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The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), located in northern Colombia, is considered a geographical island with high levels of biodiversity and endemism. However, little is known about tick species and their associated microorganisms at the SNSM. In this study we sampled host-seeking ticks in areas of the town of Minca within the SNSM. We collected 47 ticks identified as Amblyomma pacae, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma mixtum, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi, Ixodes sp. cf. Ixodes affinis and Ixodes sp. Of these ticks, we tested for Rickettsia spp. by amplifying the gltA, SCA1, and 16S rRNA genes via PCR. Rickettsia amblyommatis was detected in one pool of 3 larvae and in a female of A. pacae. Additonally, we isolated Rickettsia sp. belonging to the group of spotted fevers in larvae of A. longirostre. This study reports new findings of six species of ticks and two species of Rickettsia within the SNSM.
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Ixodidae , Larva , Rickettsia , Animais , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Colômbia , Feminino , Larva/microbiologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Ninfa/microbiologia , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Amblyomma/microbiologia , Amblyomma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Amblyomma/fisiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 se transmite principalmente por vía aérea, en la cual influyen factores ambientales como el material particulado. Objetivos: Determinar la concentración media de material particulado 10 en cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental en Santa Marta (Colombia) para evaluar el riesgo incremental o predisposición de morbimortalidad por COVID-19, previo inicio de la pandemia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra de cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental sobre la concentración de material particulado. La información se obtuvo de la base de datos "Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena" del sitio web de datos abiertos del Gobierno de Colombia. Resultados: En las cinco estaciones ambientales la concentración media anual de material particulado superó o se acercó a 50 µg/m3, el límite permitido por año en Colombia, y casi triplicó lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Entre el 13-30 % de las concentraciones diarias de material particulado 10 superaron los 75 µg/m3: umbral en el país. Entretanto, el 50-75 % de las concentraciones excedieron la dosis diaria de referencia en organismos internacionales. Los mayores niveles de contaminación se observaron en el sector sur. Conclusiones: En todas las estaciones gran parte de las concentraciones diarias y la media anual sobrepasaron el límite de material particulado 10. Esto aumentó el riesgo establecido de COVID-19, y se presume la predisposición para morbimortalidad por esta enfermedad, en la ciudad de Santa Marta, antes del inicio de la pandemia.
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted mainly by the airborne route, which is influenced by environmental factors such as particulate matter. Objectives: To determine the mean concentration of particulate matter 10 in five environmental monitoring stations in Santa Marta (Colombia) to evaluate the incremental risk or predisposition of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, prior to the onset of the pandemic. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of five environmental monitoring stations on the concentration of particulate matter. The information was obtained from the database "Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena" of the open data website of the Colombian government. Results: In the five environmental stations the annual average concentration of particulate matter exceeded or approached 50 µg/m3, the limit allowed per year in Colombia, and almost tripled that established by the WHO. Between 13-30% of the daily concentrations of particulate matter exceeded 75 µg/m3: the threshold in the country. Meanwhile, 50-75 % of the concentrations exceeded the daily reference dose in international organizations. The highest pollution levels were observed in the southern sector. Conclusions: In all stations a large part of the daily concentrations and the annual mean exceeded the limit for particulate matter 10. This increased the established risk of COVID-19, and the predisposition for morbimortality due to this disease in the city of Santa Marta, before the beginning of the pandemic, is presumed.
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Pseudogonatodes furvus is an endemic gecko from the region of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated massif located in the continental Caribbean region of Colombia. Pseudogonatodes furvus is the type species of the genus, and its morphology and natural history remain poorly known. This lizard was described based on two specimens. After its description, the species has only been mentioned in a handful of taxonomic studies of Pseudogonatodes, in which a few morphological characters of P. furvus have been mentioned. One other paper reported two new localities, without providing new information on the external morphology, especially the lepidosis of the newly obtained specimens. Here we review the external morphology of P. furvus, based on examination of the holotype and six additional specimens. We provide an extended diagnosis and definition, description of holotype, variation, comparisons with other Pseudogonatodes, geographic distribution (adding a fourth locality to the known distribution for the species), and conservation status. Additionally, we describe osteological features for the diagnosis of the genus.
Assuntos
Lagartos , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , OsteologiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La exposición de largo y corto plazo a determinadas concentraciones de contaminantes ambientales parece incidir en la propagación y agravamiento de la COVID-19. Por otra parte, se ha hipotetizado que las cuarentenas tienen un efecto positivo en la calidad del aire. Objetivo: Examinar la concentración de material particulado 10 (CPM10) en los últimos cinco años; en meses precuarentena y postcuarentena de 2020 y el impacto de la cuarentena en la CPM10 en Santa Marta (Colombia). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de corte longitudinal, sobre la CPM10 en una muestra de cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental, periodo 2016 - 2020. Se calcularon distribuciones de CPM10 por año y estación, así como entre meses pre y postcuarentena. Resultados: Se evidenció una reducción estadísticamente significativa del CPM10 en 2020 respecto a los cuatro años anteriores, cercana al 34 %; lo propio sucedió para meses postcuarentena versus precuarentena, con disminución del 40 % en los primeros. No hubo diferencias significativas de CPM10 entre las estaciones, aunque se observaron medianas superiores del contaminante en las del sur. La CPM10 de 2016 - 2020 (largo plazo) y en meses precuarentena (corto plazo) sobrepasaron los límites de riesgo aumentado de morbimortalidad por COVID-19 establecidos en estudios internacionales previos. Conclusión: La cuarentena tuvo un impacto positivo en la calidad del aire en Santa Marta. No obstante, los niveles de CPM10 encontrados a largo y corto plazo pudieron haber predispuesto a la población al contagio y fallecimiento por el virus.
Abstract Introduction: Long and short-term exposure to certain concentrations of environmental pollutants seems to influence the spread and worsening of COVID-19. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that quarantines have a positive effect on air quality. Objective: To examine the concentration of particulate material 10 (CPM10) in the last five years, in pre-quarantine and post-quarantine months of 2020 and the impact of the quarantine on CPM10 in Santa Marta (Colombia). Materials and Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study of CPM10 on a sample of five environmental monitoring stations, period 2016-2020. CPM10 distributions were calculated for each year and season, as well as between months before and after quarantine. Results: A statistically significant reduction of 34% in CPM10 was evidenced in 2020 compared to the previous four years. CPM10 of post-quarantine months decreased 40% in comparison with the pre-quarantine months. There were no significant differences in CPM10 between the stations, although median values of CPM10 were higher in the southern stations. CPM10 from 20162020 (long term) and in pre-quarantine months (short term) exceeded the limits of increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 established in previous international studies. Conclusion: The quarantine had a positive impact on the air quality in Santa Marta. However, CPM10 levels found in the long and short term could have predisposed the population to infection and death from the virus.
Assuntos
Humanos , Poluição do Ar , Material Particulado , COVID-19 , Quarentena , Monitoramento Ambiental , ColômbiaRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la dimensionalidad, la validez nomológica y la consistencia interna de la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático en estudiantes de media vocacional de Santa Marta, Colombia. Metodología: En el segundo semestre de 2018, un total de 1462 estudiantes de décimo y undécimo grado, entre 13 y 17 años (M = 16,0; de = 0,8), 60,3 % de sexo femenino, diligenció la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático. Se realizaron análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la dimensión, con los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Resultados: En el análisis factorial exploratorio, la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático mostró Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi cuadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl= 6; p= 0,001), y valor propio de 1,99, que explicó el 49,7 % de la varianza. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio, chi cuadrado = 5,921; gl= 2; p= 0,052; raíz del cuadrado medio del error de aproximación = 0,037 (ic 90 % 0,000-0,072); índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0,985 residual cuadrada media estandarizada = 0,011. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,66, y la omega de McDonald, 0,69. Conclusiones: La escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático es unidimensional, con aceptable consistencia interna.
Abstract Objective: To determine the dimensionality, nomological validity and internal consistency of the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress in average vocational students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Methodology: In the second semester of 2018, a total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh grade students aged between 13 and 17 years old (M = 16.0; DE = 0.8), 60.3% female, filled out the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress showed Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0.714, Barttlet's chi square = 783.3 (gl = 6; p = 0.001), and an eigenvalue of 1.99, which explained 49.7% of the variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, chi square = 5.921; gl = 2; p = 0.052; root of the mean square of the error of approximation = 0.037 (CI 90% 0.000-0.072); comparative adjustment index = 0.955; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.985 standardized mean square residual = 0.011. Cronbach's alpha was 0.66, and McDonald's omega was 0.69. Conclusions: The brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress is one-dimensional, with acceptable internal consistency.
Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer a dimensionalidade, a validade nomológica e a consistência interna da escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático em estudantes dos últimos dois anos do ensino médio de Santa Marta, Colômbia. Metodologia: No segundo semestre de 2018, um total de 1462 alunos dos anos 10º e 11º, entre 13 e 17 anos (M = 16,0; DE = 0,8), 60,3 % de gênero feminino, preencheram a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático. Análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória foram realizadas. A consistência interna da dimensão foi calculada, com os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald. Resultados: Na análise fatorial exploratória, a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático mostrou Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi quadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl = 6; p = 0,001), e valor próprio de 1,99, que explicou 49,7 % da variância. Na análise fatorial confirmatória, o chi quadrado = 5,921; gl = 2; p = 0,052; raiz do quadrado médio do erro de aproximação = 0,037 (IC 90 % 0,000-0,072); Índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; Índice Tucker- Lewis = 0,985 residual quadrada média estandardizada = 0,011. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,66, e o ômega do McDonald foi 0,69. Conclusões: A escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático é unidimensional, com consistência interna aceitável.
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The new genus of the macrobiotoid family Richtersiidae Guidetti, Rebecchi, Bertolani, Jönsson, Kristensen Cesari, 2016 Crenubiotus gen. nov. is described, based on Crenubiotus crenulatus comb. nov. (Richters, 1904a) and on Colombian specimens formerly attributed to Macrobiotus cf. crenulatus and here described, after re-examination, as Crenubiotus revelator sp. nov. The new genus is characterised by an additional ventral thickening on the anterior portion of the ventral lamina, dorsal apophysis absent or very reduced, modified stylet furcae, claws equal in structure to those of Richtersius Pilato Binda, 1989, and very probably also Adorybiotus Maucci Ramazzotti, 1981 and Diaforobiotus Guidetti, Rebecchi, Bertolani, Jönsson, Kristensen Cesari, 2016; and, in the known species, cuticular pores, two macroplacoids, large well dentate lunules and a characteristic egg. The new species Crenubiotus revelator sp. nov. differs from Crenubiotus crenulatus comb. nov. in having smaller cuticular pores, a medio-ventral tooth in the buccal armature, more slender buccal tube, slightly more caudal stylet supports, slightly more slender claws, and in details of the egg. The description of the new genus, and new observations on Adorybiotus, Richtersius and Diaforobiotus, allowed the authors to complete the morphological scenario within the family Richtersiidae giving further support to such family.
Assuntos
Tardígrados , Animais , ColômbiaRESUMO
In December 2019, an acute respiratory disease outbreak from zoonotic origin was detected in the city of Wuhan, China. The outbreak's infectious agent was a type of coronavirus never seen. Thenceforth, the Covid-19 disease has rapidly spread to more than 200 countries around the world. To minimize the devastating effects of the virus, the States have adopted epidemiological measures of various kinds that involved enormous economic expenses and the massive use of the media to explain the measures to the entire population. For the prediction and mitigation of infectious events, various epidemiological models, such as SIR, SEIR, MSIR and MSEIR, are used. Among them, the most widely used is the SIR model, which is based on the analysis of the transition of individuals susceptible to infection (S) to the state of infected individuals that infect (I) and, finally, to that of recovered (cured or deceased) (R), by using differential equations. The objective of this article was the mathematical development of the SIR model and its application to predict the course of the Covid-19 pandemic in the city of Santa Marta (Colombia), in order to understand the reason behind several of the measures of containment adopted by the States of the world in the fight against the pandemic.
En diciembre de 2019 un brote de enfermedad respiratoria aguda de origen presumiblemente zoonótico, y cuyo agente infeccioso es un nuevo coronavirus, fue detectado en la ciudad de Wuhan, China. Desde entonces, la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) se expandió rápidamente a más de 200 países alrededor del mundo. Para amortiguar los efectos devastadores del virus, los Estados adoptaron medidas epidemiológicas de diversa índole, lo que implicó gastos económicos ingentes y la utilización masiva de los medios de comunicación para hacer extensivas las medidas a toda la población. Para la predicción y mitigación de eventos infecciosos, diversos modelos epidemiológicos, como el SIR, SEIR, MSIR y MSEIR, son empleados. Entre ellos, el más utilizado es el modelo SIR, que se basa en el análisis de la transición de los individuos susceptibles a la infección (S) al estado de individuos infectados que infectan (I) y, finalmente, al de recuperados (curados o fallecidos) (R), mediante el uso de ecuaciones diferenciales. El objetivo del presente artículo fue el desarrollo matemático del modelo SIR y su aplicación para predecir el curso de la pandemia por Covid-19 en la ciudad de Santa Marta (Colombia), a fin de comprender la razón que subyacía a varias de las medidas de contención adoptadas por los Estados del mundo en la lucha contra la pandemia.
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Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Cidades , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Ballast water (BW) is a dead weight used by ships to provide stability in their journeys. It poses health, economic and ecological problems. Since 2017, the International Maritime Organization-IMO mandated management of BW. This research compares plankton mortality and microorganism inactivation in different BW treatments to identify possible decay models. Treatments include solar radiation (Srad), UV, H2O2 and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In the wild populations, the disinfection capacity was measured in natural seawater pumped from the Santa Marta port zone in Colombia. AOPs showed different models and effectiveness according to the treatment and microorganism. Plankton larger than 50⯵m was the most resistant; therefore, it must be removed first by a previous filter. Wild microorganisms showed log-linear and log-linear tail decay models for most AOPs in E. coli. For Vibrio, the models were log-lineal tail and biphasic models.
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Desinfecção/métodos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Purificação da Água , Colômbia , Escherichia coli , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Plâncton , Água do Mar , NaviosRESUMO
Water purification is indispensable to guarantee safe human consumption and to prevent diseases caused by the ingestion of contaminated water. This requires a series of water treatment processes which require investment. However, the economic limitations of rural communities hinder their ability to implement such water-treatment systems, as is the case in Ciénaga Grande of Santa Marta ("Large Swamp", in English) in Colombia. Low-cost systems can be used instead as simple and safe alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate non-conventional, low-cost water processes to purify the water from the collection point of two stilt house villages in Ciénaga Grande of Santa Marta. These include: 1) Using two natural coagulants, Moringa Oleifera and Cassia Fistula; 2) filtration through a biosand filter and a carbon activated filter; and 3) disinfection through UV-C Radiation and through solar disinfection. The results showed a turbidity values reduction between 52% and 96% using the two natural coagulants; both turbidity and total coliforms achieved reductions of 98.4% and 76.9%, respectively in the filtration process; and removal of total coliforms up to 98.8% in the disinfection process. Despite the high rates of reduction in the different parameters, the water does not comply with the recommended limits for safe drinking water.
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Arhuaco Adams & Bernard (1977) is one of the least known genera of Neotropical Satyrinae. It comprises two species and presents an unusual disjunct distribution, with A. ica Adams & Bernard (1977), endemic to the isolated Colombian Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and A. dryadina (Schaus 1913) found in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. Here, the female of A. dryadina is described, and a new generic diagnosis is presented. Affinities with other genera of the subtribe Pronophilina, in particular the potential closest relatives, such as Pronophila Doubleday (1849), are investigated based on morphological, molecular, ecological, and behavioral data. Results from molecular and morphological sources are incongruent. Molecular data indicate that Arhuaco is paraphyletic, with A. dryadina segregating within the Pronophila clade. Morphological data, by contrast, indicate a closer affinity between the two species currently placed in Arhuaco, favoring the monophyly of the genus, and show no consistent synapomorphies for Arhuaco + Pronophila. A vicariance biogeographical scenario is evaluated.
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Borboletas/anatomia & histologia , Borboletas/classificação , Filogenia , Animais , Colômbia , Costa Rica , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , PanamáRESUMO
We have studied Wiwa/Sanja Amerindians HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and DQB1 allele frequencies and extended haplotypes in 52 unrelated individuals from "El Encanto" town at Guanachaca riverside. High frequency alleles were in general present in other Amerindian populations. Also, three extended haplotypes and eight ones were respectively both "new found" and already described in Amerindians from North, Central and South America, including Lakota-Sioux, Mayas, Teeneks, Quechua and Aymaras. Analyses of HLA-A*24:02 and -C*01:02 Wiwa high frequency alleles suggested a specific relatedness with another Amerindian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups (these two particular alleles bearing in high frequencies); they include New Zealand Maoris, Taiwanese, Japanese, Papua New Guinea, and Samoans among others. This may indicate that selective forces are maintaining these two alleles high frequency within this wide American/Pacific area.
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Etnicidade , Antígenos HLA/genética , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico , Colômbia , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Linguística , Ilhas do Pacífico , FilogeniaRESUMO
During a survey of loricariid catfishes from Colombia, specimens that match the original description of Chaetostomus setosus Boulenger, 1887 were found. This is the first record after the original description. A redescription and a precise capture locality of the species are provided. The analysis of external characters indicate that the species belongs within the Chaetostoma group; however, specimens of C. setosus possess a mixture of external characters that make generic identification difficult. Tentatively, the species is allocated to the genus Cordylancistrus. External morphology of the known species that belong to the Chaetostoma group (mainly type specimens) was analyzed to find diagnostic characters that may be used for appropriate generic assignment. The results of this analysis are presented herein.
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Peixes-Gato , Animais , ColômbiaRESUMO
By examining material collected in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Department of Magdalena, Colombia), the authors report a new record for the entire South America, Doryphoribius gibber Beasley & Pilato, 1987, and two species new to science, Paramacrobiotus sagani sp. nov., and Doryphoribius rosane sp. nov., are described. Paramacrobiotus sagani sp. nov. belongs to the richtersi group, vanescens subgroup (by having sculptured egg areolae) and is characterized by a peculiar cuticular granulation, trunco-conical egg processes with cylindrical indented apices, and other more detailed cha-racters both qualitative and metric; by the unique combination of characters, it differs from all the other known species of the genus. Doryphoribius rosanae sp. nov. is characterized by reticulated dorsal cuticle with gibbosities (formula IX:4-6-2-6-2-6-4-2-2), two macroplacoids in the pharynx without microplacoid or septulum, and large, stout claws without "free" accessory points but with lunules. It differs from all the other Doryphoribius species with gibbosities by having a unique formula, as well as other more detailed characters. Thanks to this contribution, the number of tardigrade species known for Colombia increases from 52 to 55.
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Tardígrados , Animais , Colômbia , América do SulRESUMO
The spider genus Parachemmis Chickering, 1937 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Corinninae) is reported from Colombia for the first time. Parachemmis julioblancoisp. n. Martinez-G & Villarreal is described and illustrated from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena department. The exclusive morphology of the short and apically truncated retrolateral tibial apophysis and club-like tegular laminar process of the male palp indicates that the specimens described herein belong to a new species of Parachemmis. A map of the distribution of species in the genus is included.
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A new monotypic Theraphosidae genus, Kankuamo Perafán, Galvis & Pérez-Miles, gen. n., is described from Colombia, with a new type of urticating setae. These setae differ from others principally by having a small distal oval patch of lanceolate reversed barbs. Males of Kankuamo gen. n. additionally differ by having a palpal bulb organ very divergent from all known species, with many conspicuous keels dispersed across the median tegulum to the tip, mostly with serrated edges. Females differ by having spermathecae with a single notched receptacle, with two granulated lobes and several irregular sclerotized longitudinal striations. The new urticating setae, type VII, is characterized, illustrated and its releasing mechanism is discussed. It is hypothesized that these setae are the first in Theraphosinae subfamily whose release mechanism is by direct contact. Kankuamo gen. n. is described and illustrated on the basis of the type species Kankuamo marquezi Perafán, Galvis & Gutiérrez, sp. n., and their remarkable characteristics, morphological affinities and cladistic relationship are analyzed.
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Extraction, transport and utilization of coal spread out coal dust. Nowadays, Colombia is an important producer of this mineral in South America, being the Santa Marta area one of the largest coal exporting ports in the country. The aim of this work was to assess the pollutants levels and toxicity of shoreline sediments from this place. 16 PAHs and 46 elements were measured in nine locations during dry and rainy seasons. HepG2 cells were exposed to 1% sediment extracts and mRNA expression evaluated for selected genes. PAHs levels were greater during the rainy season. The highest ∑PAHs (89.9 ng g(-1)) appeared at a site located around 300 m far from the coast line at close proximity to the area where coal is loaded into cargo vessels for international shipments, being naphthalene the most abundant PAH. At Santa Marta Bay port, ∑PAHs were 62.8 ng g(-1) and 72.8 ng g(-1) for dry and rainy seasons, respectively, with greatest levels for fluoranthene. Based on sediment standards, most stations have poor condition regarding Cr, but moderate contamination on Cu, Pb and Zn. Sediments from the port and coal transport sites, the most polluted by PAHs and metals, induced CYP1A1 and NQO1 during the dry season. Data showed the sediments from this shoreline have bioactive chemicals that determine their toxicological profile.
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Minas de Carvão , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Colômbia , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Chuva , Estações do Ano , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
A new species and a new record for Chionolaena are recorded from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia adding to the two species of the genus already known from that mountain complex.
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Geobatrachus walkeri is a frog that belongs to a monotypic genus and is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The species inhabits different microhabitats between 2 000 to 3 500m altitude, including the leaf litter of a pine plantation. To understand its reproductive ecology, we conducted eight frog samplings, covering the rainy and dry seasons, and two habitat types (secondary native forest and pine plantation) during 2010-2011. For this study, we also included data obtained from five previous similar samplings undertaken during 2008-2009. The pine leaf litter was the main microhabitat where frogs were found; we heard choruses of six-ten calling males during all sampled months, and observed the frogs having diurnal and nocturnal activity. Regardless of the year of study, the population consisted of neonates recruited several times of the year, a large number of juveniles with a wide range of body sizes, and fewer adults with a narrower range of body size. The histological analyses of the gonads showed that the size at maturity was near 18mm SVL for males and females, and those adult males and females were reproductive active during all sampling months, suggesting a continuous reproductive activity pattern. However, during the dry season, the seminiferous tubules showed a drastically diminished spermatic epithelium although containing abundant luminal spermatozoa, which suggest a reduction in the sperm production at the end of this season. Similarly, frogs of all age categories were significantly more abundant during the early dry season, whereas were significantly less abundant with the advancement of the dryness suggesting that the intensity of the dry season could temporally stop the activity and reproduction of this population.
Geobatrachus walkeri es una rana que pertenece a un género monotípico y es endémica de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en diferentes microhábitats entre los 2 000 y 3 500m de altitud, incluyendo la hojarasca de una plantación de pinos. Para entender su ecología reproductiva se realizaron ocho muestreos de individuos, que abarcaron las estaciones de lluvias y de sequía y dos tipos de hábitats (bosque secundario y plantación de pino) durante 2010-2011. También se incluyeron los datos de cinco muestreos similares obtenidos previamente durante el período 2008-2009. El principal microhábitat donde las ranas se encontraron fue la hoja-rasca de pino, allí escuchamos coros de seis-diez machos durante todos los meses muestreados, y observamos que las ranas tienen actividad diurna y nocturna. Sin importar el año de estudio, la población se compone de neonatos reclutados en varios meses del año, un gran número de juveniles con un amplio rango de tamaños corporales, y un menor número de adultos con un rango más reducido de tamaño corporal. Los análisis histológicos de las gónadas mostraron que el tamaño a la madurez se adquiere cerca de los 18mm LRC para machos y hembras, y que los machos y hembras adultos fueron reproductivos durante todo el muestreo, lo que sugiere un patrón continuo de actividad reproductiva. Sin embargo, durante la estación seca, los túbulos seminíferos presentan un epitelio espermático drásticamente disminuido, aunque contienen abundantes espermatozoides luminales, lo que sugiere una reducción en la producción de espermatozoides en el final de la estación seca. Del mismo modo, las ranas de todas las categorías de edad fueron significativamente más abundantes durante el inicio de la estación seca, mientras que fueron significativamente menos abundantes con el avance de la sequedad, lo que sugiere que una mayor intensidad de la temporada de sequía podría detener temporalmente la actividad y la reproducción en esta población.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Anuros/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Maturidade Sexual/fisiologia , Anuros/classificação , Colômbia , Gônadas/anatomia & histologia , Gônadas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reprodução/fisiologia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Con el propósito de registrar conocimientos tradicionales sobre plantas medicinales entre los Cogui o Kággaba en la cuenca del río Palomino, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), se evaluó el uso de la flora con la aplicación de una técnica etnobotánica cuantitativa. Mediante entrevistas a mamos o sacerdotes-jefes, durante recorridos en áreas silvestres, cultivadas y huertos caseros en diferentes zonas climáticas de la cuenca, se obtuvo información de 189 especies utilizadas, incluidas en 162 géneros y 77 familias, así como el modo de uso y la forma de preparación para el tratamiento de enfermedades comunes. Las familias Asteraceae y Leguminosae registraron el mayor número de especies útiles. La evaluación con el índice de importancia relativa (IR) permitió establecer que Ladenbergia moritziana (Rubiaceae), Stevia lucida (Asteraceae), Aniba sp. (Lauraceae), Erechtites hieracifolia (Asteraceae) y Carex sp. (Cyperaceae) son las especies con mayores valores de importancia. El 89 % de las plantas utilizadas es obtenido de espacios silvestres, lo que sugiere un conocimiento amplio de la diversidad vegetal local y el ejercicio de una práctica etnomédica
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Etnobotânica , Colômbia , Medicina TradicionalRESUMO
Reproduction of Joturus pichardi and Agonostomus monticola (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The freshwater mugilids Joturus pichardi and Agonostomus monticola, have been documented on ecological and distribution aspects, mainly for Central American populations, nevertheless, little information is available on their reproductive aspects, specifically in Colombian freshwater environments. Reproductive biology of the mugilids J. pichardi and A. monticola from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) rivers was studied between July 2005 and December 2006. A total of 14 specimens of J. pichardi and 320 of A. monticola were collected. The reproductive biology was analyzed by means of: sexual proportion, gonadosomatic index, and mean size at maturity, fecundity and oocyte diameter. Additionally, a bioassay was carried out to evaluate the effect of salinity on spermatic motility and its possible relationship with the species spawning area. These mugilids share habitats with similar ecological characteristics, in which strong currents; clear water and stony areas stand out. Gonadal maturity indicators and indirect evidence are presented to support the relationship between reproductive maturity and higher rainfall levels in the area (September, October and November), as well as the catadromous migration of J. pichardi and A. monticola. This last species females outnumbered males with a sex ratio of 2.3:1. Females mean size at maturity was 172mm of their total length (TL) and 108mm TL for males. Fecundity (F) was 23 925±4 581 eggs per gram of gonad, and was related to size by the equation F=395.1TL1.281; besides, the mean oocyte diameter was 362±40μm. Considering the salinity effect on sperm motility in both species, results suggested that J. pichardi spawned in estuarine environments but the species did not migrate to fully marine environments; however, A. monticola withstood a broad range of salinity, suggesting a spawning from intermediate to total saline environments. Both species have high culturing potentials, considering that their feeding is based on plant and macroinvertebrates, their meat quality and the size they are able to reach. These species represent an interesting resource to the fisher groups of the region and should be integrally assessed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1717-1728. Epub 2011 December 01.
Para los mugílidos de agua dulce Joturus pichardi y Agonostomus monticola se han documentado aspectos ecológicos y de distribución, principalmente para las poblaciones de América Central, sin embargo, hay poca información disponible de sus aspectos reproductivos, especialmente en ambientes de agua dulce de Colombia. Por lo tanto para ambas especies se estudió la biología reproductiva en ríos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta durante julio de 2005 y diciembre de 2006. En total, 14 especímenes de J. pichardi y 320 A. monticola fueron capturados. Proporción sexual, índice gonadosomático, talla media de madurez, fecundidad y diámetros de los ovocitos fueron evaluados. Se realizó un bioensayo para observar el efecto de la salinidad sobre la movilidad espermática y su posible relación con el área de desove de las especies. Estos mugílidos comparten un hábitat con características ecológicas similares, de corrientes fuertes y claras y zonas pedregosas. Indicadores de madurez gonadal y evidencias indirectas son presentados y con los cuales se comprueba que el periodo reproductivo se encuentra relacionado con los mayores valores de precipitación de la zona (septiembre a noviembre), así como, la migración catádroma de J. pichardi y A. monticola. Estas especies representan un potencial de cultivo, dado su alimentación basada en vegetales y macroinvertebrados, la calidad de su carne y las tallas que pueden alcanzar, por lo cual, se deben efectuar estudios más profundos que revelen mayor información sobre su comportamiento y reproducción en cautividad.