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BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions on Earth are repeated in non-random patterns that often coincide with species from different regions and time periods having consistent combinations of morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. Observation of repeated trait combinations among species confronting similar environmental conditions suggest that adaptive trait combinations are constrained by functional tradeoffs within or across niche dimensions. In an earlier study, we assembled a high-resolution database of functional traits for 134 lizard species to explore ecological diversification in relation to five fundamental niche dimensions. Here we expand and further examine multivariate relationships in that dataset to assess the relative influence of niche dimensions on the distribution of species in 6-dimensional niche space and how these may deviate from distributions generated from null models. We then analyzed a dataset with lower functional-trait resolution for 1023 lizard species that was compiled from our dataset and a published database, representing most of the extant families and environmental conditions occupied by lizards globally. Ordinations from multivariate analysis were compared with null models to assess how ecological and historical factors have resulted in the conservation, divergence or convergence of lizard niches. RESULTS: Lizard species clustered within a functional niche volume influenced mostly by functional traits associated with diet, activity, and habitat/substrate. Consistent patterns of trait combinations within and among niche dimensions yielded 24 functional groups that occupied a total niche space significantly smaller than plausible spaces projected by null models. Null model tests indicated that several functional groups are strongly constrained by phylogeny, such as nocturnality in the Gekkota and the secondarily acquired sit-and-wait foraging strategy in Iguania. Most of the widely distributed and species-rich families contained multiple functional groups thereby contributing to high incidence of niche convergence. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of empirical patterns with those generated by null models suggests that ecological filters promote limited sets of trait combinations, especially where similar conditions occur, reflecting both niche convergence and conservatism. Widespread patterns of niche convergence following ancestral niche diversification support the idea that lizard niches are defined by trait-function relationships and interactions with environment that are, to some degree, predictable and independent of phylogeny.

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Cytogenetic data showed a variation in diploid chromosome number in the genus Hyphessobrycon ranging from 2n = 46 to 52, and studies involving repetitive DNA sequences are scarce in representatives of this genus. The purpose of this paper was the chromosomal mapping of repetitive sequences (rDNA, histone genes, U snDNA and microsatellites) and investigation of the amplification of 5S rDNA clusters in the Hyphessobrycon eques genome. Two H. eques populations displayed 2n = 52 chromosomes, with the acrocentric pair No. 24 bearing Ag-NORs corresponding with CMA3+/DAPI-. FISH with a 18S rDNA probe identified the NORs on the short (p) arms of the acrocentric pairs Nos. 22 and 24. The 5S rDNA probe visualized signals on almost all chromosomes in genomes of individuals from both populations (40 signals); FISH with H3 histone probe identified two chromosome pairs, with the pericentromeric location of signals; FISH with a U2 snDNA probe identified one chromosome pair bearing signals, on the interstitial chromosomal region. The mononucleotide (A), dinucleotide (CA) and tetranucleotide (GATA) repeats were observed on the centromeric/pericentromeric and/or terminal positions of all chromosomes, while the trinucleotide (CAG) repeat showed signals on few chromosomes. Molecular analysis of 5S rDNA and non-transcribed spacers (NTS) showed microsatellites (GATA and A repeats) and a fragment of retrotransposon (SINE3/5S-Sauria) inside the sequences. This study expanded the available cytogenetic data for H. eques and demonstrated to the dispersion of the 5S rDNA sequences on almost all chromosomes.

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No central online repository exists for the collection of animal images; hence it remains unclear how extensively species have been illustrated in the published literature or online. Here we compiled a list of more than 8000 reptile species (out of 11,341) that have photos in one of six popular online repositories, namely iNaturalist (6,349 species), the Reptile Database (5,144), Flickr (4,386), CalPhotos (3,071), Wikimedia (2,952), and Herpmapper (2,571). These sites have compiled over one million reptile photos, with some species represented by tens of thousands of images. Despite the number of images, many species have only one or a few images. This suggests that a considerable fraction of morphological and geographic variation is under documented or difficult to access. We highlight prominent gaps in amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes, with geographic hotspots for species without images in Central Africa, Pacific Islands, and the Andes Mountains. We present a list of ~3,000 species without photos in any of the six databases and ask the community to fill the gaps by depositing images on one of these sites (preferably with minimal copyright restrictions).

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Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923, parasite of Topidurus torquatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) (Tropiduridae) from Brazil and Pharyngodon mamillatus (Linstow, 1897) of Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal, 1775) (Scincidae) from Egypt, were redescribed based on light and scanning electron microscopy, and re-evaluation of specimens from parasitological collections. The following features were accurately observed in S. oscari for the first time: structure of lips and pharyngeal valve, presence and distribution of somatic papillae, number and arrangement of caudal papillae, presence of inner sclerotised structures supporting the ventral sucker and the ventral region in tail of males, and structure of the posterior anal lip in females. The unpaired papilla on the inferior edge of the ventral sucker in males of S. oscari is a cuticular groove instead of a true papilla. Regarding the morphology of P. mamillatus the following features were given in details for the first time: structure of the cephalic end in both male and female, location of amphids, position of phasmids in females and the accurate morphology of caudal bursa in males, including the distribution of caudal papillae and the genital cone morphology. Strongyluris oscari and P. mamillatus have no intraspecific morphological variations, but wide range on biometric features. These variations may be accounted by host/environment attributes, since they exhibit wide host and geographical spectra. The present results increased the morphological knowledge of P. mamillatus and S. oscari, strengthening their taxonomic validity.

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Até o momento quinze espécies de lagartos foram registradas para a Serra do Ouro Branco, localizada na porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, região onde a diversidade e o estado de conservação desse grupo zoológico são pouco conhecidos. Nesta Serra estão inseridos o Parque Estadual da Serra do Ouro Branco e o Monumento Natural Estadual de Itatiaia, unidades de conservação criadas em 2009. Para o êxito dos planos de conservação e manejo de unidades de conservação é fundamental o envolvimento da população local ao longo de todo processo, desde a criação, implementação até a manutenção futura. Neste sentido, visando a conservação da fauna, foi investigado, sob uma perspectiva etnozoológica, o conhecimento local relativo aos lagartos da Serra do Ouro Branco. Participaram desse estudo 107 moradores de três povoados localizados no entorno das duas unidades de conservação. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, lista livre e testes projetivos utilizando fotografias. Foram reconhecidas oito espécies por seis nomes populares. Estas incluem formas semifossoriais e de difícil visualização, como Heterodactylus imbricatus e Ophiodes striatus. As espécies do gênero Enyalius foram conhecidas por "cambaleão". Tropidurus torquatus e Tropidurus itambere foram denominados "calango". A lagartixa de parede, designada por "briba" (Hemidactylus mabouia), foi associada à transmissão de doença de pele "cobreiro". Heterodactylus imbricatus e Ophiodes striatus, reconhecidas como "cobra de patas" e "cobra de vidro", respectivamente, foram consideradas serpentes e, assim como estas, são mortas quando avistadas. O teiú (Salvator merianae) abrangeu a maior frequência de relatos, tendo sido capturado no passado, tanto para fins alimentares, quanto medicinais. Em função de relações conflituosas ligadas à predação de animais de criação, os teiús acabam sendo mortos. O acesso ao atendimento médico junto às mudanças sociais das comunidades parece ter contribuído para a redução do uso de animais para fins medicinais e alimentares, resultando em uma diminuição ou perda de práticas locais de usos de lagartos nessas comunidades. Os entrevistados reconheceram aproximadamente 50% dos lagartos registrados para a região da Serra do Ouro Branco, Nesse contexto estratégias de conservação, elaboradas de forma participativa, serão fundamentais no sentido de reforçar a importância desta fauna para a manutenção dos processos ecológicos da Serra do Ouro Branco, além de possibilitar o envolvimento dos moradores em iniciativas de conservação.

Up until the present moment, fifteen species of lizards were registered in Serra do Ouro Branco localized in the south portion of Cadeia do Espinhaço, place where the diversity and the state of conservation of this zoological group are little known. This area comprises the Serra do Ouro Branco State Park and the Natural State Monument of Itatiaia, conservation units created in 2009. For the success of the conservation plans and management of conservation units, it is essential that the local population be involved along the whole process, from its creation, implementation through its future maintenance. Accordingly, in this present work, the local knowledge of lizards from Serra do Ouro Branco was investigated under an ethnozoological perspective. One hundred and seven dwellers from three communities located in the surroundings of the conservation units participated in this research. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, free list and projective tests containing pictures. Eight species were identified with six popular names. These species include semi-fossorial and hard-to-see forms such as Heterodactylus imbricatus and Ophiodes striatus. The species of the genus Enyalius were called "cambaleão". Tropidurus torquatus and Tropidurus itambere were named "calango". The wall lizard (Hemidactylus mabouia) designated as "briba" was associated with the transmission of skin disease, or "cobreiro". Heterodactylus imbricatus and Ophiodes striatus identified as "cobra de patas" and "cobra de vidro", respectively, were considered snakes and are, in general, killed when sighted. Teiú (Salvator merianae) comprised a higher frequency of reports, being captured in the past both for feeding and for medicinal purposes. Due to conflictual relations related to the predation of livestock, teiús (Salvator merianae) are at times killed. The access to medical care along with the communities social changes seem to have contributed to the reduction in the use of animals for medicinal and feeding purposes, resulting in a reduction or loss of local practices of the use of lizards in these communities. The interviewees identify approximately 50% of the lizards registered for the region of Serra do Ouro Branco. Conservation strategies, created in a participatory way, are going to be essential in the sense of highlighting the importance of this fauna for the maintenance of the ecological processes of Serra do Ouro Branco, besides making possible the involvement of local dwellers in conservation initiatives.

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A study about the herpetological legacy of the German naturalist Andreas Mayer (1907-1986) (Bérnils & Moura-Leite, 1990) raised 83 specimens from 20 reptile species captured in the Brazilian states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul (years 40, 50, and 60) and currently housed at the Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (Curitiba). Just in Mayer's birth centenary, 15 more snakes collected by him and not presented in the former publication were founded. This material is relevant because (1) came from areas currently under human-altered environments; (2) was collected in areas that were poorly sampled at that time; and (3) embraced some species hard to find in Paraná, including the first occurrence of Phimophis cf. guerini for the state. Label data for the added snakes and some important corrections to the former article, with taxonomic and geographic updates, are being presented.

Um estudo sobre o legado herpetológico do naturalista alemão Andreas Mayer (1907-1986) para o estado do Paraná (Bérnils & Moura-Leite, 1990) levantou 83 exemplares de 20 espécies de répteis, obtidos por ele no Paraná e no Mato Grosso do Sul (anos 40, 50 e 60) e tombados no atual Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (Curitiba). Acreditava-se serem os únicos répteis coletados por Mayer e guardados em coleção científica, mas justamente no centenário de seu nascimento foram encontradas 15 serpentes coletadas por ele e não listadas na publicação anterior. O material é relevante, pois procede de áreas que atualmente se encontram ambientalmente degradadas, foi obtido numa época com raros registros de répteis para o Paraná, e contém espécies de difícil captura no Estado, entre as quais se destaca a primeira ocorrência de Phimophis cf. guerini para o Paraná. As 15 serpentes são arroladas com seus dados de etiqueta e tombo, e são corrigidas informações incompletas ou equivocadas no artigo de 1990, com a devida atualização taxonômica.

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The sexual dimorphism in size, morphology and color of the lizard Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885 was studied. Thirty-two adult males and twenty-eight adult females were sampled from a population in the Jardim do Éden beach, near Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Size related sexual dimorphism occurred in all compared body dimensions. The largest female was 59.6 mm in snout-vent length, and the largest male was 69.3 mm. Males and females also presented differences in ventral and dorsal color pattern, and in the presence of pre-cloacal pores. The results suggest that, in Liolaemus occipitalis, sexual dimorphism in size is determined by sexual selection, competition between males and by the high energetic cost for females a few months after hatching.

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The sexual dimorphism in size, morphology and color of the lizard Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885 was studied. Thirty-two adult males and twenty-eight adult females were sampled from a population in the Jardim do Éden beach, near Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Size related sexual dimorphism occurred in all compared body dimensions. The largest female was 59.6 mm in snout-vent length, and the largest male was 69.3 mm. Males and females also presented differences in ventral and dorsal color pattern, and in the presence of pre-cloacal pores. The results suggest that, in Liolaemus occipitalis, sexual dimorphism in size is determined by sexual selection, competition between males and by the high energetic cost for females a few months after hatching.

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The sexual dimorphism in size, morphology and color of the lizard Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885 was studied. Thirty-two adult males and twenty-eight adult females were sampled from a population in the Jardim do Éden beach, near Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Size related sexual dimorphism occurred in all compared body dimensions. The largest female was 59.6 mm in snout-vent length, and the largest male was 69.3 mm. Males and females also presented differences in ventral and dorsal color pattern, and in the presence of pre-cloacal pores. The results suggest that, in Liolaemus occipitalis, sexual dimorphism in size is determined by sexual selection, competition between males and by the high energetic cost for females a few months after hatching.

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No presente trabalho descreve-se a ocorrência de Oswaldofilaria petersi Bain & Sulahian 1974 (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) em Tropidurus hispidus Spix 1825 (Sauria, Tropiduridae). Um macho e uma fêmea de O. petersi foram coletados no músculo ileofibularis direito desse lagarto. Este é o primeiro relato deste hospedeiro para Oswaldofilaria spp. e também a descrição de um novo hospedeiro para O. petersi.(AU)

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