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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic paralyzed the world for over three years, generating unprecedented social changes in recent human history. AIMS: We aimed to scientometrically summarize a global and temporal overview of publications on COVID-19 in the two worst years of the pandemic and its progression in early 2022, after the start of vaccination. METHODS: Using the Web of Science database, this review covered the period from late 2019 to March 2022 and included all publications identified using the following terms: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19", "Coronavirus Disease 19", and "2019-nCoV". We retrieved 268,904 publications, with evident global spreading, demonstrating that the pandemic triggered worldwide scientific research efforts. RESULTS: Within the dataset, 195 countries have published about Covid-19. In initial publications, a solid trend in genotyping, sequencing, and detection of the virus was evident; however, in the development of the pandemic, new knowledge and research focus gained relevance, with continental solid trends, revealed by the keywords sustainability (eastern Europe); material sciences (Asia); public and mental health (Africa); information sciences (western Europe); education (Latin America). It identified high-impact research, mainly on diagnosis and vaccines, but also equally essential topics for returning life to the new normal, such as mental health, education, and remote work. The world experienced a highly transmissible infection that proved how fragile we are regarding organization and society. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to learn from such an event and establish a protocol of actions and measures to be taken and avoided in a health emergency, aiming to act differently from the chaos experienced during the pandemic. Following the One Health approach, humanity must be aware of the need for more sustainable attitudes, given the inseparability of human beings from the environment.

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Introducción: La difusión y visibilidad de la producción científica son cruciales para lograr un impacto significativo. En este sentido, las bases de datos con cobertura internacional juegan un papel fundamental. Objetivo: Este estudio buscó caracterizar la producción científica de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción en 2022 mediante el análisis de tres bases de datos con cobertura internacional: Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed. Metodología: El estudio empleó un enfoque bibliométrico. Los registros bibliográficos fueron recolectados entre mayo y junio de 2023 utilizando la opción de búsqueda por afiliación "Universidad Nacional de Asunción" en las tres bases de datos. Los resultados de la búsqueda fueron filtrados en base a los criterios especificados por las bases de datos, limitando la búsqueda a artículos publicados en revistas científicas en el año 2022. Resultados: Se recogieron un total de 263 artículos, la mayoría de ellos publicados en revistas de alto impacto por editoriales reconocidas internacionalmente. El autor más prolífico tenía 30 artículos publicados, y la mayoría de los trabajos reflejaban la colaboración entre autores de la UNA como coautores. En cuanto al número de artículos por título de revista, el mayor número fue de 8, 7 y 4 artículos en Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed, respectivamente. Los editores más importantes de los artículos fueron Elsevier, Springer y Wiley, entre otros. Discusión: El análisis de los 263 artículos publicados indica la fuerte presencia de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción en revistas de alto impacto y editoriales de renombre internacional, particularmente en el campo de la Psiquiatría debido a la relevancia de la pandemia en la salud mental. Destaca la colaboración internacional de los autores de la UNA, pero hay margen de mejora, como la presentación uniforme de la afiliación universitaria. La indexación de los artículos en bases de datos internacionales es crucial para la visibilidad.

Introduction: The dissemination and visibility of scientific production are crucial for achieving significant impact. In this regard, databases with international coverage play a vital role. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the scientific production of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción in 2022 by analyzing three databases with international coverage: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Methodology: The study employed a bibliometric approach. The bibliographic records were collected between May and June 2023 using the search option by affiliation "Universidad Nacional de Asunción" in the three databases. The search results were filtered based on the criteria specified by the databases, limiting the search to articles published in scientific journals in 2022. Results: A total of 263 articles were collected, with most of them published in high-impact journals by internationally recognized publishers. The most prolific author had 30 published articles, and most papers reflected collaboration between UNA authors as co-authors. Regarding the number of articles per journal title, the highest number was 8, 7, and 4 articles in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, respectively. The most important publishers of the articles were Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley, among others. Discussion: The analysis of the 263 published articles indicates the strong presence of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción in high-impact journals and internationally renowned publishers, particularly in the field of Psychiatry due to the relevance of the pandemic on mental health. The international collaboration of UNA authors stands out, but there is room for improvement, such as the uniform presentation of university affiliation. The indexing of the articles in international databases is crucial for visibility.

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El escenario de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han transformado los modos de evaluar la publicación científica. Variedad instrumentos e indicadores impactan en los procesos de evaluación. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una valoración de los procedimientos utilizados en base al uso del conocimiento. Se evidencia a necesidad de avanzar en cuanto a indicadores que combinen métricas cuantitativas con las cualitativas que reflejen los procesos de apropiación del conocimiento y el impacto social; denominadas métricas responsables, además de velar por la calidad de la gestión, y de políticas institucionales mesuradas que guían la valoración y evaluación de la actividad científica.

The scenario of new information and communication technologies has transformed the ways of evaluating scientific publication. Variety of instruments and indicators impact the evaluation processes. The objective of this work is to offer an assessment of the procedures used based on the use of knowledge. There is a need to advance in terms of indicators that combine quantitative metrics with qualitative ones that reflect the processes of knowledge appropriation and social impact; called responsible metrics, in addition to ensuring the quality of management, and measured institutional policies that guide the assessment and evaluation of scientific activity.

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RESUMO Este ensaio teórico teve por objetivo identificar contribuições da organização do conhecimento científico na sistematização do ensino em ciências, para a constituição humana típica e atípica. Isso foi realizado a partir de ponderações entre textos da área de Ensino de Ciências e pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural. Assim, apresentamos reflexões acerca de discussões que polarizam a educação de pessoas com deficiência ou autismo no direcionamento curricular, em relação às habilidades funcionais e acadêmicas. A partir da análise de limitações, possibilidades e estratégias educacionais para aulas de ciências, concluímos que as habilidades funcionais, que envolvem conhecimentos cotidianos, não podem configurar critério de exclusão curricular de habilidades acadêmicas, do conhecimento científico, para a educação de pessoas com desenvolvimento atípico. Compreendemos que uma educação científica escolar com vias ao desenvolvimento integral é indissociável das habilidades da vida diária.

ABSTRACT This theoretical essay aimed to identify contributions from the organization of scientific knowledge in the systematization of science teaching, for the typical and atypical human constitution. This was carried out based on considerations between texts from the Science Teaching area and assumptions from the Historical-Cultural Theory. Thus, we present reflections on discussions that polarize the education of people with disabilities or autism in terms of curriculum, in relation to functional and academic skills. From the analysis of limitations, possibilities and educational strategies for science classes, we conclude that functional abilities, which involve everyday knowledge, cannot constitute a criterion for curricular exclusion of academic skills, of scientific knowledge, for the education of people with atypical development. We understand that a school scientific education with pathways to integral development is inseparable from daily life skills.

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On the basis of a research study on cognitive behavioral psychotherapies conducted between 2016 and 2020, this article analyzes exposure as a psychological technique focused on facing and overcoming distressing situations that interfere with everyday life and cause pain. Said psychotherapies have gained more relevance in Argentina in recent years. Their development and institutionalization continued during the first decades of the new millennium. By the late 1990s, there were social and economic transformations that modified people's lives and produced different types of suffering. In addition, that scenario was set with subjectivity models based on the importance of being autonomous and responsible in different spheres of daily life (including healthcare). Accordingly, current social imperatives such as "you can do it" or "give it another try" become values linked to personal realization that are assimilated by these psychotherapies through techniques such as exposure. In that respect, this article aims at analyzing exposure as a psychological technology with evidence-based epistemological presuppositions and problem-solving models based on the subjects' individual commitment. Unlike most social-anthropological studies that connect the notion of exposure to that of risk, from a cognitive behavioral standpoint, self-exposing and overcoming the cause of distress is associated with a successful therapeutic process. This study used a qualitative methodology, and the technique was the analysis drawn from 30 semi-structured interviews with cognitive behavioral psychologists from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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This review article addresses challenges in the management of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs) by analyzing the value of research published in journals, chapters, and books that are not indexed by Web of Science or Scopus. This widely ignored body of grounded knowledge allows deeper insights when assessing participatory management of BRs, an imperative reflected in guiding principles such as Aichi Target 11. The scoping literature review conducted found 120 publications that address stakeholder participation in decision-making and the economic benefits generated in Mexican BRs. Only 65 of those studies were published in indexed journals, while national outlets accounted for the other 55, most of them also peer-reviewed publications. International papers differ from national ones regarding spatial coverage, research foci, and the methods applied. Though both bodies of publications identified similar challenges, each sheds a distinct light on social-environmental contexts and regions. However, there is a consensus that genuine stakeholder participation has not yet been achieved.

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Introducción: En 2019, se cumplieron 50 años de la designación como director del Hospital General Docente Dr. Enrique Cabrera del Dr. Carlos Eduardo Albert Chacón. Objetivo: Divulgar sus cualidades y valores, experiencias y conocimientos durante toda su fructífera vida. Desarrollo: Sus estudios cursados en todos los niveles y en la Carrera de Medicina; sus distintos cargos, Servicio Médico Social Rural, sus inquietudes revolucionarias, primero, y luego su incondicionalidad a la Revolución, misiones internacionalistas, actividades y categorías científicas, y su trayectoria en el Hospital Dr. Enrique Cabrera, en el que fuera director, así como Presidente del Consejo Científico durante más de diez años hasta 2016. Conclusiones: La actitud de vanguardia de su vida, plena de valores humanos y revolucionarios. Guía incuestionable para las jóvenes generaciones, a las que ha formado con su ejemplo, ética y nivel profesional(AU)

Introduction: In 2019, there was the 50th anniversary of the appointment of Dr. Carlos Eduardo Albert Chacón as Director of Dr. Enrique Cabrera General Teaching Hospital. Objective: To spread his qualities, values, experiences and knowledge throughout his whole successful life. Development: His studies taken at all levels and his medical studies; his Rural Social Medical Service, concerns and unconditional dedication to the Revolution; his internationalist missions, activities and scientific category as well as his professional career at Dr. Enrique Cabrera General Teaching Hospital where he worked as director and President of the Scientific Board for more than ten years until 2016 are highlighted in this work. Conclusions: His positive attitude towards life which was plenty of human values and revolutionary thoughts and actions has been an irrefutable guide for the young generations that he has educated with his example, ethics and professional level(AU)

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El carácter colaborativo de un Sistema Nacional de Innovación presupone la implantación de políticas públicas para la innovación, que deben orientar la acción y la interacción de los agentes de dicho sistema. En este contexto, la universidad asume un papel relevante porque es la gran responsable de la producción del conocimiento científico en las naciones. El objetivo general de la investigación se orientó al análisis de políticas públicas nacionales e institucionales y a los indicadores de innovación de Brasil y España en lo que se refiere a la producción y al intercambio del conocimiento científico. Se optó por una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa, integrada por el análisis bibliográfico y documental, y un estudio comparativo entre políticas e indicadores de CT&I vigentes en los ámbitos brasileño y español. Se concluye que los documentos analizados enfocan los conceptos y principios de la interacción, pero se hace necesaria la incorporación de aspectos que contribuyan a la efectividad de la actuación integrada y el intercambio de conocimiento entre los agentes de los respectivos sistemas nacionales de innovación(AU)

The collaborative nature of national innovation systems implies the implementation of public policies for innovation, intended to guide the action and interaction of the agents involved in the system. Universities play a relevant role in that context, being as they are major producers of scientific knowledge in countries. The general purpose of the study was to analyze national and institutional public policies and innovation indicators from Brazil and Spain related to the production and exchange of scientific knowledge. A qualitative study was conducted consisting in bibliographic and document analysis and a comparison between ST&I indicators and policies in place in Brazil and Spain. The documents analyzed were found to address interaction concepts and principles, but it is necessary to include aspects contributing to the effectiveness of integrated action and exchange of knowledge between the agents involved in the national innovation systems(AU)

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Introduction: Latin America is a highly urbanized region, with most of its population living in cities and urban centers. While information about urban streams in Latin America is rather limited, streams are expected to experience similar environmental impacts and conservation issues as urban streams in parts of the globe, including habitat loss, channelization, sewage discharge, trash, and loss of riparian habitats. Objective: We surveyed a network of researchers from approximately 80% of the countries in Latin America to obtain information on the condition, state of knowledge, and threats to urban streams in the region. Methods: Most participants were reached via the Macrolatinos@ network (www.macrolatinos.net). Results: We obtained 104 responses from researchers in 18 of the 23 Latin American countries. Most urban streams are impacted or degraded, and inputs of contaminants and wastewater discharges were considered major drivers of stream degradation. Most respondents indicated that stream channelization is common, with some streams completely channelized or buried. Sewage and rainfall runoff management were identified as a major factor degrading streams, with most respondents suggesting that streams are a primary destination for wastewater discharge, much of which is untreated. Major limitations to urban stream conservation in Latin America are the result of limited ecological knowledge, lack of citizen interest or political will to protect them. There are isolated efforts to restore urban streams and riparian zones, but these are initial steps that need further development. Conclusions: Our research network of Latin American scientists proved to be a valuable tool to assess a large number of urban rivers in a relatively understudied region. Urban streams in Latin America face a diversity of stressors and management challenges, and we propose three areas that would benefit from further research to improve our understanding and management of these systems: (1) Studies should focus on the watershed, rather than isolated reaches, (2) researchers should strive to attain a better understanding of ecosystem function and the services provided by urban streams to justify management and restoration efforts, and (3) studies that integrate economic models where downstream users pay for upstream protection and restoration could prove beneficial for many Latin American cities in attempting to address water conservation issues.

Introducción: Latinoamérica es una región altamente urbanizada, con la mayoría de su población viviendo en ciudades y centros urbanos. Es bastante limitada la información sobre los ríos urbanos en esta región, sin embargo, se reconocen algunas problemáticas ambientales sobre estos ecosistemas urbanos, los cuales suelen ser similares en toda la región. Algunas de estas son la pérdida de hábitat, la canalización, la descarga de aguas residuales, la basura y la pérdida de zonas ribereñas. Objetivo: Nuestro propósito es obtener información sobre la condición, el estado del conocimiento y las amenazas de nuestros ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica. Métodos: Para esto se compartió una encuesta entre investigadores de la región, contactados en su mayoría a través de la red Macrolatinos@ (www.macrolatinos.net). Resultados: Se recibieron 104 respuestas de personas en 18 países, de los 23 que conforman Latinoamérica. La mayoría de los ríos urbanos se encuentran degradados, principalmente por los aportes de contaminantes y la descarga de aguas residuales. Existen ríos que han sido canalizados completamente, sin embargo, otros presentan algunos tramos con estructuras duras y muy pocos muestran una condición natural. El manejo de las aguas residuales y de la escorrentía de lluvias se identificaron como un factor importante en estos ríos. Es común encontrar sistemas combinados de alcantarillado y escorrentía de lluvias, que finalmente se mezclan y llegan a los ríos sin un tratamiento considerable. Las principales limitaciones para la conservación y restauración de los ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica es la falta de conocimiento ecológico, el desinterés del ciudadano y la falta de voluntad política. Aunque existen esfuerzos aislados que viene trabajando por restaurar tanto los ríos como las zonas ribereñas, estos son pasos iniciales que necesitan un mayor desarrollo. Conclusiones: Nuestra red de investigación de científicos latinoamericanos demostró ser una herramienta valiosa para evaluar una cantidad de ríos urbanos de forma rápida y precisa. Nuestros ríos enfrentan una serie de impactos estresantes, por lo que requieren urgente gestión. Se proponen tres áreas o enfoques particulares para mejorar la comprensión y gestión de los ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica: (1) Los estudios deben centrarse desde la visión de cuenca, (2) Es necesario una comprensión de la función del ecosistema acuático y la identificación de los servicios ecosistémicos, para justificar la gestión y restauración, y finalmente, (3) Los modelos de pagos por servicios ambientales pueden ser una buena estrategia para gestionar proyectos de conservación y restauración en las cuencas altas de estos ríos urbanos.

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O relato de experiência aqui apresentado trata de uma oficina que teve como base a leitura de Quarto de despejo: diário de uma favelada, de Carolina Maria de Jesus. O caminho metodológico da oficina contou com os seguintes passos: 1. Orientações prévias aos participantes. 2. Montagem do cenário da oficina. 3. Aquecimento. 4. Atividade principal: vivência das estações. 5. Fechamento. O material utilizado foram objetos específicos que remetiam ao livro, bem como materiais diversos para montagem das estações. Participaram da oficina 18 integrantes do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Poder, Cultura e Práticas Coletivas (Gepcol), das áreas de Psicologia, Pedagogia e Geografia, com idades entre 22 e 50 anos, majoritariamente composto por mulheres e tendo alguns participantes que se autodeclararam negros/as. O presente estudo focou em duas das estações realizadas na oficina "A mulher Carolina e Cenário Político". A partir da perspectiva decolonial, este estudo buscou trazer ao contexto acadêmico linguagens e formatos para produção de conhecimento que foram historicamente alijados dos espaços de representatividade e poder, tanto na ciência como na política.

The experience report presented herein was a workshop that was based on the reading of Room of Eviction: diary of a favela, by Carolina Maria de Jesus. The workshop's methodology included the following steps: 1. Previous guidance to participants. 2. Setting the scene. 3. Warming-up. 4. Main activity: experience of the seasons. 5. Closing. The material used were specific objects that referred to the book, as well as various materials for assembling the stations. Eighteen members of the study and research group about Power, Culture and Collective Practices (Gepcol), from the areas of psychology, pedagogy and geography, aged between 22 and 50 years old. The group was composed mostly by women, some of them self-declared black people. The present study focused on two of the stations held in the workshop: Carolina as a woman and the Political Scenario. From a decolonial perspective, this study sought to bring to the academic context languages and formats for the production of knowledge that have historically been excluded from the spaces of representation and power, both in science and in politics.

El informe de experiencia aquí presentado trata sobre un workshop que se basó en la lectura de la Sala del desalojo: diario de una favela, de Carolina Maria de Jesus. La metodología incluyó los siguientes pasos: 1. Orientación previa para los participantes. 2. Montaje del escenario del workshop. 3. Preparación. 4. Actividad principal: experiencia de las estaciones. 5. Cierre. El material utilizado fueron objetos específicos que se referían al libro, así como diversos materiales para ensamblar las estaciones. Dieciocho miembros del Grupo de Estudios e Investigación sobre Poder, Cultura y Prácticas Colectivas (GEPCOL) participaron, desde las áreas de psicología, pedagogía y geografía, con edades entre 22 y 50 años, en su mayoría compuesto por mujeres y con algunos participantes que se declararon a sí mismos gente negra. El presente estudio se centró en dos de las estaciones realizadas en el workshop: Carolina mujer y el Escenario político. Desde una perspectiva descolonial, este estudio buscó traer al contexto académico lenguajes y formatos para la producción de conocimiento que históricamente han sido excluidos de los espacios de representación y poder, tanto en la ciencia como en la política.

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The Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and presents an immeasurable and still underexplored ecological diversity. Despite the exuberance of its endemic species, it is one of the 25 global hotspots, due to a high natural biodiversity wealth along with an expressive environment destruction. In this study, we surveyed the knowledge on medicinal use of Cerrado plants held by individuals living in a predominantly Cerrado region. A semi-structured individual questionnaire for qualitative socio-economic characterization and medicinal use of plants was applied to Public Health Service users of the city of Assis, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Assis Regional Hospital (Protocol 4812010). Out of 149 respondents, 90.6% reported knowledge and/or use of plants for therapeutic purposes. Among 115 mentioned plant species, only 11.4% belong to the Cerrado. We also evaluated how matching were the reported uses and the respective published data from scientific studies on the plants' medicinal properties. It was verified that for the few Cerrado plants cited, the respondents described several medicinal applications not scientifically described. More precisely, 60.5% of all medicinal applications were not found in the scientific literature. Besides that, many of the therapeutic effects described in the literature for the Cerrado species were not cited by the interviewed population. Our results indicate a relative unawareness of people on the medicinal potential of the native species of their residence region. We suggest that strengthening connection between popular and scientific knowledge, along with spreading such knowledge, could contribute for an improved valuation about the Cerrado biome and consecutive preservation of it.KEYWORDS: Popular knowledge. Scientific knowledge. Valuation about the biome. INTRODUCTION Use of medicinal plants dates back to ancient times (DUTRA et al., 2016) and, over time, accumulated empirical evidence produced from popular knowledge has enabled incorporation of phytotherapy into traditional medicine with positive results (SANTOS et al., 2011). With the advent of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, many of these plants began to be safely used in the production ofherbal medicines for treatment of different diseases, such as infections, tissue inflammation, and pain (EKOR, 2014). It is currently known that several secondary metabolites produced by plants not only protect themselves from herbivory and pathogens, for instance (FÜRSTENBERG-HÄGG; ZAGROBELNY; BAK, 2013; SANCHÉZ-SANCHÉZ; MORQUECHO-CONTRERAS, 2017), but also have beneficial effects on human health (TAIZ; ZEIGER, 2010). However, in many countries, including those that hold a large biodiversity, the native medicinal flora is still barely studied by scientific methods (RIBEIRO et al., 2014). The Cerrado is the second largest biome after the Amazon in Brazil. Although the extensive area of 2,036,448 km2 occupied nowadays by this biome (BARBOSA, 2017), much of the Cerrado has already been transformed into pasture, grain crops or devastated for other uses (KLINK; MACHADO, 2005). Currently, only 8,21% of its total area is fully protected (BARBOSA, 2017). As a result, it is one of the most threatened biomes in the world. According to Mittermeier et al. (2005), the Brazilian Cerrado is one of the 25 global hotspots, areas with concentration of endemic species and exceptional ongoing destruction. Many communities resident in Cerrado regions are comprised of poor people with restricted access to public health services and often dependent Received: 14/05/18 Accepted: 20/11/19

O Cerrado é o segundo maior bioma do Brasil, apresenta uma diversidade ecológica imensurável e ainda pouco explorada. Apesar da exuberância de suas espécies endêmicas, é um dos 25 hotspots globais, pois apresenta alta riqueza natural em termos de biodiversidade e destruição expressiva de seu meio ambiente. Neste estudo, pesquisamos o conhecimento sobre o uso medicinal de plantas do Cerrado entre indivíduos que vivem em uma região predominantemente do Cerrado. Um questionário individual semiestruturado com perguntas de caráter socioeconômicas qualitativas e referentes ao uso medicinal de plantas foi aplicado aos usuários do Serviço de Saúde Pública da cidade de Assis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Regional de Assis (Protocolo 4812010). Dos 149 entrevistados, 90,6% relataram conhecimento e / ou uso de plantas para fins terapêuticos. Entre as 115 espécies de plantas mencionadas, 11,4% pertencem ao Cerrado. Também avaliamos a correlação entre os usos relatados e os respectivos dados publicados em estudos científicos sobre as propriedades medicinais das plantas.Verificou-se que, para as poucas plantas de Cerrado citadas, os entrevistados descreveram diversas aplicações medicinais não descritas cientificamente. Mais precisamente, 60,5% do total das aplicações medicinais não foram encontrados na literatura científica. Além disso, muitos dos efeitos terapêuticos descritos na literatura para as espécies do Cerrado não foram citados pela população entrevistada. Portanto, sugerimos que o fortalecimento da conexão entre conhecimento popular e científico, aliado à disseminação desse conhecimento, poderia contribuir para uma maior valorização do bioma Cerrado e consequentemente a preservação do mesmo.

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Resumo O documento que o leitor encontrará a seguir é a transcrição inédita e modernizada do manuscrito História do descobrimento da cochonilha no Brasil, editado pelo médico e químico Manuel Joaquim Henriques de Paiva entre os anos de 1774 e 1801. O propósito de Paiva, com essa versão revista e anotada do estudo pioneiro de seu irmão, o médico José Henriques Ferreira, era estimular a cultura e o comércio da cochonilha, um inseto produtor de corante avermelhado muito requisitado na Europa. A História..., portanto, fornece indícios do papel capital dos saberes ditos científicos para o fomento e engrandecimento do Reino português e de sua principal colônia.

Abstract A previously unpublished, modernized transcript of the manuscript História do descobrimento da cochonilha no Brasil (History of the discovery of the cochineal in Brazil), edited by the physician and chemist Manuel Joaquim Henriques de Paiva between 1774 and 1801, is presented. By bringing out this reviewed, annotated version of the pioneering study by his brother, the physician José Henriques Ferreira, Paiva wanted to encourage the culture and trade of the cochineal, an insect that produced a red dye that was in great demand in Europe. História... thus provides indications of the key role of so-called scientific knowledge in the development and growth of the Portuguese kingdom and their primary colony.

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Resumen La virtud es una materia abordada desde diversas perspectivas, con inclusiones, exclusiones y repeticiones de características que le dan o anulan sentido a su esencia. Este artículo identifica los pilares que fundamentan su, analizando y contrastando diferentes aspectos encontrados en la literatura citada. Se proponen tres factores: hecho moral, carácter y voluntad, que se plantean y justifican como elementales y necesarios para que prevalezca como tal. A su vez, con base en dichos elementos de virtud, se detectaron tres latitudes: conocimiento y razón, acciones realizadas, e intencionalidad. El paralelismo entre estos factores de la virtud y latitudes de la comunicación científica puede expresarse de las siguientes maneras: (i) al factor de carácter le corresponde la latitud del conocimiento y la razón, ya que el conocimiento de la ciencia del investigador comprendería manejo de literatura, herramientas, técnicas y métodos; (ii) el hecho moral, como elemento de la virtud, da pie a la latitud de acciones realizadas en cultura científica, comprendiendo el acto investigativo en sí, el trabajo de campo, redacción de artículos y la búsqueda de espacios para la comunicación; y (iii) el elemento de la voluntad, que trae consigo la latitud de la intencionalidad, implica la inclinación e interés del investigador, ya sea motivada por su búsqueda de reconocimiento, logro personal o profesional y posibilita el logro de incentivos para continuar realizando la actividad científica.

Abstract Virtue is a subject addressed from different perspectives, with inclusions, exclusions and repetitions of characteristics that give or nullify meaning to its essence. This article identifies the pillars that support the existence of the same, analyzing and contrasting different aspects found in the cited literature. Three factors are proposed: moral fact, character and will, which are raised and justified as elementary and necessary to prevail as such. In turn, based on these elements of virtue, three latitudes were detected: knowledge and reason; actions done; and intentionality. The parallelism between these factors of virtue and latitudes of scientific communication can be expressed in the following ways: (i) the character factor corresponds to the latitude of knowledge and reason since the knowledge of the researcher's science would include handling of literature , tools, techniques and methods; (ii) the moral fact as an element of virtue, gives rise to the latitude of actions carried out in scientific culture, including the investigative act itself, the fieldwork, the writing of articles, and the search for spaces for communication; and (iii) the element of the will, which brings with it the latitude of intentionality, implies the inclination and interest of the researcher, whether motivated by his search for recognition, personal or professional achievement and enables the achievement of incentives to continue carrying out the scientific activity.

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Resumen El trabajo tiene puesto su foco de atención en el proceso de construcción de conocimientos sobre enfermedades. El objetivo general es analizar ese proceso a partir de dos enfermedades en clave comparada: el Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico y la fibromialgia. Se reflexiona sobre cómo la construcción de conocimientos biomédicos modela el diseño de las políticas de salud. Nuestra estrategia de investigación se basó en el análisis de la literatura científica y de los programas de salud y proyectos de ley de Argentina. El análisis se basó en el modelo axial de categorías diagnósticas (semiológicas, morfológicas, explicativas y epidemiológicas) desarrollado por Camargo Jr. con el fin de detectar cómo se traducen los rasgos propios de la esfera biomédica en la esfera política. La investigación demostró que es decisiva la jerarquía otorgada a cada eje de definición de categoría diagnóstica al momento de diseñar una política de salud y reveló que cuando el campo biomédico no logra definir a la enfermedad en función de su raciocinio clínico-epidemiológico se invierten los roles entre la biomedicina y la política. Entonces es la política la que reconoce a la enfermedad otorgando esa legitimidad que los pacientes necesitan.

Abstract The article deals with the construction of knowledge about diseases. The general objective is to analyze the process of constructing scientific knowledge of two diseases in comparative perspective: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Fibromyalgia. The work reflects on the construction of biomedical knowledge and health policies, specifically how scientific knowledge impacts on the design of policies. Our research strategy was based on the analysis of scientific literature, health programs and bills of Argentina. The analysis was based on the axial model of diagnostic categories (semiological, morphological, explanatory and epidemiological) developed by Camargo Jr in order to detect how the distinctive features of biomedical sphere is translated into the political sphere. The investigation showed that the hierarchy given to each axis when a disease is defined at the moment of designing health policies is curcial. It also revealed that when biomedicine can not define the disease, based on their clinical and epidemiological reasoning, the roles are reversed. Then it is politics that recognizes the disease and gives the legitimacy that patients need.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify coincidences and differences in the identification and prioritization of maternal healthcare service problems in Mexico based on the perspective of tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge that may offer evidence that can contribute to attaining the Sustainable Development Goals. METHODS: Mixed study performed in three stages: 1) systematization of maternal healthcare service problems identified by tacit knowledge (derived from professional experience); 2) identification of maternal healthcare service problems in Latin America addressed by explicit knowledge (scientific publications); 3) comparison between the problems identified by tacit and explicit knowledge. RESULTS: The main problems of maternal health services identified by tacit knowledge are related to poor quality of care, while the predominant problems studied in the scientific literature are related to access barriers to health services. Approximately, 70% of the problems identified by tacit knowledge are also mentioned in the explicit knowledge. Conversely, 70% of the problems identified in the literature are also considered by tacit knowledge. Nevertheless, when looking at the problems taken one by one, no statistically significant similarities were found. CONCLUSIONS: The study discovered that the identification of maternal health service problems by tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge is fairly comparable, according to the comparability index used in the study, and highlights the interest of integrating both approaches in order to improve prioritization and decision making towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Este editorial analiza algunas de las implicaciones de validar casi exclusivamente el trabajo investigativo y las revistas académicas arbitradas mediante sistemas de evaluación de revistas (índices), como Publindex en Colombia. Se reconoce la contribución que estos sistemas han hecho para mejorar la calidad de publicaciones y artículos pero enfatiza la necesidad de involucrar las comunidades académicas para determinar el valor del conocimiento y los procesos para generarlo. Se reflexiona también sobre el contexto de la investigación odontológica, las estrategias que Universitas Odontologica ha empleado para cumplir su misión y visión, y sus desafíos como revista institucional pequeña en odontología.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to propose equivalence relations as a structural criterion or analytical order, through which the functions of knowledge required in a scientific activity are delimited. It begins by considering knowledge as a phenomenon studied by psychology, whose explanation requires giving an account of the way in which such behavioral or knowledge functions are established, organized and updated. It is considered that the procedures of matching-to-sample allow understanding the way of abstracting the analytical categories that scientifically structure the knowledge of reality. When using these procedures, new relationships are derived that without the need for direct training, cannot be explained based on principles of stimulus generalization, but rather as equivalent relations differentiated through previous training. They get a closure in an analytical category, once the categorical criteria are abstracted or if desired, when these relationships are nominated. And when categorized or nominated, they transcend the situation, since nominating is understood as an adjustment to conventional criteria. Once situational interactions are nominated, they regulate all social practices, including practices of scientific knowledge.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é propor as relações de equivalência como critério estrutural ou de ordenamento analítico pelo qual possam ser delimitadas as funções do conhecimento requeridas numa atividade científica. Parte-se de considerar o conhecimento como um fenômeno estudado pela psicologia e cuja explicação requer evidenciar a maneira na qual são estabelecidas, organizadas e atualizadas as funções comportamentais ou do conhecimento. Desse modo, considera-se que as tarefas de igualação à amostra permitem compreender o modo de abstrair as categorias analíticas que estruturam cientificamente o conhecimento da realidade. Quando são usados esses procedimentos, são derivadas novas relações que, sem a necessidade de um treinamento direto, não podem ser explicadas com base em princípios de generalização de estímulos, mas sim como relações equivalentes diferenciadas mediante os treinamentos prévios e que adquirem uma delimitação numa categoria analítica quando são abstraídos os critérios categoriais ou, se se quiser, quando essas relações são nominadas. Assim, ao serem categorizadas ou nominadas, elas transcendem a situação -porque nominar se entende como um ajuste a critérios convencionais- e, uma vez que as interações situacionais são nominadas, regulam todas as práticas sociais, incluídas as práticas do conhecimento científico.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es proponer las relaciones de equivalencia como criterio estructural o de ordenamiento analítico mediante el cual se puedan delimitar las funciones del conocimiento requeridas en una actividad científica. Se parte de considerar al conocimiento como un fenómeno estudiado por la psicología y cuya explicación requiere de dar cuenta de la manera en que se establecen, organizan y actualizan las funciones conductuales o del conocimiento. De este modo, se considera que las tareas de igualación a la muestra permiten comprender el modo de abstraer las categorías analíticas que estructuran científicamente el conocimiento de la realidad. Cuando se usan estos procedimiento, se derivan nuevas relaciones sin la necesidad de un entrenamiento directo y que no pueden explicarse con base en principios de generalización de estímulos, sino, más bien, como relaciones equivalentes diferenciadas mediante los entrenamientos previos y que adquieren un cierre en una categoría analítica cuando se abstraen los criterios categoriales o, si se quiere, cuando estas relaciones se nominan. Así, al categorizarse o nominarse, estas trascienden la situación -porque nominar se entiende como un ajuste a criterios convencionales- y una vez que las interacciones situacionales se nominan, regulan todas las prácticas sociales, incluidas las prácticas del conocimiento científico.

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Abstract: We analyzed articles on studies carried out by doctors using qualitative methods. A literature search of articles published on the SciELO Brazil database between 2004 and 2013 was performed using the following keywords: qualitative research, interview, focus group, participant observation, content analysis, discourse analysis, social representation, and dialectical hermeneutics. The texts were analyzed using a theoretical framework based on the qualitative research review guidelines (RATS). Articles were grouped into the following categories: consistent, not very consistent, and inconsistent. A total of 135 articles were selected from 28 journals. The majority (64.4%) were considered consistent. The main weaknesses found were: lack of information on methodological path; superficial and descriptive analysis without reference to relevant literature; conclusions that did not advance beyond common sense; decontextualized results, and lack of study limitations. We concluded that the majority of the articles had scientific validity and suggest that journals covering the health field should provide specific norms for articles produced from qualitative studies.

Resumo: Analisamos artigos de pesquisas realizadas por médicos que utilizaram método qualitativo. A busca bibliográfica foi feita na base SciELO do Brasil no período de 2004 a 2013 com as palavras-chave: pesquisa qualitativa, entrevista, grupo focal, observação participante, análise de conteúdo, análise de discurso, representação social, hermenêutica-dialética. Abordamos os textos por meio de constructo teórico baseado nas diretrizes RATS para revisão de estudos qualitativos. Classificamos o material nas categorias: consistente, pouco consistente e inconsistente. Selecionamos 135 artigos de 28 periódicos. Consideramos a maioria consistente (64,4%). Os principais problemas encontrados foram: ausência de informações sobre percurso metodológico; análise parcial e descritiva, sem diálogo com a literatura; conclusões que não avançam além do senso comum; resultados descontextualizados e limitações do estudo não consideradas. Concluímos que a maior parte dos artigos analisados tem validade científica e sugerimos a inclusão de normas para esse tipo de publicação nos periódicos da área de saúde.

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