecuadamente la propia vulnerabilidad, predisponen a este colectivo a padecer más patología mental y, probablemente, un deficiente tratamiento de otras enfermedades. La mayoría de los estudios realizados hasta el momento se centran en la patología mental y adictiva del médico, desde el punto de vista del riesgo para la mala praxis y la seguridad de sus pacientes. La revisión narrativa de la literatura científica realizada (MEDLINE, EMBASE e IME 1985-2016) ha mostrado que, en el entorno hispanoparlante, apenas disponemos de información actualizada sobre el médico como paciente, a pesar de ser un tema de indudable relevancia desde el punto de vista de la seguridad asistencial, del profesionalismo y del propio bienestar de los profesionales. La situación del médico que enferma es compleja y poco conocida, con conflicto de roles y con repercusiones en la ética profesional y la calidad asistencial.

Abstract: The idiosyncrasy of the medical profession, the characteristic personality traits of the physician and the lack of specific training to properly recognize and treat one's own vulnerability dispose this group to suffer more mental pathology and probably worse control of other medical diseases. Most of the studies promoted so far focus on the psychiatric and addictive concerns of the physician, from the point of view of the sick doctor as being at risk for malpractice and to guarantee the safety of their patients. The narrative review of scientific literature (MEDLINE, EMBASE and IME 1985-2016) has shown that we do not have in the Spanish-speaking environment updated information about the doctor as a patient, despite being a topic of incipient media repercussion and undoubtedly relevant from the point of view of patient safety, professionalism and medical ethics and as well as the welfare of professionals. The characteristic of a sick doctor are more complex than the rest of patients with a conflict of roles and repercussions on professional ethics and the quality of care.

Resumo: A idiossincrasia da profissão médica, as características de personalidade característica do médico e a falta de formação específica para reconhecer e, corretamente, tratar a própria vulnerabilidade, predispõem esse grupo a sofrer mais patologias mentais, e provavelmente tratamento deficiente de outras doenças. A maioria dos estudos realizados até agora tem como foco a patologia mental e o comportamento aditivo do médico, do ponto de vista do risco por negligência e segurança de seus pacientes. A revisão narrativa da literatura científica realizada (MEDLINE, EMBASE e IME 1985-2016) tem mostrado que no ambiente de idioma hispânico temos apenas informações atualizadas sobre o médico como paciente, apesar de ser uma questão de relevância inquestionável do ponto de vista da segurança assistencial, do profissionalismo e do próprio bem-estar dos profissionais. A situação do médico enfermo é complexa e pouco conhecida, com conflito de papéis e impacto sobre a ética profissional e a qualidade dos cuidados médicos. São necessários mais estudos, tanto quantitativos como qualitativos, que permitam compreender o processo do adoecimento dos médicos em cada um dos seus estágios profissionais (desde a graduação até a aposentadoria) para ser capaz de considerar estratégias para a melhoria na atenção da saúde desses profissionais.

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Objetivo: Indagar sobre el consumo de antibióticos sin prescripción médica en la población adulta bogotana. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en las 20 localidades de Bogotá. La información se obtuvo de 597 personas mayores de 20 años, encuestadas mediante un instrumento previamente ajustado en una prueba piloto. Resultados: El 56,1 % de los encuestados manifestó que se automedicaba; las mujeres (60 %) son las que más recurren a esta práctica. El antibiótico más utilizado es la amoxicilina (50,9 %), seguido por la ampicilina (18,6 %). Los motivos más comunes de automedicación son: infecciones de la garganta (31,7 %), gripa (22,2 %), fiebre y malestar general (10,8 %). El tratamiento es realizado entre uno y dos días. Conclusiones: En la población muestreada se pudo observar que los antibióticos están siendo usados de forma indiscriminada e indebida por parte de algunos sectores de la población bogotana, sin medir los riesgos potenciales de esta práctica.

Objective: To explore the consumption of antibiotics without medical prescription in Bogota's adult population. Material and methods: Descriptive exploratory cross-sectional study carried out in 20 locations of Bogotá, where 597 people older than 20 years were surveyed. Results: We found that 56.10% of respondents self-medicated, being women (60%), those who come to this practice. The antibiotic most used was the amoxicillin (50.9%), followed by the ampicillin (18.6%). The most commonly described pathologies were throat infections (31.70%), flu (22.20%), fever and malaise (10.80%), and urinary tract infections (7.50%). Most people take antibiotics (50.0%) for one and two days. 82.60% consumed more than the indicated dosage of antibiotic. Only 13.20% of those surveyed said they demanded was made to sell the drug. Conclusions: Self-prescription of antibiotics is a common practice for various pathological processes or symptoms, and often people resort to informal channels to obtain information about them and drugstores where they are sold without requesting a formal medical prescription.

RESUMO

A multi-national working group on antibiotic stewardship, from the International Society of Chemotherapy, put together ten recommendations to physicians prescribing antibiotics to outpatients. These recommendations are: (1) use antibiotics only when needed; teach the patient how to manage symptoms of non-bacterial infections; (2) select the adequate ATB; precise targeting is better than shotgun therapy; (3) consider pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics when selecting an ATB; use the shortest ATB course that has proven clinical efficacy; (4) encourage patients' compliance; (5) use antibiotic combinations only in specific situations; (6) avoid low quality and sub-standard drugs; prevent prescription changes at the drugstore; (7) discourage self-prescription; (8) follow only evidence-based guidelines; beware those sponsored by drug companies; (9) rely (rationally) upon the clinical microbiology lab; and (10) prescribe ATB empirically - but intelligently; know local susceptibility trends, and also surveillance limitations.

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Este artigo visa analisar a terceira etapa da Autoconsciencioterapia –o auto-enfrentamento – com o objetivo de detalhar suas especificidades e favorecera sua aplicação. Embasa-se nas vivências do autor na aplicação daautoconsciencioterapia, assim como nas experiências pessoais na condição deconsciencioterapeuta. Desenvolve-se a partir do estudo de 4 assuntos: o autoenfrentamentopropriamente dito; a autoprescrição consciencioterapêutica;a técnica paraterapêutica; a revisão da autoprescrição. Conclui-se ser a autoconsciencioterapiaum recurso otimizador da auto-evolução, sendo o auto--enfrentamento das próprias parapatologias condição fundamental para a obtenção de autocuras(AU)

The article aims at analyzing the third stage of self-conscientiotherapy –the self-confrontation – with the objective of specifying the subject and favoringits application. The study is based on the author’s experiences as a conscientiotherapistas well as on his own employment of self-conscientiotherapy. The articleunfolds itself starting from 4 themes: the self-confrontation strictly speaking;the conscientiotherapeutic self-prescription; the paratherapeutic technique andthe revision of self-prescription. The author concludes pointing out that selfconscientiotherapyis an optimizing tool for self-evolution while self-confrontationof one’s own parapathologies is fundamental for self-cure(AU)

Este artículo visa analizar la tercera etapa de la Autoconciencioterapia –el autoenfrentamiento – con el objetivo de detallar sus especificidadesy favorecer su aplicación. Se embasa en las vivencias del autor en la aplicaciónde la autoconciencioterapia, así como en las experiencias personales en la condiciónde conciencioterapeuta. Se desenvuelve a partir del estudio de 4 asuntos: elautoenfrentamiento propiamente dicho; la autoprescripción conciencioterapéutica;la técnica paraterapéutica; la revisión de la autoprescripción. Se concluyeque la autoconciencioterapia es un recurso optimizador de la autoevolución,siendo el autoenfrentamiento de las propias parapatologías condiciónfundamental para la obtención de autocuras(AU)

RESUMO

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con 118 senescentes de la población de adultos mayores del consultorio del Médico de la Familia 80.1 del Policlínico "Ana Betancourt", en el municipio Playa. A todos se les llenó una encuesta formulario que contemplaba sus datos generales, así como las enfermedades crónicas y los trastornos de los órganos de los sentidos que padecía. Se enumeraron los medicamentos que ingieren, con la dosis y periodicidad, tanto los prescritos como los autoprescritos, y se consignaron las reacciones adversas atribuidas a los fármacos consumidos. Se revisaron los controles de dispensarización y sus historias clínicas individuales.La prevalencia de polifarmacia detectada fue de 46 casos (39 %). El total de preparados prescritos fue de 303, con un promedio de 3,1 por paciente, la cifra de autoprescripciones fue 49 casos (41 %) con 113 fármacos, y un promedio de preparados autorrecetados por anciano de 2,3, siendo los fármacos más indicados por los facultativos los hipotensores, los diuréticos, los psicofármacos, los analgésicos y los antidiabéticos; y entre los autorrecetados se encontraban las vitaminas, los analgésicos, los laxantes, los antihistamínicos y los psicofármacos. Las reacciones adversas se presentaron en 36 casos (37,2 %), señalándose que todas fueron ligeras y atribuidas a fármacos prescritos por los facultativos.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 senescents from the population of older adults of the family physician office 80.1 of "Ana Betancourt" Polyclinic, in Playa municipality. All of them answered a questionnaire to collect their general data, as well as information about the chronic diseases and disorders of the sense organs they suffered from. The drugs they were taking, both prescribed and self-prescribed, with their doses and periodicity were related, and the adverse reactions attributed to the drugs consumed were also exposed. The classification registries and the individual medical histories were reviewed. The prevelance of polypharmacy detected was of 46 cases (39 %), The total of preparations prescribed was of 303 for an average of 3.1 per patient. The figure of self-prescriptions was of 49 cases (41 %) with 113 drugs and an average of self-prescribed preparations by aged person of 2.3. The drugs prescribed the most by the physicians were the lowering pressure drugs, diuretics, psychotropic drugs, analgesics and antidiabetes drugs. The most self-prescribed drugs were vitamins, analgesics, antihistamines and psychotropic drugs. The adverse reactions were observed in 36 cases (37.2 %). They were mild and attributed to drugs prescribed by the physicians.