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OBJETIVO: Associar a trajetória de vida de Dom Pedro II com o começo da história da psiquiatria brasileira por meio do Hospício Pedro II. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma revisão narrativa da literatura com a pesquisa de três bases de dados: Google Scholar, PubMed e Web of Science (SciELO). RESULTADOS: A primeira instituição psiquiátrica brasileira, o Hospício Pedro II (1841-1889), foi criado por meio do Decreto nº 82, publicado no dia 18 de julho de 1841. Essa publicação ocorreu durante a cerimônia de coroação de Dom Pedro II. O objetivo dessa cerimônia de coroação era fortalecer o poder da monarquia brasileira e legitimizar a antecipação da maioridade do imperador com 14 anos. Ao longo dos 48 anos do império de Dom Pedro II, seus interesses culturais e científicos influenciaram o surgimento de uma incipiente pesquisa científica brasileira. Nesse sentido, o Hospício Pedro II não era apenas representativo de uma instituição de saúde, mas uma resposta às mudanças sociais e culturais que ocorreram após a chegada da família real portuguesa em 1808. Também era um representativo da influência da psiquiatria francesa baseada no tratamento moral de Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826). CONCLUSÃO: De forma concisa, o Hospício Pedro II era uma representação da personalidade de Dom Pedro II como um patrono da ciência, a emergência de uma psiquiatria brasileira e da hierarquia da sociedade imperial.

OBJECTIVE: Associate Dom Pedro II's life trajectory and the beginning of Brazilian psychiatry through the Pedro II Asylum. METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of the literature on three search databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science (SciELO). RESULTS: The first Brazilian psychiatry institution, the Pedro II Asylum (1841-1889), was created by the number 82 decree on 18 July 1841. The launching occurred at Dom Pedro II's coronation ceremony. It was a celebration that aimed at enhancing the Brazilian monarch's power and at legitimizing the emperor's adulthood at the age of fourteen. Throughout the 48 years of the Dom Pedro II empire, his cultural and science interests influenced the emergence of incipient Brazilian scientific research. In this regard, the Pedro II Asylum was portrayed not only as a health care institution but also undertook an effort to attend the social and cultural modifications promoted at the Brazilian imperial court after the Portuguese Crown family arrived in 1808. It also represented the influence of French psychiatry based on Phillipe Pinel's (1745- 1826) principles of moral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Concisely, the Pedro II Asylum was a representation of Dom Pedro II's personality as a patron of science, the emergence of Brazilian psychiatry, and the imperial society hierarchy.

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Maud Leonora Menten nació en Canadá, tuvo cuatro títulos universitarios: Bachiller en Artes, Master en Fisiología, médica y Doctora en Bioquímica. Trabajó en Estados Unidos, Alemania y Canadá. Trabajó en diferentes áreas: en la distribución de los iones cloruro en el sistema nervioso central, en tumores experimentales y su tratamiento con bromuro de radio, en el equilibrio ácido-base durante la anestesia, en el mecanismo hiperglucemiante de toxinas bacterianas, en el descubrimiento de un mecanismo de acoplamiento en química orgánica y hasta en la electroforesis de las hemoglobinas humanas. Sin embargo, el aporte por el cual es más conocida es su trabajo en el estudio de la cinética enzimática junto a Leonor Michaelis en 1913. El propósito de este trabajo es exponer la vida personal y académica de una científica conocida por la gran mayoría de los profesionales de la salud. La mujer que a principios del siglo XX trabajó con grandes investigadores de Canadá, Estados Unidos y Alemania, cuyos aportes científicos fueron reconocidos muchas décadas después. (AU)

Maud Leonora Menten was born in Canada; she had four university degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Physiology, Physician and Doctor of Biochemistry. She worked in the United States, Germany, and Canada. Maud worked in different areas: the distribution of chloride ions in the central nervous system, experimental tumors and their treatment with radium bromide, the acid-base balance during anesthesia, the hyperglycemic mechanism of bacterial toxins, the discovery of a coupling mechanism in organic chemistry and even the electrophoresis of human hemoglobins. However, the contribution for which she is best known is for her work in the study of enzymatic kinetics with Leonor Michaelis in 1913. The aim of this paper is to expose the personal and academic life of a scientist known to the vast majority of Health professionals. The woman who, at the beginning of the 20th century, worked with great researchers from Canada, the United States and Germany, whose scientific contributions were recognized many decades later. (AU)

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The essay examines the scientific representations that unfolded and evolved at the University of Puerto Rico School of Tropical Medicine (STM) under the auspices of Columbia University (1926-1949). This article on the STM's scientific endeavors is the fourth in a historical serial collection about the images and evolution of sciences at the institution and it portrays the diagrammatic representations of special technical research aspects and studies (i.e., personnel, epidemiology, methodology, animal studies, biology, field studies, treatment and immunology, and chemotherapy agents). The essay focuses on the emerged scientific representations and on the nature and evolution of sciences at the School, and has been divided into four sections: a) images of science, b) evolution during the first two eras, c) the third and last era unfolding, and d) special technical studies. In this paper the scientific representations have been brought about mainly through the analyses of research publications in external and local venues. The analysis of the STM's scientific evolution has been organized in three distinct historical stages: 1926-31, 1932-40, and 1941-49. These representations open an exploration pathway for a better understanding of the intricate interrelationships between the techné and the episteme horizons of tropical medical science in Puerto Rico.

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The essay examines the scientific representations that unfolded and evolved at the University of Puerto Rico School of Tropical Medicine (STM) under the auspices of Columbia University (1926-1949). It focuses on the emerged scientific representations and on the nature and evolution of sciences at the School, and has been divided into four sections: images of science, evolution during the first two eras (1926-31 and 1932-40), the unfolding last era (1941-49), and special technical studies. This article on the STM's scientific endeavors is the third in this historical serial collection about the images and evolution of sciences at the institution, and portrays the events and processes of the last scientific era. It analyzes the faculty's principal investigations, development of research programs, and concomitant scientific productivity and research outcomes. The scientific representations have been brought forth through the analyses of different sources: academic and research reports, and publications in external and local venues. The analysis of the STM's scientific evolution has been organized in three distinct chronological stages, while also considering other time evolving models (e.g., historical moments). The main themes of the collection are the scientific images and knowledge exemplars: the emergence of a tradition. An analytical framework of research schemas, exemplars of knowledge, and epistemes proved useful and constructive. These studies on the history of science allow for the postulation of an 'enriched thesis' on the different kinds of paradigmatic diseases of tropical medicine in Puerto Rico during the 20th Century, and enable further substantiation of the tropical obliviousness thesis.

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The essay examines the scientific representations that prevailed at the University of Puerto Rico School of Tropical Medicine (STM) under the auspices of Columbia University (1926-1949). This article on the STM's scientific endeavors is the first in a historical serial collection about the images and evolution of sciences at the institution. It reviews faculty's principal investigations (by disciplines and research problems), development of research programs, and concomitant scientific productivity and research outcomes. The essay focuses on the emerged scientific representations and the nature of sciences, and has been divided into four sections: 1) images of science, 2) the evolution of science in the first two eras (1926-40), 3) the third and last era unfolding (1941-49), and 4) special studies. This first paper focuses on the scientific images that emerged from an examination of communities' interactions, networks, and academic and foundational documents. The scientific representations have been brought about through the analyses of different sources: academic and research reports, and publications in external and local venues. The most significant findings of this representational inquiry are: the idea of an academic tropical center in the tropics had a shared colonial-metropolis image; the community of common, but unequal, scientific citizens became an integrated epistemological community; interdisciplinary cooperation was the School's research dictum; and an image of a mature science and school of tropical medicine emerged. The richness and varieties of the practices and outcomes of science at the STM are analytically viewed as research schemas, exemplars of knowledge (paradigms), and epistemological fields (epistemes).

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The essay examines the scientific representations that unfolded and manifested at the University of Puerto Rico School of Tropical Medicine (STM) under the auspices of Columbia University (1926-1949). It focuses on the emerged scientific representations and on the kind of science practiced at the School, and has been divided into four sections: images of science, evolution during the first two eras (1926-31 and 1932-40), the unfolding third and last era (1941-49), and special technical studies. This article on the STM's scientific endeavors is the second in this historical serial collection about the images and evolution of sciences at the institution, and portrays the events and processes of the first two scientific eras. It reviews the faculty's principal investigations, development of research programs, and concomitant scientific productivity and research outcomes. The following historical sources were considered: academic and research reports, and publications in external and local venues. On findings, bacteriological investigations and studies on mycology and dermatological fungal infections characterized research during the first era. Parasitology became the hegemonic science of tropical medicine during the second scientific era, in conjunction with important studies on nutrition and streptococcal bacteriological infections. Variations of an earlier tropical medicine discourse of 'abundance of material for study' were: the socioeconomic toll of tropical diseases and a biopower exertion of induced recruitment of medical bodies. And public health field-community studies became a critical research approach at-end of periods. The evolution of science in the last and third era will be the main subject of the next article.

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This article begins with a brief overview of the history of Brazil and that of Brazilian science, from the European discovery of the country in 1500 up to the early 21st century. The history of the fields of genetics and genomics, from the 1930s, is then first examined from the focal point of the lives and publications of the three persons who are generally considered to be the founders of genetics in Brazil (C. A. Krug, F. G. Brieger, and A. Dreyfus), and then by 12 other researchers up to 1999. The area of molecular genetics and genomics from 2000 to present is then described. Despite the problems of underdevelopment and the periodical political and economic crises that have affected life in Brazil, the fields of genetics and genomics in Brazil can be regarded as having developed at an appropriate pace, and have contributed in several major ways to world science.

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Este artigo constitui-se um esboço de alguns aspectos relevantes da vida de Nicolau Copérnico. Destaque para a sua atividade de médico praticante, pouco divulgada por seus biógrafos. Trata-se de tentativa de corrigir o conceito errôneo e muito divulgado de sua condição de sacerdote. Representa exame das razões de sua reserva e relutância em divulgar conclusões sobre sua hipótese heliocêntrica.

This paper introduces some relevant aspects of the life of Nicolaus Copernicus. It emphasizes his performance as a medical practitioner, which has been neglected by his biographers. This is an attempt to rectify the mistaken and widely spread idea of his conduct as a clergyman. It also assesses some reasons for his discretion and reluctance in publicizing his conclusions on the heliocentric hypothesis.

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