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Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud reporta que la caries en México afecta a 48 por ciento de los menores de 5 años y que 93 por ciento de los niños de 15 años la padecen. En conjunto se estima que 99 por ciento de la población ha tenido caries y que esta enfermedad es la causa más importante de la pérdida de dientes antes de los 35 años de edad. La pérdida principal la constituyen los primeros molares permanentes, estos órganos dentales acompañan a la dentición primaria en la boca de un niño transformando la oclusión de la primera dentición a la dentición mixta. El propósito de este trabajo fue identifi car la prevalencia y algunos factores de riesgo de caries en el primer molar permanente en una comunidad escolar del municipio de Tultitlán, Estado de México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prolectivo, transversal y descriptivo en una población de 560 escolares con una media de edad de 9.0 (± 2.0), mediana de 9.0 (6-12 años). Se valoró la presencia de placa dentobacteriana con el índice O’Leary y la experiencia de caries con los índices CPOD y CPOS. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries en el primer molar permanente en la población de estudio fue de 25.6 por ciento, el valordel índice CPOS fue de 1.6 ± 2.7; CPOD de 1.0 ± 1.4; los más afectados son los molares inferiores en 30.6 por ciento (n = 343) con un CPOS 1.0 (± 1.7) vs. los superiores 20.5 por ciento (n = 226) con un CPOS de 0.6 (± 1.4). De los riesgos analizados, el factor tiempo de exposición a la PDB medido a través de la edad mostró que los escolares ≥ 8 años tienen 7.1 veces más riesgo de presentar caries en el PMP que los menores de esa edad, siendo esta diferencia clínica estadísticamente significativa (RM = 8.1; IC95 por ciento 4.4-14.7, p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: Nuestra población de estudio muestra una similitud en los índices de caries en la dentición permanente con la literatura científica.

Introduction: The World Health Organization reports that tooth decay inMexico aff ects 48% of children under 5 years of age and 93% of childrenunder 15. Overall it is estimated that 99% of the population has hadtooth decay and that this disease is the most important cause of tooth lossbefore age 35. The greatest loss is of the fi rst permanent molars, thesedental organs represent the primary dentition in the mouth of a child,transforming with its presence the primary occlusion in mixed. Therefore,the purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and some risk factorsfor tooth decay in the fi rst permanent molar in a school community in themunicipality of Tultitlan, State of Mexico. Methods: An observational,prolective, transverse and descriptive study in a population of 560 studentswith a mean age of 9.0 (± 2.0), median of 9.0 (6-12 years), the presenceof dental plaque (biofi lm) was assessed with the O’Leary index and theexperience of tooth decay with the DMFT and DMF indexes. Results:The prevalence of tooth decay in the fi rst permanent molar in the studypopulation was 25.6%, the value of the DMF index was 1.6 ± 2.7; DMFTof 1.0 ± 1.4; the most aff ected were the lower molars with 30.6% (n = 343)with a DMF 1.0 (± 1.7) vs. the upper ones with 20.5% (n = 226) with aDMF of 0.6 (± 1.4). Of the risks analyzed, the factor «time of exposure toPDB¼ measured through age showed that, schoolchildren ≥ 8 years of ageare 7.1 times more likely to have tooth decay in the fi rst molar than childrenunder that age, this diff erence is clinically and statistically signifi cant (RM= 8.1, IC95% 4.4-14.7, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our study populationshows a similarity in the tooth decay indexes in permanent dentitionwith the one indicated in the scientifi c literature; of the risks analyzed,the exposure time to dental plaque (biofi lm) was the one that showed astatistically signifi cant diff erence.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar el saber tradicional en Odontología de padres de familia en una población escolar de la delegación Iztapalapa en la Ciudad de México, así como las prácticas y tipo de quehacer para resolver sus problemas orales y su asociación con la caries dental. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional realizado en 1474 padres de familia con sus respectivos hijos inscritos en diez escuelas primarias públicas, previa información del estudio y su autorización para su participación. Los resultados se capturaron en el programa de cómputo SPSS versión 15.0. Cuando se preguntó a los padres que es la caries dental, contestaron 36 opciones diferentes, el 25 % contestaron es cuando se pican o se hacen hoyos en los dientes. El 68 % de los padres explicaron que los motivos por lo que se pican los dientes es por mala higiene. El 60 % de ésta población únicamente asiste al Dentista por necesidades sentidas. Identificar el saber tradicional en Odontología de padres de familia en una población escolar de la delegación Iztapalapa en la Ciudad de México, así como las prácticas y tipo de quehacer para resolver sus problemas bucales, nos permite conocer el conocimiento que tiene la población con respecto a su salud bucal y retroalimentar el conocimiento científico, donde ambos actores sociales se transforman.

The objective of this work was to identify the traditional knowledge of dental health of parents, in a school population of the Iztapalapa delegation in Mexico City, as well as their practices and how they handle solving oral health problems, as well as their association with dental caries. A cross-sectional descriptive and observational study was carried out in 1474 parents with their respective children enrolled in ten public elementary schools, after receiving information about the study and authorization to participate. The results were captured in the SPSS software version 15.0. When parents were asked what tooth decay is, they answered from 36 different options; 25% answered when teeth are decayed or punctured. 68% of the parents explained that the reasons teeth are decayed is poor hygiene. 60% of this population only attends the Dentist when the need arises. To identify the traditional knowledge of parents with respect to oral health in a school population of the Iztapalapa delegation in Mexico City, as well as the practices and management to solve their oral health problems, allows us access to information of the knowledge this population has with respect to their oral health and provides scientific feedback, where both social participants are transformed.

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Se presentan los resultados del estudio realizado en la delegación Iztapalapa en el Distrito Federal de cronología y secuencia de la erupción en población escolar y su comparación con las tablas de Hurme. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la cronología y secuencia de la erupción en la dentición permanente de la población escolar de seis a doce años de 19 escuelas primarias públicas, ubicadas en las cuatro regiones educativas de esta delegación. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional, con una muestra por conveniencia de 5915 escolares, de 19 escuelas primarias públicas de la delegación Iztapalapa en el Distrito Federal. Se realizó la revisión de la cavidad oral tomando como diente erupcionado cuando una parte o toda la corona de éstos se encontraban erupcionadas. La información se capturó en el Programa de Cómputo SPSS versión 15.0. La edad media de erupción de los dientes permanentes de los escolares que participaron en este estudio, en el cuadrante superior fue: los incisivos centrales a los 9,3 años, incisivos laterales 9,7, los caninos 10,9, primeros premolares 10,4, segundos premolares 10,7, primeros molares 8,9 y segundos molares a los 11,2 años. En el cuadrante inferior: los incisivos centrales a los 8,9 años, incisivos laterales 9,3, caninos 10,9, primeros premolares 10,1, segundos premolares 10,6, primeros molares 8,8 y segundos molares a los 11,0 años. La cronología de la erupción en los escolares Iztapalapa fue más tardía con respecto a las tablas de Hurme.

Chronology and eruption sequence study results in the Iztapalapa delegation from México City are presented in comparison with the Hurme tables. The objective of this study was to identify the chronology and sequence of the permanent teeth eruption in a school population between six and twelve years old from 19 public elementary schools, located in the four educational regions in the Iztapalapa delegation, Mexico City. We carried out a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study, with a convenience sample of 5915 students from 19 elementary public schools in the Iztapalapa delegation, Mexico City. The collection of information was performed from September 2012 to November 2013, the oral exam was done considering as an erupted tooth, when a part or the entire crown were found in the mouth. The information was collected in a special poll designed for this study, in this poll we recorded with the number one, if the tooth was erupted and with the number two if it was not found in the mouth. This information was captured in the SPSS software versión 15.0. When comparing the eruption from the students in Iztapalapa and the Hurme studies, in the upper quadrant, canines as well as the second premolars in both sexes erupted first in Iztapalapa. The rest of the teeth erupted first in the students from the Hurme studies. In the lower quadrant the only teeth that erupted first were second premolars, the rest of the teeth erupted first in the Hurme studies. The chronology of the eruption in Iztapalapa school was later regarding Hurme tables.

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Introducción Los estudios epidemiológicos en nuestro país muestran un incremento en el consumo de drogas ilegales y de alcohol. La edad de inicio también ha disminuido, especialmente en el consumo de alcohol. Por su parte, el consumo de inhalables se ha incrementado en forma importante, especialmente entre las mujeres jóvenes. Son diversos los factores asociados al consumo de drogas, pero de manera importante destacan el desarrollo de estrategias de resistencia, junto con sus habilidades sociales subyacentes, así como los estilos parentales de crianza. Método La presente es una encuesta probabilística en población escolar de secundarias y bachilleratos de la Ciudad de México que se levantó en noviembre del 2012, con representación a nivel de cada Delegación. La muestra fue de 26 503 alumnos. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario estandarizado y validado en encuestas anteriores. Resultados El consumo de tabaco disminuyó significativamente (de 44.3% a 41.0%), el 32.9% de los adolescentes comenzó a utilizar tabaco antes de los 13 años. El 68.2% consumió alcohol alguna vez; en tanto que la edad de inicio promedio de consumo de esta sustancia se mantuvo en los 12.6 años. La prevalencia de consumo de drogas alguna vez aumentó de 21.5% a 24.4%. La mariguana es la droga de preferencia en la población estudiantil (15.9%). También se encontraron incrementos en la presencia de abuso sexual, mientras que el intento suicida disminuyó. Discusión Los resultados muestran el continuo crecimiento que tiene esta problemática, aunque los inhalables se mantuvieron constantes y el tabaco disminuyó de manera importante. Dado estos resultados, es una tarea preponderante dedicar más esfuerzos a la prevención con estudios e intervenciones evaluadas para preescolar y primaria, así como para los padres de familia y los maestros.

Introduction Epidemiological studies in our country show increases in the consumption of illegal drugs and alcohol. The age of onset has decreased, especially regarding alcohol use. Meanwhile, consumption of inhalants has increased significantly, especially among young women. There are several factors associated with drug use, but the development of resistance strategies, along with its underlying social skills and parenting styles, stand out in a significant way. Method Data comes from a probabilistic survey carried out in November 2012, with students from 7th to 12th school grades, in Mexico City, which was representative for each of its districts. The sample was 26 503 students. Information was obtained through a questionnaire standardized and validated in previous surveys. Results Tobacco consumption decreased significantly (44.3% to 41.0%); 32.9% of the adolescents began its use before age 13. Lifetime consumption of alcohol was 68.2%, while the average age of onset of cannabis use remained at 12.6 years. Lifetime prevalence of any drug use increased from 21.5% to 24.4%. Marijuana was the first drug of choice among students (15.9%). Increases were also found in sexual abuse rate, while suicide attempt decreased. Discussion Although inhalants use remained stable and tobacco use decreased significantly, results show the continued growth of drug use. Given this context, concentrating more efforts in prevention with studies and evaluated interventions for pre-school and elementary school students, as well as for parents and teachers, is a preponderant task.

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El objetivo es comparar el consumo de drogas a través de dos metodologías, la metodología de pares (MP) y la metodología del cuestionario auto registrado (CAR). La población está compuesta por escolares de género masculino, que cursan entre 8° básico y 4° medio. La muestra alcanzó a 301 escolares. Los resultados obtenidos son, una tendencia a mayor consumo general con la MP que con el CAR; igualmente, en el último mes el consumo muestra una tendencia al aumento con la MP en comparación con el CAR. En ambos períodos no hubo significación estadística. Por otro lado, el consumo de drogas ilícitas en los últimos 12 meses, fue el doble con la MP. En cuanto al consumo de los últimos 30 días, también se duplica al indagar con la MP. La declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas es significativamente mayor con la MP que con el CAR, en ambos períodos estudiados. El consumo de marihuana, en ambos períodos, es el de mayor consumo entre las drogas ilícitas. Todas las diferencias alcanzaron significación y por lo tanto, la hipótesis que indica utilizando la MP se obtiene mayor declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas se ratifica.

The objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not be affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year, tend to be higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples, during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP, particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.

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In the course of the last three years, a wide range of epidemiological studies related to drug use has been conducted, both at a national and international level. Talking about national studies in the field of school population, surveys have been conducted in the states of Colima, Nuevo León and Jalisco, as well as surveys in university population, among others. Regarding tobacco use, several studies were made and they covered many cities of the country. About household surveys, the fifth National Addictions Survey (ENA) was carried out in 2008 and it provided data at a national and state level. The Global Survey of Smoking in Adults (GATS) was also made having nationwide coverage. In relation to tobacco use, the trend shows a decrease in the prevalence of consumption. This is shown in ENA 2008 and GATS, as well as school population studies in different states. For alcohol consumption, the situation is different; both for the prevalence and for the proportion of people who start its early consumption, significant increases have been reported throughout the country. Alcohol abuse remains constant and is similar between men and women. When considering the use of illegal drugs, there is an overall increase. As for marijuana, data indicates that its consumption has increased and that it remains as the primary drug of use. However, the main increase is for inhalants, particularly among school population and especially in women. For cocaine, data from United Nations shows a significant decrease in the supply of this substance due to the increase of seizures. Data from ENA 2008 shows that the use of this drug has doubled between 2002 and 2008. The United Nations report indicates that the increase in our country is apparent until 2005 and since then it has been decreasing. Methamphetamine use remains low and it does not increase. Only in the case of the population that goes to service centers for drug users, a high rate of consumption is found. Finally, the consumption of heroin and hallucinogens is low. Chihuahua remains as the state with the most problems in the use of heroine. Most recent surveys have allowed us to see, in general, some of the trajectories in adolescent mental health, where sexual abuse is presented first in women, followed by ADDH, then the consumption of legal drugs, antisocial behavior, use of inhalants and suicide attempt. Then drug consumption, marijuana and cocaine. In men, the sequence is similar, although they face ADDH first and then sexual abuse. In this context, the objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of drug, alcohol and tobacco use, as well as consumption trends in school population from 7th to 12th grade from Mexico City and its political delegations. Method To ensure the comparability with similar studies carried out in Mexico in school population, the methodology used in this study maintains the basic aspects of the previous measurements that have been made in students from 7th to 1 2th grade from Mexico City and other states. The project had the approval of the ethics committee from the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, and was approved by the educational authorities of Mexico City to be applied in school population. The unit of analysis from which the information was obtained were the students enrolled in 7th to 12th grade in 2008-2009 from public and private schools in Mexico City. The sampling frame was developed based on the official records of the 2008-2009 school year. A non-response rate of 20%, a confidence level of 95% and an average absolute error of 0.004 were considered. The sample design was stratified by level of education (7th to 9th grades and 10th to 12th grades) and political delegations, which gave 32 different strata. It was also clustered by scholar group which was the primary unit of selection. The sample of groups and students were weighted considering the group, educational level and the delegation. A final sample of 22 980 subjects was obtained: 49.8% were female and 50.2% were men. 56.3% of the sample attended to 7th to 9th grades and 43.7% attended to 10th to 12th grades. In addition, most of the male and female adolescents were full-time students during the year prior to the study and only 7% of men and 5.1% of women were not students. 23.3% of men and 11.9% of women worked part or full time, and additionally, most of them had both parents. The information was obtained through a standardized questionnaire, which has been applied in previous surveys and has been previously validated. Due to the extension of the instrument, four forms were used to include various sections, the main part of questionnaire was administered to all subjects and the last two pages corresponded to forms, so each form was applied to one quarter of the sample. Alcohol consumption indicators used are comparable with WHO indicators, international observatories from Europe and the ones used in <

Introducción En los últimos tres años, se ha realizado una amplia gama de estudios epidemiológicos, a nivel nacional e internacional, sobre el consumo de drogas. En cuanto a tabaco, la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2008, la encuesta de GATS y los estudios estatales en población escolar muestran una tendencia importante a la disminución del consumo de la sustancia. Para el consumo de alcohol, tanto en la prevalencia como en la proporción de personas que inicia su consumo temprano, se han reportado incrementos. El abuso de alcohol se mantiene constante y similar entre hombres y mujeres. Al considerar el uso de drogas ilegales hay incrementos importantes. El incremento más pronunciado es el de los inhalables, especialmente en mujeres. En cuanto a la cocaína, la ENA 2008 señala que se ha duplicado el consumo y el informe de la ONU indica que al parecer el incremento se da hasta 2005 y a partir de ahí ha disminuido. Las metanfetaminas mantienen una prevalencia baja. Sólo entre quienes acuden a los centros de servicio para usuarios de drogas se encuentra un alto consumo. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las prevalencias del uso de drogas, alcohol y tabaco, así como las tendencias de consumo en la población de estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior de la Ciudad de México. Método El marco muestral se elaboró con base en los registros oficiales del ciclo escolar 2008-2009 de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP). Se consideró una tasa de no respuesta de 20%, un nivel de confianza de 95%, con un error absoluto promedio de 0.004. El diseño de la muestra fue estratificado y por conglomerados; la unidad de selección fue el grupo escolar. Se obtuvo una muestra final de 22 980 sujetos y quedó conformada por 49.8% de mujeres y 50.2% de hombres. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario estandarizado, que ha sido aplicado y validado en las anteriores encuestas. Los indicadores de consumo de alcohol, drogas y tabaco empleados son comparables con los indicadores de la OMS, de los observatorios internacionales de Europa y de los usados en <

RESUMO

El problema del consumo de drogas es una preocupación mundial fundamentalmente en términos de prevención. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar factores predictores del inicio en el consumo de drogas lícitas en escolares de 4° a 7° básico. Se encuestaron 234 participantes de dos comunas de Santiago, mediante la metodología de pares (Rodríguez & Hernández, 2005). Los resultados muestran que si bien el consumo en el último mes parece estar disminuyendo, el consumo escolar está en aumento y a una edad más temprana, lo que predice un aumento del consumo futuro. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados al uso de drogas licitas en la muestra serían no vivir con alguno de sus padres y la participación en peleas callejeras. Dentro de los factores protectores, el género femenino presenta menor riesgo de inicio en la edad escolar.

Drug consumption is a problem of global concern primarily in terms of prevention. The objective of this research was to identify the factors that predict initial legal drug consumption in school children from 4a1 to 7"¹ grade. The peer methodology (Rodríguez & Hernßndez, 2005) was applíed to 234 partícípants from two counties in Santiago. The results showed that although drug consumption in the past month was in decline, school children are starting legal drug consumption earlier, which will increase its general use in the future. The main factors that predict the risk of legal drug consumption are not living with on of the parents and involvement in street fights. The feminine gender was the main protective factor for beginning drug consumption at this age.

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