RESUMO

Olfactory behaviors serve a wide variety of social functions in mammals. Odor may signal information about attributes of individuals important for mating and reproduction. Olfactory behaviors, such as scent-marking, may also function as part of home range or resource defense strategies. We assessed the potential social and home range defense functions of olfactory behavior in a pair-living and sexually monogamous primate, Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae), in the Argentinian Chaco. This is the most extensive investigation of owl monkey olfactory behaviors in the wild. Individuals regularly performed olfactory behaviors (group mean + SD = 1.3 + 0.5 per hour). The patterns were generally comparable to those observed in studies of captive owl monkeys, except that urine washing was the most common behavior in the wild, as opposed to scent-marking and genital inspections. Most olfactory behaviors were performed by adults, and there were striking sex differences in genital inspections: almost all consisted of an adult male inspecting the paired adult female. These findings suggest that olfactory behaviors play an important role in signaling and coordinating reproduction among owl monkeys, particularly during periods of female conception and pregnancy. Additionally, our research indicates that these behaviors may also serve as a defense strategy for maintaining the core area of their home ranges. This study offers the first assessment of the role of olfactory behaviors in reproductive contexts and home range defense in pair-living, monogamous platyrrhine primates.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Prior studies from others, performed in a different breed, reported that doe rabbits developing between two male siblings (2 M) during gestation display characteristics indicative of masculinization: larger anogenital distance (AGD), larger submandibular glands, and higher chinning frequency than females with zero (0 M) or one (1 M) contiguous brothers. Similar effects are provoked by injecting androgens to the pregnant doe suggesting that prenatal androgen exposure masculinizes female embryos. To further understand the scope of such masculinization we compared 0 M, 1 M, and 2 M females regarding behavioral, neuroendocrine, and somatic parameters, related or not to reproduction. IUP did not impact: body weight, sexual receptivity, mating-induced LH secretion, maternal nest-building, litter size, or milk output. At puberty: a) chinning frequency was: 0 M and males>1 M and 2 M; b) ambulation in open field was lowest in 1 M females and males. IUP effects on AGD were significant only on postnatal day 1: 0 M, 1 M, and males>2 M, in contrast to earlier study. Willingness to nurse at delivery was less frequent in 2 M than in 1 M and 0 M does and correlated with nursing occurrence across lactation. Does that did not nurse at parturition delivered fewer kits/min than those that nursed then, regardless of IUP. The duration of nursing bouts across lactation was significantly longer in the1 M and 2 M does that showed this behavior on postpartum days 1-20. Our findings indicate that IUP is associated with alterations in specific aspects of postpartum maternal behavior.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sexual selection theory provides a framework for investigating the evolution of traits involved in attracting and competing for mates. Given the sexual function of such traits, studies generally focus on individual interactions (i.e., displays and contests) in explaining trait origin and persistence. We show that ecological factors can strongly influence the adaptive value of these traits, and changes to these factors can lead to rapid evolutionary change. We compared sexually selected traits in the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) between their sparsely populated native range and four tropical islands to which they were introduced within the last 150 years and where, due to a lack of interspecific competition and predation, they have become invasive and densely populated. Because of a likely increase in encounter rate, we predicted that selection on long-distance chemical advertisement by males would relax in the introduced range. Accordingly, male, but not female, anal pads (used in scent marking) decreased in size in relation to both time since introduction and population density, and their relationship to body size and condition weakened. Concurrently, as predicted by intensified sperm competition, testis size increased following introduction. The small Indian mongoose thus experienced an inversion in the relative contributions to fitness of two sexual traits, followed by their rapid evolution in line with ecological changes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of shelters and space by the Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), was studied in an environment formerly and presently altered by human presence in the Caí river, Triunfo, RS. Most marking sites were used occasionally, while a small percentage was frequently and intensely used. Most sprainting was observed on the soil, and sites were, on average, 1.65m away from the water level. In total, seven shelters were found in the study area and the otter showed preference for specific ones. The most used shelter was a holt built in the riverbank under the roots of a tree. This was the largest shelter and the only one presenting underground galleries. The other shelters were above ground, amongst heaps of branches beneath the vegetation, or under roots and/or fallen tree trunks. The use of space by the otter was correlated to the location of the shelters and to the level of vegetation cover, and seems to be poorly influenced by human disturbance. For the Neotropical otter conservancy we indicate the importance of maintaining the riparian buffers and the protection of the areas with the presence of shelters.

A utilização de abrigos e do espaço pela lontra neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) (Olfers, 1818), foi estudada em um ambiente alterado e com presença humana no rio Caí, Triunfo, RS. A maioria dos sítios de marcação teve uso ocasional, e uma pequena percentagem teve uso frequente e intenso. A maioria das marcações de cheiro se encontrava no solo a uma média de distância de 1,65m da linha d'água. Ao todo foram encontrados sete abrigos na área de estudo, sendo que a lontra demonstrou preferência por abrigos específicos. O abrigo mais utilizado se constituía em escavações na barranca do rio sob as raízes de uma árvore, sendo este o de maiores dimensões e o único com galerias sob o solo. Os demais abrigos se encontravam no nível do solo e consistiam em emaranhados de galhos sob a vegetação, ou de raízes e/ou troncos caídos. O uso do espaço pela lontra esteve correlacionado à localização de suas tocas, ao grau de cobertura vegetal do local e parece ter sido pouco influenciado pelo distúrbio humano. Para medidas de conservação da lontra neotropical ressalta-se a importância da manutenção da mata ciliar e a proteção das áreas com a presença de abrigos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of shelters and space by the Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), was studied in an environment formerly and presently altered by human presence in the Caí river, Triunfo, RS. Most marking sites were used occasionally, while a small percentage was frequently and intensely used. Most sprainting was observed on the soil, and sites were, on average, 1.65m away from the water level. In total, seven shelters were found in the study area and the otter showed preference for specific ones. The most used shelter was a holt built in the riverbank under the roots of a tree. This was the largest shelter and the only one presenting underground galleries. The other shelters were above ground, amongst heaps of branches beneath the vegetation, or under roots and/or fallen tree trunks. The use of space by the otter was correlated to the location of the shelters and to the level of vegetation cover, and seems to be poorly influenced by human disturbance. For the Neotropical otter conservancy we indicate the importance of maintaining the riparian buffers and the protection of the areas with the presence of shelters.(AU)

A utilização de abrigos e do espaço pela lontra neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) (Olfers, 1818), foi estudada em um ambiente alterado e com presença humana no rio Caí, Triunfo, RS. A maioria dos sítios de marcação teve uso ocasional, e uma pequena percentagem teve uso frequente e intenso. A maioria das marcações de cheiro se encontrava no solo a uma média de distância de 1,65m da linha d'água. Ao todo foram encontrados sete abrigos na área de estudo, sendo que a lontra demonstrou preferência por abrigos específicos. O abrigo mais utilizado se constituía em escavações na barranca do rio sob as raízes de uma árvore, sendo este o de maiores dimensões e o único com galerias sob o solo. Os demais abrigos se encontravam no nível do solo e consistiam em emaranhados de galhos sob a vegetação, ou de raízes e/ou troncos caídos. O uso do espaço pela lontra esteve correlacionado à localização de suas tocas, ao grau de cobertura vegetal do local e parece ter sido pouco influenciado pelo distúrbio humano. Para medidas de conservação da lontra neotropical ressalta-se a importância da manutenção da mata ciliar e a proteção das áreas com a presença de abrigos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) is a semi-aquatic species spread throughout Central and South America, except Chile. It uses cavities on the river banks or spaces amidst dense vegetation as shelter and defecates in conspicuous places as a means of territorial marking. The study was conducted between April 2008 and March 2009, aiming to compare and correlate the frequency of shelter use and marking by the otters, considering vertical vegetation cover, height, distance, disturbance degree and type of structure/substrate factors, in a lotic environment (Sapé stream, São Paulo state, Brazil) and a semi-lotic environment (Canoas I hydroelectric reservoir, Paranapanema Valley, São Paulo and Paraná states, also in Brazil). The aim was to compare and correlate the frequency of shelter use and marking by the otters, considering factors like vertical vegetation cover, height, distance, degree of disturbance and type of structure/substrate in two areas. It was evidenced that the otter's shelters show visual protection differences in each environment. Around the reservoir, the otters make greater use of areas with higher degrees of disturbance and are selective about the type of shelter structure. Along the stream, the otters favor areas with greater vegetation cover to demarcate. Our results warrant emphasis that other abiotic, biotic or density dependent factors (population number and intra or interspecific competition, for example) may be responsible for the otters' different choice of sites used for shelters and markings in the two environments but they were not identified in this study. Moreover, the different number of samples obtained in each location may have harmed the statistical analyses. However, based on the results, we were able to conclude that the species is able to adapt to the altered environment of the reservoir, using shelters and depositing markings according to the imposed environmental conditions and, whenever possible, it takes advantage of the facilitated food capture offered by environment. Nevertheless, the otters still present some dependence on areas with preserved vegetation, where they find sites with better shelter and marking conditions.

A lontra neotropical Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) é uma espécie semiaquática distribuída em toda a América Central e do Sul, exceto no Chile. Utiliza cavidades na margem do rio ou espaços entre a vegetação densa como abrigos e defeca em locais conspícuos como função de marcação territorial. O estudo foi realizado entre Abril de 2008 a Março de 2009 e teve como objetivo comparar e correlacionar a frequência de utilização dos abrigos e sítios de marcações das lontras com fatores de obstrução foliar vertical, altura, distância, grau de distúrbio e tipo de estrutura/substrato em um ambiente lótico (riacho Sapé, estado de São Paulo, Brasil) e um semilótico (reservatório da hidrelétrica de Canoas I, Vale do Paranapanema, estados de São Paulo e Paraná, Brasil). Constatou-se nesse estudo que os abrigos das lontras apresentaram diferenças na proteção visual em cada ambiente; que, no reservatório, utilizam mais intensamente áreas com maior grau de distúrbio e são seletivas quanto ao tipo de estrutura dos abrigos; enquanto, no riacho, as lontras demarcam preferencialmente áreas com maior obstrução vegetal. Nossos resultados permitem-nos enfatizar que outros fatores abióticos, bióticos ou denso-dependentes (número populacional e competições intra e interespecífica, por exemplo) podem ser responsáveis pela diferença na escolha das lontras pelos locais usados como abrigos e para marcações entre os dois ambientes, porém, não foram identificados nesse estudo. Além disso, a diferença no número de amostras obtidas em cada ambiente pode ter prejudicado as análises estatísticas. Conclui-se que a espécie mostra plasticidade ao ambiente alterado do reservatório, utilizando abrigos e depositando marcações conforme as condições impostas, obtendo vantagens, sempre que possível, das facilidades em captura de alimento oferecidas por este ambiente. No entanto, as lontras ainda apresentam certa dependência por áreas de vegetação preservada, onde encontram melhores condições de abrigo e marcação.

RESUMO

This manuscript presents information about the ecology of Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) in the Taquari Valley, State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The study was carried out in two areas located in the Forquetinha Creek and in the Forqueta River from January to December 2003. The otters are specialist feeders (Bsta = 0.24), with a diet based mostly on fish, especially those of the families Loricariidae and Cichlidae. Most shelters used by the species were excavated burrows underneath tree roots, while shelters within rocks were used less frequently. The burrows showed great variation in size, being found on average 3.5 m (sd = 3.6 m) away from the margin and 2.5 m (sd = 1.2 m) above the water level. Scent marks were made preferentially on rocks and fallen tree trunks at the edge of the water. There was a tendency to increase the reutilization of latrines in detriment of using new sites throughout the sample period.

O presente estudo apresenta dados sobre a ecologia de Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) no Vale do Taquari, sul do Brasil. O trabalho foi realizado em duas áreas localizadas no arroio Forquetinha e rio Forqueta, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2003. A população apresentou hábito alimentar especialista (Bsta = 0,24), baseado em peixes das famílias Loricariidae e Cichlidae. Os abrigos utilizados pela espécie foram formados em sua maioria, por escavações sob raízes de árvores e, com menor freqüência, entre rochas. Os abrigos escavados apresentaram dimensões bastante variáveis, sendo que estiveram em média a 3,5 m (s = 3,6 m) de distância da margem e 2,5 m (s = 1,2 m) de altura em relação ao nível da água. A utilização de marcas odoríferas se deu preferencialmente sobre rochas e troncos caídos na margem, sendo que houve uma tendência de aumento na reutilização de latrinas, em detrimento de novos pontos de deposição de fezes, no decorrer do período amostrado.

RESUMO

This manuscript presents information about the ecology of Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) in the Taquari Valley, State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The study was carried out in two areas located in the Forquetinha Creek and in the Forqueta River from January to December 2003. The otters are specialist feeders (Bsta = 0.24), with a diet based mostly on fish, especially those of the families Loricariidae and Cichlidae. Most shelters used by the species were excavated burrows underneath tree roots, while shelters within rocks were used less frequently. The burrows showed great variation in size, being found on average 3.5 m (sd = 3.6 m) away from the margin and 2.5 m (sd = 1.2 m) above the water level. Scent marks were made preferentially on rocks and fallen tree trunks at the edge of the water. There was a tendency to increase the reutilization of latrines in detriment of using new sites throughout the sample period.

O presente estudo apresenta dados sobre a ecologia de Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) no Vale do Taquari, sul do Brasil. O trabalho foi realizado em duas áreas localizadas no arroio Forquetinha e rio Forqueta, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2003. A população apresentou hábito alimentar especialista (Bsta = 0,24), baseado em peixes das famílias Loricariidae e Cichlidae. Os abrigos utilizados pela espécie foram formados em sua maioria, por escavações sob raízes de árvores e, com menor freqüência, entre rochas. Os abrigos escavados apresentaram dimensões bastante variáveis, sendo que estiveram em média a 3,5 m (s = 3,6 m) de distância da margem e 2,5 m (s = 1,2 m) de altura em relação ao nível da água. A utilização de marcas odoríferas se deu preferencialmente sobre rochas e troncos caídos na margem, sendo que houve uma tendência de aumento na reutilização de latrinas, em detrimento de novos pontos de deposição de fezes, no decorrer do período amostrado.

RESUMO

There is limited information on the reproductive behaviour of the Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus. Although it is a monogamous species, little is known about the ♂'s role in the rearing of pups. In 1994 a comparative study of the behaviour of two ♀♀ with new-born pups was carried out at Belo Horizonte Zoo to try to establish the ♂'s role in rearing: one ♀ was housed alone with her pups throughout the observation period; the other ♂ was housed with the ♀ and pups for the first month and alone with the pups for the second month of observation. The applied methodology for behaviour evaluation was instantaneous sampling (scan). The behaviour of each adult was recorded at one-minute intervals. Location in the enclosure and spatial proximity were also recorded. The results suggest that Maned wolves are inactive for large parts of the day and that they prefer secluded areas within an enclosure. The results also suggest that only the ♂ is directly involved in rearing the offspring and that ♀ participation is limited to protection only. The time that the ♂ stays with the pups is at a maximum on the days immediately following birth, but this time decreases considerably as the pups grow. At around day 50, when lactation has ceased, contact between the ♂ and pups is minimal and the pups have their own resting places within the enclosure. These resting places, inside the burrows or thick vegetation, are rarely shared with others.