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The levels of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the oysters Crassostrea gigas were evaluated in six farming areas in southern Brazil. The results revealed higher concentrations of LABs in oyster tissue from the Serraria (1977 ± 497.7 ng g-1) and Imaruim (1038 ± 409.9 ng g-1) sites. Plastic microfibers were found in oysters from all locations with values from 0.33 to 0.75 MPs per oyster (0.27-0.64 MPs per gram) showing the ubiquitous presence of this contaminant in the marine environment, which could be considered a threat to farming organisms. In addition, elements such as Ti, Al, Ba, V, Rb, Cr, and Cu were found in the chemical composition of the microfibers, suggesting MPs as vectors of inorganic compounds. A positive correlation between LABs and thermotolerant coliforms suggests that sewage discharges are the main source of contamination in these oysters cultured for human consumption. The present study highlights the need for efficient wastewater treatment plants and the implementation of depuration techniques in oysters from farming areas.

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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been widely investigated in Europe, Asia and North America regarding the occurrence and fate of antibiotic resistance (AR) elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria and pathogens. However, monitoring data about AR elements in municipal WWTPs in Brazil are scarce. This study investigated the abundance of intI1, five ARGs (sul1, tetA, blaTEM, ermB and qnrB) and 16S rRNA in raw and treated wastewater of three WWTPs, using different sewage treatments named CAS (Conventional activated sludge), UASB/BTF (UASB followed by biological trickling filter) and MAS/UV (modified activated sludge with UV disinfection stage). Bacterial diversity and the presence of potentially pathogenic groups were also evaluated, and associations between genetic markers and the bacterial populations were presented. All WWTPs decreased the loads of genetic markers finally discharged to receiving water bodies and showed no evidence of being hotspots for antimicrobial resistance amplification in wastewater, since the abundances of intI1 and ARGs within the bacterial population were not increased in the treated effluents. UASB/BTF showed a similar performance to that of the CAS and MAS/UV, reinforcing the sanitary and environmental advantages of this biological treatment, widely applied for wastewater treatment in warm climate regions. Bacterial diversity and richness increased after treatments, and bacterial communities in wastewater samples differed due to catchment areas and treatment typologies. Potential pathogenic population underwent considerable decrease after the treatments; however, strong significant correlations with intI1 and ARGs revealed potential multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Arcobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Stenotrophomonas and Streptococcus) in the treated effluents, although in reduced relative abundances. These are contributive results for understanding the fate of ARGs, MGEs and potential pathogenic bacteria after wastewater treatments, which might support actions to mitigate their release into Brazilian aquatic environments in the near future.

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RESUMO O estudo teve por objetivo verificar e avaliar a situação sanitária e o uso e qualidade das águas do Igarapé Santa Cruz, no município de Breves, Pará. Para obtenção dos dados, aplicou-se um questionário que abordou o uso das águas e as condições sanitárias dos moradores às margens do igarapé. Também foi realizada a coleta de água para as análises bacteriológica e dos parâmetros físico-químicos, em quatro pontos do igarapé, nos quais foram feitas duas medições para cada parâmetro a ser analisado, sendo uma na baixa-mar e outra na preamar, em agosto de 2017. Foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis físico-químicas e bacteriológicas, por meio do software Bioestat 5.3. Entre as 257 famílias entrevistadas, 175 (68,09%) utilizavam a água do igarapé para o uso doméstico, 106 (41,24%) afirmaram que a principal atividade de lazer das crianças é a recreação nas águas e 35 (13,62%) famílias despejam seus dejetos fecais direto no local. O valor médio de oxigênio dissolvido foi de 2 mg/L na maré baixa e de 4,1 mg/L na maré alta. Os valores médios do pH encontram-se entre 6,1 na baixa-mar e 7,0 na preamar. As médias de concentração de coliformes detectadas na baixa-mar foram de 101.809 NMP/100 mL para coliformes totais, 47.654 NMP/100 mL para coliformes termotolerantes e 24.970 NMP/100 mL para E. coli. Na preamar as médias foram de 49.639 NMP/ 100 mL para coliformes totais, 19.994 NMP/100 mL para coliformes termotolerantes e 4.462 NMP/100 mL para E. coli. Conclui-se que a população residente no Igarapé Santa Cruz vive em situação de vulnerabilidade e risco à saúde.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify and evaluate the sanitary situation and the use and quality of the waters of Santa Cruz creek, in the municipality of Breves, Pará. To obtain the data, a questionnaire was applied to the residents of the creeks waterfronts, which addressed the use of water and sanitary conditions. Water collection was also carried out for bacteriological physical-chemical parameters analysis, in four points of the creek, where two measurements were made for each parameter to be analyzed, one at low tide and one at high, in August 2017. The Pearson correlation test was applied between the physical-chemical and bacteriological variables, using the Bioestat 5.3 software. Among the 257 families interviewed, 175 (68.09%) used water from the stream for domestic use, 106 (41.24%) stated that the main leisure activity for children is recreation in the waters of the igarapé and 35 (13.62%) families dump their fecal waste directly into the stream. The mean dissolved oxygen value was 2 mg/L at low tide and 4.1 mg/L at high tide. The mean values for pH are between 6.1 at low tide and 7.0 at high tide. The mean coliform concentration detected at low tide was 101,809 NMP/100 mL for total coliforms, 47,654 NMP/100 mL for thermotolerant coliforms and 24,970 NMP/100 mL for E. coli. High tide the averages were 49,639 NMP/100 mL for total coliforms, 19,994 NMP/100 mL for thermotolerant coliforms and 4,462 NMP/100 mL for E. coli. It was concluded that the population residing near Santa Cruz creek lives in a situation of vulnerability and health risk.

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RESUMO Com o objetivo de verificar os condicionantes municipais envolvidos na presença ou não de prestadores de serviços de esgotamento sanitário no Brasil, no presente estudo foram utilizados dados obtidos pela compatibilização de informações provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico, do Censo Demográfico e do Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano, referentes aos anos de 2008, 2010 e 2013, respectivamente. Verificou-se, por meio de testes estatísticos não paramétricos univariados e multivariados, que os serviços menos atrativos relacionados aos potenciais usuários, com perfil dos distritos-sede com menores índices de desenvolvimento humano municipal e com precários desempenhos em termos social, econômico, vulnerabilidade à pobreza e de condições sanitárias, ficam sob responsabilidade da administração direta municipal. Fator como economia de escala é crucial para a presença principalmente das empresas privadas, das companhias estaduais e as de administração indireta municipal. Além disso, essas prestadoras estão presentes em localidades que possuem índices de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDHM) considerado alto.

ABSTRACT With the objective of verifying the municipal constraints involved in the presence or not of sewage service providers in Brazil, this study used data obtained by the compatibilization of information from the National Survey of Basic Sanitation, Demographic Census and Human Development Atlas, referring to the years 2008, 2010, and 2013, respectively. Through univariate and multivariate nonparametric statistical tests, it was found that the less attractive services related to potential users, with the profile of the host districts with lower levels of municipal human development and poor social, economic, vulnerability to poverty and sanitary conditions are under the responsibility of the municipal direct administration. Factors as an economy of scale is crucial for the presence mainly of private companies, state companies and those of indirect municipal administration. In addition, these providers are present in locations with high municipal human development rates.

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Resumo Este artigo avalia a relação de custos entre a saúde pública e a implementação do saneamento básico na capital da Guiné-Bissau. Analisaram-se seis cenários, incluindo três opções para o sistema de esgotamento sanitário (sistema coletivo com rede coletora e estação elevatória de esgoto, sistema simplificado individual por latrina e sistema coletivo completo com rede coletora, estação elevatória e estação de tratamento de esgoto) e duas para o sistema de abastecimento de água (captação direta e sistema completo com captação, reservação e distribuição). Quanto à saúde pública, consideraram-se os custos com recursos humanos e programas de assistência social, medicamentos, vacinas e internações relacionados às doenças de veiculação hídrica, malária e cólera. A relação de custos de 4,29 no cenário mais eficiente de saneamento básico foi similar ao valor encontrado na literatura da área. Em outras palavras, para cada dólar investido no saneamento básico existe uma economia aproximada de 4,3 dólares com a saúde. Além disso, as curvas potenciais da relação de custos, em razão do cenário, são muito úteis em países pobres da África, Ásia e América Latina, regiões que carecem de dados relacionados aos gastos com saúde pública e saneamento básico.

Abstract This paper has assessed the relationship between public health costs and the implementation of basic sanitation in the capital of Guinea-Bissau. Six scenarios have been analyzed, including three sanitary sewage system options (a collective system with a collection network and a sewage collection station, an individual simplified pit latrine system and a full collective system with a collection network, and a lift station and sewage treatment plant), and two water supply system scenario options (direct collection and a complete system with collection, storage, and distribution). Regarding public health, the costs with human resource and social assistance programs, medicaments, vaccines, and hospitalizations related to malaria and cholera waterborne diseases have been considered. The cost ratio of 4.29 for the most efficient basic sanitation scenario was similar to the numbers found in literature. In other words, for every dollar invested in basic sanitation, the approximate savings in health are 4.3 dollars. Also, potential cost-scenario ratio curves are very useful in poor countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, because of the lack of public and basic sanitation expenditure data for these regions.

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RESUMO A presença de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas em reservatórios no estado de São Paulo constitui um desafio para produção de água potável. Sete reservatórios utilizados para abastecimento público, monitorados pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), foram analisados em relação a cianobactérias, microcistina e indicadores de contaminação fecal entre 2011 e 2015. Calcularam-se porcentagens de não conformidade com padrões de qualidade. Os resultados evidenciaram a presença de cianobactérias e microcistina (máximo de 22,4 g.L-1), além de conflitos com os padrões da Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 (BRASIL, 2005), o que reforça a importância de investimentos em coleta e tratamento de esgotos sanitários. É discutida a necessidade de maior integração entre as leis e resoluções que versam sobre qualidade da água, além do melhor planejamento dos recursos hídricos, com foco em metas progressivas de melhoria da qualidade da água.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in reservoirs in São Paulo State is a challenge to the production of drinking water. Seven reservoirs used for public supply and monitored by CETESB, were analyzed regarding cyanobacteria, microcystin and indicators of fecal contamination between 2011-2015. The percentages of non-compliance with water quality standards were calculated. Results highlighted the presence of cyanobacteria and microcystin (maximum of 22.4 µg/L), as well as conflicts with the standards provided by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 (BRASIL, 2005), which reinforces the importance of investments in sanitary sewage collection and treatment. The need for greater integration between laws and resolutions on issues related to water quality were also discussed, as well as better planning of water resources, focusing on progressive goals for water quality improvement.

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RESUMO Os reatores operados em bateladas sequenciais (RBS) com biomassa granular aeróbia são uma tecnologia compacta e promissora no tratamento de águas residuárias. Porém, sua utilização com esgoto sanitário ainda é um desafio, devido à instabilidade e desintegração dos agregados. O presente trabalho avaliou a granulação da biomassa em um RBS em escala piloto, sem a adição de inóculo, para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário. O estudo foi dividido em três estratégias operacionais com ciclos compostos pelas fases: enchimento, anóxica, aeróbia, sedimentação, descarte e repouso. Trabalhou-se com variações no tempo dos ciclos, 4 horas (estratégias I e II) e 6 horas (estratégia III), e na fase anóxica, 13, 30 e 90 minutos nas estratégias I, II e III, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento dos grânulos ocorreu de forma natural, sem inoculação, e o reator tratou o esgoto sanitário atendendo às exigências nacionais de padrões de lançamento de efluentes. As características do lodo granular aeróbio e o desempenho do reator no tratamento de esgoto melhoraram com o aumento da fase anóxica. Grânulos (200 a 400 µm) compreenderam mais de 80% da biomassa com boas características de sedimentabilidade (a razão entre os índices volumétricos de lodo após 30 e 10 minutos de sedimentação - IVL30/IVL10 - esteve entre 0,7 e 1,0) na estratégia III. As variáveis de maior relevância no processo foram a razão IVL30/IVL10 e a razão entre a demanda química de oxigênio solúvel do efluente e do anóxico (DQOS efluente/DQOS anóxico), polissacarídeos e temperatura, indicando a importância desses parâmetros para a manutenção da estabilidade operacional de um RBS com grânulos.

ABSTRACT Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with aerobic granular biomass is a compact and promising technology in wastewater treatment. However, its use for sanitary sewage is still a challenge due to the instability and disintegration of the aggregates. The present work evaluated the biomass granulation in a pilot SBR, without addition of inoculum, for sanitary sewage treatment. The study was divided into three operational strategies with cycles composed by the phases of: filling, anoxic, aerobic, settling, effluent withdrawal and idle. The variations in the operational cycle time were: 4 hours (strategies I and II) and 6 hours (strategy III); and anoxic phase of 13, 30 and 90 minutes in strategies I, II and III, respectively. The granules development occurred in a natural way, without inoculation, and the reactor treated the sanitary wastewater meeting the national requirements of effluent discharge standards. The characteristics of the aerobic granular sludge and the reactor's performance improved with the anoxic phase increase. Granules (200-400 µm) were more than 80% of the biomass with good sedimentation characteristics (SVI30/SVI10 ratio between 0.7-1.0), in strategy III. The greatest relevance variables for the process were SVI30/SVI10 and COD Effluent/CODS Anoxic ratios, polysaccharides and temperature, indicating the importance of these parameters for the maintenance of the operational stability of granular SBR.

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RESUMO O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de tratamento de esgoto sanitário de baixa carga orgânica em reator compartimentado anaeróbio/aeróbio (RCAA) em escala piloto. O reator, mantido em temperatura ambiente (27ºC a 30ºC), foi implantado no campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) (Bauru, SP, Brasil) e tratou esgoto sanitário com carga orgânica entre 0,06 e 0,61 kg DQO.d-1. O RCAA é composto de quatro câmaras fisicamente separadas, sendo as três primeiras anaeróbias e a quarta aeróbia, seguidas por decantador laminar. O monitoramento foi realizado durante o período de 203 dias para tempos de detenção hidráulica total (TDH) de 33, 22, 16,5 e 8,25 horas. Durante o período experimental, verificou-se remoção média de matéria orgânica, em termos de demanda química de oxigênio total (DQOTotal), de 71 a 82% no sistema completo, com valores elevados de remoção na fase anaeróbia entre 62 e 71%. Em termos de sólidos em suspensão totais (SST), o reator apresentou remoções médias em torno de 90%. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitiram um avanço no conhecimento operacional de uma alternativa biotecnológica de baixo custo, com o propósito de diminuir o impacto causado pela geração de esgotos de pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais que ainda não contam com sistema de tratamento, e ainda possibilitar o reúso do efluente tratado.

ABSTRACT The research's main goal was to evaluate the treatment potential of low-strength sanitary sewage in an anaerobic/aerobic baffled reactor (AABR) at pilot-scale. The reactor, maintained at room temperature (27ºC to 30ºC), was deployed at Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus Bauru (SP, Brazil), and treated sanitary sewage with organic charge between 0.06 and 0.61 kgCOD.d-1. The AABR was composed by four chambers, physically separated, being the first three chambers anaerobic and the forth chamber aerobic, followed by a settling tank. The monitoration was done during 203 days for the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 33, 22, 16.5 and 8.25 hours. During the experimental period, it was verified in the whole system a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal between 71 and 82%, with high removal rates in the anaerobic phase between 62 and 71%. In terms of total suspended solids (TSS), the reactor reached average removal around 90%. The progress reached with this research allowed to present a low cost biotechnological alternative, with the propose of solving the sewage demand derived from small urban and rural communities, and also making possible the reuse of the treated effluent.

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The release of untreated sanitary sewage, combined with unplanned urban growth, are major factors contributing to degradation of coastal ecosystems in developing countries, including Brazil. Sanitary sewage is a complex mixture of chemicals that can negatively affect aquatic organisms. The use of molecular biomarkers can help to understand and to monitor the biological effects elicited by contaminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in transcript levels of genes related to xenobiotic biotransformation in the gills of oysters Crassostrea brasiliana transplanted and kept for 24h at three areas potentially contaminated by sanitary sewage (Bücheller river, BUC; Biguaçu river, BIG; and Ratones island, RAT), one farming area (Sambaqui beach, SAM) and at one reference site (Forte beach, FOR) in the North Bay of Santa Catarina Island (Florianópolis, Brazil). Transcript levels of four cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP2AU1, CYP3A-like, CYP356A1-like and CYP20A1-like), three glutathione S-transferase (GST alpha-like, GST pi-like and GST microsomal 3-like) and one sulfotransferase gene (SULT-like) were evaluated by means of quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Chemical analysis of the sediment from each site were performed and revealed the presence of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes and fecal sterols in the contaminated areas (BUC and BIG). Water quality analysis showed that these sites had the highest levels of fecal coliforms and other parameters evidencing the presence of urban sewage discharges. Among the results for gene transcription, CYP2AU1 and SULT-like levels were upregulated by 20 and 50-fold, respectively, in the oysters kept for 24h at the most contaminated site (BUC), suggesting a role of these genes in the detoxification of organic pollutants. These data reinforce that gills possibly have an important role in xenobiotic metabolism and highlight the use of C. brasiliana as a sentinel for monitoring environmental contamination in coastal regions.

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Urban effluents are rich in nutrients, organic matter, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, hydrocarbons, surfactants, and others. Previous studies have shown that oysters Crassostrea gigas accumulate significant levels of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in sanitary sewage contaminated sites, but there is little information about its toxicological effects in marine bivalves. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcription of genes in two tissues of C. gigas exposed for 12, 24, and 36 h to LABs or sanitary sewage. Likewise, the activity of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes was measured in oysters exposed for 36 h in all groups. Oysters exposed to LABs and oysters exposed to sanitary sewage showed different patterns of transcriptional responses. LAB-exposed oysters showed lower level of biological responses than the oysters exposed to sanitary sewage. Despite the ability of the oyster C. gigas to accumulate LABs (28-fold), the data indicate that these contaminants are not the cause for the transcriptional responses observed in oysters exposed to sanitary sewage. Possibly, the biological changes observed in the sanitary sewage-exposed oysters are associated with the presence of other contaminants, which might have caused synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. The results show that FABP-like and GST-ω-like messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have a rapid response in tissues of oyster C. gigas exposed to sanitary sewage, suggesting a possible protective response and a role in maintaining homeostasis of these organisms.

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Este trabalho visa estudar o desempenho de um sistema combinado na remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio de esgoto sanitário, por meio da recirculação interna do efluente. Os reatores, em escala de bancada, foram: filtro anóxico (32,6 L), biofiltro aerado submerso (17,6 L) e decantador secundário (7,2 L). As razões de recirculação foram 0,5; 1,5; 2,0 e 4,0 sem adição de carbono externo ou alcalinizante. Na razão de recirculação de 4,0 foram aplicadas taxas de carregamento orgânico e de nitrogênio ao sistema de 0,7±0,3 Kg DQO.m-3.d-1 e 0,08±0,02 kg N-NH4 +.m-3.d-1, atingindo remoções de demanda química de oxigênio e nitrogênio total de 92±4% e 83±8%, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram viabilidade do uso da recirculação do efluente, uma vez que as concentrações finais de nitrogênio total (12±3 mg N.L-1) estão abaixo do valor estipulado pela Resolução CONAMA nº 430/2011.

This work aims to study the performance of a combined system in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from sanitary sewage through internal recirculation of the effluent. The bench scale reactors were: anoxic filter (32.6 L), submerged aerated biofilter (17.6 L) and secondary settler (7.2 L). The recirculation rates were 0.5; 1.5; 2.0 and 4.0 without added external-carbon or alkalising. In 4.0 recirculation rate, the organic and nitrogen loading rates applied to the system were 0.7±0.3 kg chemical oxygen demand.m-3.d-1 and 0.08±0.02 kg N-NH4 +.m-3.d-1, reaching removals of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen of 92±4% and 83±8%, respectively. The results show the feasibility of using recirculation of effluent, once the final concentrations of total nitrogen (12±3 mg.L-1) are below the value stipulated by CONAMA Resolution nº 430/2011.

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É crescente a utilização de fármacos mundialmente, principalmente devido às inúmeras doenças existentes, tanto humanas quanto para a criação de animais. Contudo, estes compostos podem causar um grande impacto no ambiente, pois são descarregados nos cursos d'água através dos efluentes. Com isto, os fármacos podem contaminar também o solo e o sedimento, devido ao fato de serem desenvolvidos para apresentarem propriedades persistentes, como é o caso dos antimicrobianos e hormônios. Estes poluentes foram encontrados em estudos com água superficial, subterrânea, solo e sedimento em concentrações que variaram de ng.L-1 a 'mü'g.L-1, e são capazes de provocar alterações no sistema endócrino de muitos organismos aquáticos, resistência microbiana, além de prejuízos à saúde humana. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os aspectos relacionados à presença de fármacos no ambiente, e as metodologias de detecção dos mesmos em amostras ambientais. Assim como determinar a presença de hormônios (estriol, estrona, 17'beta' -estradiol, 17'alfa'- etinilestradiol, progesterona e testosterona) e antimicrobianos (ciprofloxacina, norfloxacina, eritromicina e enrofloxacina) em amostras de água superficial e tratada; e também analisar a toxicidade destes antibióticos e hormônios em Daphnia magna. E, de acordo com o levantamento bibliográfico, concluiu-se que é necessário um aumento no volume de estudos destes compostos no ambiente, e principalmente, uma avaliação dos efeitos sinérgicos destes compostos nos organismos que têm contato com as matrizes ambientais como água, solo e sedimento. Para a detecção dos fármacos em amostras de água superficial e tratada, amostras foram coletadas ao longo do Rio Piracicaba (6 pontos) e em uma residência na cidade de Piracicaba, de março de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Para as análises foi utilizado um cromatógrafo líquido acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas com fonte de ionização electrospray [...]

There is a growing use of drugs worldwide due to the numerous diseases both human and in animal husbandry. However, these compounds can have a big impact on the environment as they are discharged into waterways via wastewater. With this, drugs can also contaminate soil and sediment due to the fact that they are developed for presenting persistent properties, as is the case of antibiotics and hormones. These pollutants were found in studies with surface water, groundwater, soil and sediment concentrations from ng.L-1 to 'mü'g.L-1, being able to cause changes in the endocrine system of many aquatic organisms, microbial resistance, and damage to human health. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a literature survey on the aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in environment, and methods of detection thereof in environmental samples. As determine the presence of hormones (estriol, estrone, 17'beta'-estradiol, 17'alfa'-ethinylestradiol, progesterone and testosterone) and antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin and erythromycin) on surface samples and treated water, and also assess toxicity of antimicrobials and hormones in Daphnia magna. And, according to literature review, it was concluded that an increase in studies volume of these compounds in environment, and especially, a review of synergistic effects of these compounds in organisms that have contact with environmental matrices such as water, soil and sediment. For detection of drugs in surface and treated water samples were collected from March 2011 to December 2012, at 6 points along the Piracicaba River and in one point was collected treated water in a residence in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. For analyzes a liquid chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used. [...]

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Essa dissertação teve por objetivo propor um novo critério para a concessão do subsídio, na forma de tarifa social, para os serviços públicos de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário no Distrito Federal.A aplicação de subsídios às contas de água e esgotamento sanitário no Brasil teve início por meio de política nacional da década de 1970 e foi novamente estimulada a partir da edição da Lei Federal nº 11.445, de 5 de janeiro de 2007, atual marco regulatório do setor de saneamento, que ainda acrescentou o papel das agências reguladoras como responsáveis pelo valor cobrado pelas tarifas aplicadas no setor. Os resultados avaliados nesse estudo referem-se à pertinência dos critérios adotados para a concessão do subsídio na forma de tarifa social; ao impacto da cobrança da tarifa pelos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário sobre a renda das famílias do Distrito Federal e às formas alternativas de acesso à água e esgotamento sanitário, encontradas pelos estratos menos favorecidos em termos de renda, na capital federal.A partir da pesquisa realizada foi possível demonstrar a relevância da tarifa social como subsídio a cobrança pelos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário; conhecer os critérios utilizados e propor uma alternativa para a concessão deste benefício.Por último, foi possível observar a importância da aplicação da tarifa social, pelo comprometimento observado na cobrança dos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário, sobre a renda das famílias do Distrito Federal, considerado alto se comparado a estudos nacionais e internacionais...

This dissertation aimed to propose a new criterion for the grant of subsidy in the form of social tariffs for public services of water supply and sanitation in the Federal District.The application of subsidies to water bills and sewage in Brazil began through national politics in the 1970s and was again stimulated from the enactment of Federal Law nº 11.445, of January 5th, 2007, the current regulatory framework for the sector sanitation, which also added the role of regulatory agencies as responsible for the amount charged by the tariffs in the sector. The results evaluated in this study refer to the relevance of the criteria adopted for the grant of subsidy in the form of social tariff; the impact of the fee collection for water and sewage on the household income of the Federal District and alternative forms of access to water and sanitation, found by the least advantaged in terms of income, in the federal capital supply services.From the survey it was possible to demonstrate the relevance of the social tariff and subsidy billing for water supply and sanitation services; to know the criteria used and to propose an alternative to granting this benefit.Finally, we observed the importance of applying the social tariff, the impairment observed in the collection of water and sanitation services on household income of the Federal District, considered high compared to national and international studies...

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